What is the Influence of the Planning Framework on the Land Use Change Trajectories? Photointerpretation Analysis in the 1958–2011 Period for a Medium/Small Sized City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Land Cover Data
Date | Format | Type image | Scale | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
1958 | Black & White | 1: 26,000 | IGeoE | |
1974 | Digital | Black & White | 1: 15,000 | IGP |
1985 | Digital | Black & White | 1: 15,000 | IGP |
1995 | Digital | False colour | 1: 10,000 | CNIG |
2011 | Digital | Colour | 1: 10,000 | IGP |
Codes | Corine Land Cover | |
---|---|---|
Classes and Subclasses | Applied Classes | |
111 | Continuous urban fabric | |
112 | Discontinuous urban fabric | |
121 | Industrial or commercial units | |
122 | Road and rail networks and associated land | Road and rail networks |
131 | Mineral extraction areas | |
132 | Dump site | |
133 | Construction sites | |
141 | Green urban areas | |
142 | Sport and leisure facilities | |
211 | Non-irrigated arable land | Arable land |
221 | Vineyards | |
222 | Fruit trees and berry plantations | Fruit trees and olive groves |
223 | Olive groves | |
231 | Pastures | |
241 | Annual crops associated with permanent crops | |
242 | Complex cultivation patterns | |
243 | Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation | Agriculture with natural spaces and agro-forestry areas |
244 | Agro-forestry areas | |
311 | Broad-leaved forest | |
312 | Coniferous forest | |
313 | Mixed forest | |
321 | Natural grassland | |
322 | Moors and heathland | Woods |
323 | Sclerophyllous vegetation | |
324 | Transitional woodland/shrub | Degraded forest areas |
332 | Bare rock | |
333 | Sparsely vegetated areas | |
334 | Burnt areas | |
511 | Water courses | |
512 | Water bodies |
2.3. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use and Annual Rate of Artificialization
Designation | Equation | Legend |
---|---|---|
Change in land cover |
CHi = (pi. − p.i)/p.i
| CHi—change in land cover for the period in column i |
pi.—the column total for the grid cells | ||
p.i—row total for the grid cells in the same category i | ||
Conversion areas corresponding to gains and losses for a given year |
P(i).j = (pj,i − pi,j)/(pj – pi) × 100 i≠j
| P(i),j—percentage by type j in the total conversion of category row i |
pj,i and pi,j—express the individual entry in the change matrix | ||
Stability grade |
SG = [(CixA2…5 − CixA1)/TA] x 100
| SG—indicator of the consistency and represent the global stability of the classes of land use in the year A1 for the year A2…5 |
CixA2…5—sum of the areas of the different classes (ix) at the subsequent time point | ||
CixA1—sum of the areas of the different classes (ix) at time point 1 | ||
TA—total area studied (km2) | ||
Annual rate of artificialization of surfaces |
AS = [UAn + i − UAi/nTAn + i] × 100%
| AS—evaluastudy area |
TAn + i—total study area to be calculated at the time point i + n | ||
UA n + i and UAi—surfaces with urban fabric and infrastrutures in the target unit at time i + n and i | ||
n—number of years in each time period |
Date of Approval | Planning Framework Description | Enforcement Area |
---|---|---|
1952 | Urbanization Ante-Plan, with the major purpose to resolve the intra-urban circulation and regional connectivity. | City |
1971 | Hidroprojecto Urban Plan for encircling road definition, urban requalification and new residential neighborhoods proposal. | City |
1983 | Macroplan Urban Plan projecting new residential neighborhoods, health and educational equipment’s location, and encircling road consolidation. | City |
1992 | RAN—Agricultural Protection Regime, for soils with agricultural potential. | Municipal non urban |
1988 to 1993 | 17 Layout Plans with local occupation proposals and infrastructure implementation rules. | Local |
1995 | Municipal Master Plan, establishing a development strategy, a spatial plan model and defining urban policies and regulatory guidelines for the municipal territory. | Municipal |
1996 | REN—Ecologic Regime Protection, for sensitive ecological and natural risk susceptibility areas. | Municipal non urban |
1996 to 98 | 4 Layout Plans with local occupation proposals and infrastructure implementation rules. | Local |
2000 | POLIS Programme—Urban Infrastructure Planning and Urban Rehabilitation providing urban interventions in disqualified areas and develop green urban areas and leisure facilities. | Local |
2003 to 2013 | 7 Layout Plans with local occupation proposals and infrastructure implementation rules. | Local |
2013 | Municipal Master Plan (Revision), with development strategy and an urban consolidation proposal. | Municipal |
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Patterns for Land Use Change in the Study Area
Classes Applied | Patch (no) | Area (ha) | Percentage | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Year | Years | |||||||||||||
1958 | 1974 | 1985 | 1995 | 2011 | 1958 | 1974 | 1985 | 1995 | 2011 | 1958 | 1974 | 1985 | 1995 | 2011 | |
Continuous urban fabric | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 59.85 | 50.17 | 46.78 | 165.22 | 299.31 | 1.19 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 3.29 | 5.95 |
Discontinuous urban fabric | 30 | 50 | 74 | 92 | 94 | 225.15 | 342.33 | 664.74 | 851.49 | 1104.77 | 4.48 | 6.81 | 13.23 | 16.94 | 21.98 |
Industrial or commercial units | 2 | 11 | 17 | 36 | 31 | 18.18 | 51.23 | 63.90 | 143.19 | 142.95 | 0.36 | 1.02 | 1.27 | 2.85 | 284 |
Road and rail networks | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 31.28 | 36.66 | 39.26 | 78.83 | 146.22 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.78 | 1.57 | 2.91 |
Mineral extraction areas | 1 | 2 | 1.79 | 5.89 | 0.04 | 0.12 | |||||||||
Dump site | 1 | 2 | 1.12 | 23.17 | 0.02 | 0.46 | |||||||||
Construction sites | 1 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 1.59 | 27.00 | 42.53 | 36.63 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.85 | 0.73 | |||
Green urban areas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 6.64 | 22.72 | 34.00 | 45.75 | 41.47 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.68 | 0.91 | 0.83 |
Sport and leisure facilities | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 4.48 | 9.59 | 11.17 | 19.29 | 39.28 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.78 |
Arable land | 20 | 11 | 12 | 16 | 25 | 403.45 | 121.75 | 91.74 | 113.3 | 93.71 | 8.03 | 2.42 | 1.83 | 2.25 | 1.86 |
Vineyards | 4 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 23.22 | 81.56 | 60.57 | 50.27 | 0.46 | 1.62 | 1.21 | 1.00 | |||
Fruit trees and olive groves | 12 | 38 | 22 | 18 | 9 | 73.05 | 212.07 | 69.47 | 73.85 | 23.90 | 1.45 | 4.22 | 1.38 | 1.47 | 0.48 |
Pastures | 26 | 47 | 43 | 24 | 13 | 213.12 | 280.87 | 218.69 | 80.53 | 35.39 | 4.24 | 5.59 | 4.35 | 1.60 | 0.70 |
Annual crops associated with permanent crops | 38 | 65 | 73 | 91 | 57 | 1381.42 | 1401.64 | 1139.36 | 862.04 | 296.87 | 27.48 | 27.89 | 22.67 | 17.15 | 5.91 |
Complex cultivation patterns | 13 | 27 | 57 | 59 | 121 | 92.03 | 103.69 | 223.73 | 236.81 | 428.84 | 1.83 | 2.06 | 4.45 | 4.71 | 8.53 |
Agriculture with natural spaces and agro-forestry areas | 45 | 47 | 63 | 67 | 83 | 322.89 | 242.37 | 300.87 | 278.81 | 291.44 | 6.42 | 4.82 | 5.99 | 5.55 | 5.80 |
Broad-leaved forest | 7 | 11 | 8 | 21 | 24 | 27.96 | 32.51 | 28.18 | 90.81 | 86.48 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 1.81 | 1.72 |
Coniferous forest | 38 | 35 | 47 | 64 | 36 | 808.75 | 860.43 | 729.02 | 635.46 | 267.40 | 16.09 | 17.12 | 14.50 | 12.64 | 5.32 |
Mixed forest | 25 | 39 | 49 | 54 | 63 | 611.20 | 894.55 | 584.78 | 445.33 | 871.79 | 12.16 | 17.80 | 11.63 | 8.86 | 17.34 |
Woods | 27 | 36 | 47 | 49 | 60 | 331.73 | 161.03 | 388.73 | 289.58 | 371.89 | 6.60 | 3.20 | 7.73 | 5.76 | 7.40 |
Degraded forest areas | 16 | 21 | 30 | 26 | 47 | 233.74 | 116.64 | 196.92 | 93.16 | 165.71 | 4.65 | 2.32 | 3.92 | 1.85 | 3.30 |
Bare rock | 1 | 1 | 6.03 | 50.37 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Sparsely vegetated areas | 12 | 2 | 10 | 17 | 25 | 169.22 | 50.77 | 75.01 | 78.37 | 141.02 | 3.37 | 1.01 | 1.49 | 1.56 | 2.81 |
Burnt areas | 10 | 320.25 | 6.37 | ||||||||||||
Water courses | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 12.24 | 10.55 | 11.47 | 10.97 | 10.27 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.20 |
Water bodies | 1 | 1 | 1.3 | 1.34 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||||||
Total | 317 | 453 | 586 | 693 | 745 | 5026.38 | 5026.38 | 5026.38 | 5026.38 | 5026.38 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
3.2. Dynamic Analysis of Changes in Land Use in the Study Area
Land cover | Loss or gain in 2011 | Type (1) | % | Type (2) | % | Type (3) | % | Type (4) | % | Type (5) | % | Type (6) | % | Type (7) | % | Type (8) | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CUF | 406.78 | AC | 30.10 | DUF | 17.35 | MF | 14.81 | AL | 8.97 | ANS/AF | 7.40 | DFA | 5.68 | CF | 4.38 | CCP | 4.18 | ||
DUF | 393.75 | AC | 43.53 | CF | 15.39 | W | 10.00 | ANS/AF | 8.01 | MF | 7.75 | DFA | 6.87 | FT/OL | 3.52 | CCP | 2.23 | ||
ICU | 741.18 | AL | 16.20 | MF | 13.00 | AC | 12.74 | CF | 12.28 | P | 11.83 | ANS/AF | 9.40 | DFA | 5.83 | W | 4.99 | ||
RRN | 377.42 | AC | 24.75 | AL | 15.29 | DFA | 10.13 | CF | 10.08 | ANS/AF | 8.03 | W | 7.78 | MF | 7.19 | P | 6.58 | ||
MEA | CF | 66.45 | AC | 22.30 | W | 11.24 | |||||||||||||
DS | MF | 35.69 | ANS/AF | 24.60 | AL | 21.09 | AC | 12.05 | CF | 6.58 | |||||||||
CS | CF | 38.07 | AC | 27.43 | P | 16.33 | DFA | 7.50 | MF | 7.49 | AL | 1.71 | FT/OL | 1.24 | ANS/AF | 0.23 | |||
GUA | 566.67 | MF | 49.83 | AC | 22.18 | BF | 12.82 | CCP | 7.64 | DUF | 6.71 | CUF | −2.85 | AL | 3.55 | RRN | 0.48 | ||
SLF | 850.00 | AL | 32.14 | CF | 30.16 | CCP | 17.14 | AC | 12.66 | MF | 5.10 | DFA | 4.72 | WC | 0.62 | W | 0.30 | ||
AL | −76.73 | AC | 7.10 | W | 1.82 | CF | 2.91 | ANS/AF | 14.19 | P | 1.82 | DFA | 1.11 | DUF | 8.19 | MF | 13.31 | ||
V | AL | 34.30 | AC | 32.19 | CF | 12.25 | MF | 9.45 | ANS/AF | 9.35 | W | 0.78 | DUF | 0.55 | FT/OL | 0.47 | |||
FT/OL | −67.12 | AC | −15.04 | AL | −16.10 | SLF | −1.99 | MF | 7.91 | DUF | 63.08 | CF | −0.28 | W | 5.94 | RRN | 4.43 | ||
P | -83.10 | AC | 12.16 | AL | −3.16 | CCP | 6.87 | CF | 177.73 | SVA | −0.34 | ANS/AF | 8.04 | MF | 22.54 | BF | 5.90 | ||
AC | −78.44 | AL | −2.03 | P | −1.99 | ANS/AF | 9.49 | CF | 1.39 | DUF | 35.30 | CCP | 21.99 | W | 2.71 | MF | 11.53 | ||
CCP | 360.22 | AC | 70.80 | ANS/AF | 12.81 | AL | 9.52 | CF | 5.83 | DFA | 2.72 | P | 3.62 | W | 3.27 | DUF | −5.84 | ||
ANS/AF | −10.46 | AC | −327.34 | AL | −139.70 | CF | −44.80 | MF | 116.87 | W | 0.34 | P | −45.43 | DFA | 24.41 | FT/OL | −16.61 | ||
BF | 230.77 | AC | 44.24 | AL | 25.29 | CF | 21.95 | P | 17.92 | ANS/AF | 5.31 | MF | 3.20 | CCP | 3.28 | W | 1.20 | ||
CF | −66.96 | DFA | −0.93 | W | 19.38 | MF | 35.32 | AC | −2.79 | SVA | 1.52 | AL | −1.67 | ANS/AF | 2.60 | CCP | 3.63 | ||
MF | 42.25 | CF | 73.38 | AC | 47.99 | W | 2.34 | ANS/AF | 14.11 | AL | 15.82 | P | 15.37 | DFA | 6.12 | SVA | −9.95 | ||
W | 12.35 | CF | 261.31 | MF | −15.18 | AC | 73.12 | SVA | 16.18 | DFA | 17.38 | ANS/AF | 0.27 | AL | 14.07 | P | 17.08 | ||
DFA | −30.21 | AC | −60.97 | CF | 7.43 | W | 10.26 | P | −21.10 | ANS/AF | −11.29 | MF | 23.43 | SVA | 3.68 | AL | −5.07 | ||
BR | SVA | 81.13 | CF | 18.87 | |||||||||||||||
SVA | −17.06 | MF | −91.97 | CF | −29.12 | W | 23.05 | DFA | −8.88 | ANS/AF | −9.22 | AL | −10.81 | BF | −5.71 | AC | −2.72 | ||
BA | |||||||||||||||||||
WC | −9.09 | P | −70.42 | AC | 3.96 | AL | −6.62 | DUF | 26.71 | CCP | 25.30 | CF | −14.12 | CUF | 4.08 | MF | 10.66 | ||
WB | AL | 83.29 | CF | 16.71 | |||||||||||||||
Land cover | Loss or gain in 2011 | Type (9) | % | Type (10) | % | Type (11) | % | Type (12) | % | Type (13) | % | Type (14) | % | Type (15) | % | Type (16) | % | Type (17) | % |
CUF | 406.78 | P | 3.33 | FT/OL | 2.80 | GUA | 0.41 | W | 0.42 | RRN | 0.34 | ICU | −0.23 | WC | 0.03 | BF | 0.02 | ||
DUF | 393.75 | AL | 2.88 | P | 3.08 | SVA | 1.40 | BF | 0.72 | RRN | 0.12 | ICU | −0.55 | WC | 0.06 | CUF | −4.72 | GUA | −0.27 |
ICU | 741.18 | DUF | 3.86 | SVA | 4.49 | RRN | 1.63 | CCP | 1.40 | BF | 0.91 | CUF | 0.44 | FT/OL | 0.45 | WC | 0.39 | GUA | 0.15 |
RRN | 377.42 | CCP | 6.01 | SVA | 5.71 | DUF | −0.89 | FT/OL | 1.89 | WC | 0.08 | BF | 0.01 | ||||||
MEA | |||||||||||||||||||
DS | |||||||||||||||||||
CS | |||||||||||||||||||
GUA | 566.67 | SLF | 0.10 | FT/OL | 0.09 | ||||||||||||||
SLF | 850.00 | BF | 0.22 | P | 0.04 | ANS/AF | 0.01 | ||||||||||||
AL | −76.73 | WC | 0.04 | RRN | 5.67 | FT/OL | 2.55 | ||||||||||||
V | DFA | 0.47 | SLF | 0.13 | SVA | 0.04 | |||||||||||||
FT/OL | −67.12 | CCP | 20.44 | ||||||||||||||||
P | -83.10 | WC | 0.78 | ||||||||||||||||
AC | −78.44 | DFA | 3.82 | FT/OL | 0.68 | WC | −0.01 | RRN | 2.62 | ||||||||||
CCP | 360.22 | MF | 2.68 | FT/OL | 2.98 | WC | 0.15 | SVA | 0.12 | BF | −0.57 | RRN | −2.05 | ||||||
ANS/AF | −10.46 | DUF | 224.09 | BF | 9.87 | SVA | 8.26 | WC | −3.50 | CCP | 137.21 | RRN | 29.36 | ||||||
BF | 230.77 | DFA | 0.58 | WC | 0.38 | DUF | −10.80 | ||||||||||||
CF | −66.96 | P | 0.12 | DUF | 25.00 | ICU | 2.83 | RRN | 2.14 | ||||||||||
MF | 42.25 | FT/OL | 1.49 | DUF | −26.17 | BF | −0.72 | CCP | −3.47 | RRN | −3.17 | WC | 0.08 | ||||||
W | 12.35 | FT/OL | 7.27 | DUF | −219.16 | CCP | −27.42 | BF | −1.74 | RRN | −22.28 | ||||||||
DFA | −30.21 | CCP | 13.48 | FT/OL | −3.41 | DUF | 88.83 | WC | −0.38 | ||||||||||
BR | |||||||||||||||||||
SVA | −17.06 | P | 2.13 | RRN | 23.27 | ||||||||||||||
BA | |||||||||||||||||||
WC | −9.09 | BF | 11.22 | ANS/AF | 55.99 | ||||||||||||||
WB |
3.3. Model for Land Use Change and Artificialization Processes
1958–1974 | 1974–1985 | 1985–1995 | 1995–2011 | 1958–2011 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study area | Artificial Areas (%) | ||||
Artificial areas | 78.55 | 81.27 | 85.31 | 89.77 | 90.91 |
Agricultural areas | 6.72 | 13.07 | 18.44 | 19.91 | 36.91 |
Forest areas | 2.62 | 6.61 | 6.94 | 13.57 | 26.12 |
Shrub vegetation areas | 5.48 | 11.55 | 17.35 | 25.46 | 36.51 |
Sparsely vegetated areas | 2.94 | 2.04 | 8.00 | 8.15 | 15.29 |
Center | Artificial Areas (%) | ||||
Artificial areas | 91.18 | 94.08 | 98.51 | 97.07 | 98.55 |
Agricultural areas | 28.08 | 29.31 | 66.27 | 56.52 | 89.80 |
Forest areas | 8.70 | 30.43 | 64.29 | 57.14 | 82.61 |
Shrub vegetation areas | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
Sparsely vegetated areas | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ring 1 | Artificial Areas (%) | ||||
Artificial areas | 72.84 | 80.31 | 85.58 | 89.76 | 86.08 |
Agricultural areas | 7.09 | 13.25 | 21.08 | 25.31 | 46.10 |
Forest areas | 13.33 | 10.85 | 13.33 | 21.31 | 45.03 |
Shrub vegetation areas | 9.09 | 15.22 | 31.48 | 45.76 | 50.00 |
Sparsely vegetated areas | 33.33 | 33.33 | 26.67 | 46.15 | 40.00 |
Ring 2 | Artificial Areas (%) | ||||
Artificial areas | 70.91 | 75.89 | 84.47 | 89.66 | 87.72 |
Agricultural areas | 5.06 | 13.83 | 14.64 | 19.02 | 32.30 |
Forest areas | 1.19 | 9.96 | 7.01 | 16.31 | 33.13 |
Shrub vegetation areas | 13.66 | 15.85 | 23.58 | 27.27 | 55.43 |
Sparsely vegetated areas | 6.25 | 50.00 | 40.00 | 17.74 | 47.06 |
Ring 3 | Artificial Areas (%) | ||||
Artificial areas | 70.42 | 69.90 | 76.62 | 83.28 | 80.28 |
Agricultural areas | 4.01 | 9.57 | 13.99 | 17.14 | 24.88 |
Forest areas | 1.30 | 3.75 | 5.14 | 9.85 | 15.84 |
Shrub vegetation areas | 1.12 | 8.78 | 7.22 | 11.18 | 26.05 |
Sparsely vegetated areas | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.82 | 4.24 | 8.90 |
3.4. Land Use Trajectories and Planning Framework
- (a)
- In the period 1958–1985 the major transformation occurred in the fringe of the central area (ring 1 and ring 2) which are outer areas for the central urban planning enforcement. The agricultural areas are the principal source of the artificialization process, with the subsequent use of the forest areas;
- (b)
- For the period 1985–1995 the stability grade is directly related to the distance for the city council central point, which reflects the influence of the non-formalised central urban plan, and the encircling road consolidation. This period also reflects the intensification of the artificialization processes namely using the shrub vegetation areas and sparsely vegetated areas, which represent abandoned areas or areas with reserve urban qualification.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Monteiro, M.; Tavares, A.O. What is the Influence of the Planning Framework on the Land Use Change Trajectories? Photointerpretation Analysis in the 1958–2011 Period for a Medium/Small Sized City. Sustainability 2015, 7, 11727-11755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70911727
Monteiro M, Tavares AO. What is the Influence of the Planning Framework on the Land Use Change Trajectories? Photointerpretation Analysis in the 1958–2011 Period for a Medium/Small Sized City. Sustainability. 2015; 7(9):11727-11755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70911727
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonteiro, Mário, and Alexandre Oliveira Tavares. 2015. "What is the Influence of the Planning Framework on the Land Use Change Trajectories? Photointerpretation Analysis in the 1958–2011 Period for a Medium/Small Sized City" Sustainability 7, no. 9: 11727-11755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70911727