New Era of Tourism: Innovative Transformation Through Industry 4.0 and Sustainability

Abstract

At the beginning of the third millennium, human civilization faces a paradox of significant proportions: on one hand, industrial and technological growth is causing extensive environmental degradation, threatening both current and future generations. On the other hand, the acceleration of industrial and technological development is essential, requiring a profound transformation of society as the only viable solution. With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and shifts in the economy, especially regarding sustainability, the process of transformative tourism becomes crucial. Transformative tourism not only aligns with sustainable principles but also fosters a deeper connection between economic development and the preservation of natural resources, ensuring that progress benefits both humanity and the planet. The goal of this research is to identify how the key factors of Industry 4.0 can contribute to the development of sustainable and transformative tourism. The methodological approach of this study uses a systematic literature review (SLR), which allows for a detailed analysis of existing scientific papers and the identification of key trends and challenges in this field. The literature review included scientific papers published between 2013 and 2025, applying predefined criteria of relevance, quality, and focus on sustainability and digitalization in tourism. The key findings of the research indicate that digitalization and automation contribute to improving tourist experiences, optimizing destination management and reducing the ecological footprint of tourism. This research analyses how changes prompted by the Fourth Industrial Revolution can contribute to the sustainability of tourism as the fastest-growing global economic activity. The findings of this paper stem from a literature review that focuses closely on the key aspects of Industry 4.0, including digitization, automation, and the use of innovative technologies in tourism. The results indicate that the benefits arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution include improvements in tourist experiences, the enhancement of management and marketing activities in tourism, and implications through the ecological impacts of tourism. The paper provides an overview of how the effects of Industry 4.0 are transforming tourism, enabling it to become more resilient and sustainable in the face of the challenges posed by the modern world.

1. Introduction

Tourism represents a key driver of economic development worldwide, fueled by the growth of the global economy and an increasing number of international travelers [1,2]. Previous research suggests that this growth will continue in the future, raising interest in creating strategies that will influence sustainable economic development in the tourism sector [3,4]. While tourism brings significant economic benefits, it also places great pressure on local communities, sustainability, and the environment. This can lead to environmental degradation, destruction of natural habitats, increased social inequalities, and changes in local communities and cultures [5,6,7]. These problems can be more pronounced in ecosystems that are particularly sensitive (e.g., coastal and mountainous areas), which are especially vulnerable to mass tourism and overtourism [8,9].

Tourism, which since the 1950s has been based on mass participation and qualitative growth, has reached a point where the environmental and social impacts indicate the unsustainability of the current model [10,11]. Numerous authors emphasize the need for a transition towards sustainable tourism models, which, in addition to showing minimal harmful effects on the environment, can also promote positive social and economic impacts [12,13]. The concept of transformative tourism is becoming increasingly important as a solution that highlights a shift in tourist awareness and behavior to achieve positive outcomes for local communities and the environment [14,15,16,17,18].

Despite growing recognition of the need for sustainability in tourism, there is still insufficient exploration of how Industry 4.0 technologies specifically contribute to this transition. While existing literature recognizes the need for sustainable tourism, this study focuses on a specific aspect that has not been sufficiently explored so far—how the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution can specifically contribute to this transition, exploring the impact of digitalization and innovation on sustainability in tourism. This study aims to address the lack of research on the specific role of Industry 4.0 technologies in the transition to sustainable tourism. By identifying this research gap, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of how advanced digital solutions can contribute to sustainability and mitigate the negative impacts of conventional tourism models. The relationship between Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainable tourism practices remains an under-explored area of research. This study aims to fill this gap by addressing the following research question: How do Industry 4.0 technologies contribute to the shift from conventional tourism to sustainable models? Industry 4.0, as part of a broader digital transformation, provides new opportunities to enhance sustainable practices in tourism [19,20,21]. Specific examples of the application of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics already demonstrate how these technologies enable more efficient resource management, reduce pollution, and improve tourist experiences, directly contributing to sustainable practices in tourism. The use of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics, enables better resource management, monitoring and reduction in air pollution, and the improvement of tourist experiences [22,23,24,25]. For example, the application of technologies such as IoT in smart hotels enables more efficient energy management and waste reduction, while artificial intelligence uses data on tourist behavior to optimize visitor flows and reduce negative impacts on nature and local communities. These technologies can significantly transform the tourism sector, allowing for more sustainable forms of tourism that can address the growing environmental challenges [26,27].

However, the success of these innovations depends on the readiness of the industry and other stakeholders in tourism to adopt new and innovative ways of doing business and consumption [28,29]. In addition, there is a growing need for research that evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of technological initiatives in the tourism industry, as outlined in recent studies [30,31]. According to Dwyer et al. (2018) [2], the integration of digital technologies into tourism allows for more accurate management of resources and energy consumption, providing solutions to sustainability challenges. Similarly, Kumar et al. [4] emphasize that the development of smart tourism platforms through digitalization is a vital step in supporting sustainable tourism practices, particularly in urban areas affected by overtourism.

There are three reasons why today’s transformations are not merely an extension of the Third Industrial Revolution but rather the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, distinguished by its speed, scale, and systemic impact. Unlike previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is driven by exponential rather than linear growth. Its influence is reshaping industries and societies, including tourism as a global economic activity.

The COVID-19 pandemic, along with many pre-existing trends, has brought to the forefront the focus on sustainable tourism development and the transformation of tourism. All these trends lay the foundation for creating a new paradigm in tourism development [32,33]. This research aims to establish the gap in existing literature, specifically addressing the underexplored relationship between Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainable tourism. By identifying this gap, the study will contribute to a deeper understanding of how these technologies can reshape tourism towards sustainability. The objectives of this study are to explore the contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies to sustainable tourism and to examine the effectiveness of their implementation in transforming conventional tourism models. The introduction of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies in tourism opens new opportunities for enhancing sustainable practices, and this research aims to explore how specific technologies (such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data analytics) can contribute to overtourism and its negative ecological impact. The key research questions guiding this study are as follows:

1. How do Industry 4.0 technologies influence the transition from conventional tourism models to sustainable ones? 2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in tourism? 3. To what extent can the integration of these technologies contribute to addressing environmental and social sustainability issues in tourism?

The paper focuses on the Fourth Industrial Revolution, its dominant impacts on tourism, and aspects of sustainability in the new tourism paradigm. Through this research, the paper seeks to examine not only the potential of Industry 4.0 in enhancing tourism sustainability but also the challenges and opportunities that arise from its implementation.

2. Methodology

The literature review process was conducted using Google Scholar as the primary database, ensuring broad coverage of relevant academic sources. The article selection followed a structured approach, including a defined time frame and specific inclusion criteria to ensure relevance and quality. To enhance the relevance of the selection process, attention was given to the diversity of geographical regions and tourism contexts covered in the selected studies, ensuring a comprehensive view of global trends in Industry 4.0 and sustainable tourism.

2.1. Literature Search and Screening Process

The literature search was conducted using keyword-based queries, including “Industry 4.0”, “sustainability and sustainable tourism”, “digitalization and sustainability in tourism”, and “transformative tourism”. Only peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and conference proceedings published between 2013 and 2025 were included. The search results were screened based on the following criteria:

• Relevance—Articles directly addressing at least one of the core research topics.
• Recency—Inclusion of recent publications (2013–2025) to capture current trends.
• Quality—Preference for publications in high-impact journals, reputable publishers, and indexed databases.
• Conceptual and empirical contributions—Inclusion of both theoretical frameworks and empirical studies.

The inclusion criteria also aimed to ensure that studies with a clear focus on the intersection of digital technologies and sustainable tourism, including empirical data and case studies, were prioritized. This approach ensured that the review covered both the practical and theoretical dimensions of the destination under development.

2.2. Use of Secondary Sources

This study relies exclusively on secondary sources, such as academic articles, books, and conference proceedings. Primary data collection through surveys or interviews was not undertaken, primarily due to constraints related to time, budget, and the complexity of gathering primary data. The decision to use secondary sources allows for an in-depth analysis of existing literature and provides valuable insights from a variety of established sources in order to establish a clear gap in the course of scientific thought and the changes brought by Industry 4.0. Sustainability and the need for tourism transformation have been analyzed by various authors. By synthesizing existing studies, we can draw upon a broad base of knowledge, while maintaining academic rigor. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations inherent in relying solely on secondary sources, as this approach does not capture recent developments or emerging trends that may not yet be fully reflected in the academic literature. Therefore, future research should aim to incorporate primary data collection to offer more current and context-specific insights.

2.3. Literature Analysis Methods

A qualitative content analysis was employed to categorize the selected literature into thematic clusters. The analysis focused on identifying trends, conceptual frameworks, and research gaps. Although there is a growing body of research addressing the application of Industry 4.0 technologies in tourism, few studies provide an integrated perspective on their impact on transformative and sustainable tourism. Existing studies often focus on individual technologies or narrow aspects of sustainability, leaving a gap in comprehensive analyses that explore their practical implications and challenges. This study aims to address this gap by synthesizing insights across technological innovations and sustainable tourism practices. Key insights were extracted through thematic coding, and a comparative analysis was conducted to highlight intersections between Industry 4.0, digitalization, sustainability, and transformative tourism. This approach was further reinforced by comparing theoretical models and frameworks across the selected studies, ensuring a deeper understanding of the underlying assumptions and methodologies used in addressing the relationship between technology and sustainable tourism.

2.4. Time Frame and Scope

The analysis was carried out on the basis of publications from 2013 to 2025, with special reference to the period related to the last 5 years from 2020 to today. This time frame was chosen to capture the most recent research and technological advancements, which are crucial for understanding the impact of Industry 4.0 on sustainable tourism today. The tourism sector is rapidly evolving, and focusing on studies published after 2020 allows us to analyze the latest trends, frameworks, and empirical evidence. Studies prior to this time provide foundational knowledge, but they may not reflect the current state of technological advancements and their application in tourism. This study builds upon previous research by adopting an integrative approach that combines transformative tourism, sustainability, and Industry 4.0 technologies, offering a comprehensive perspective on how these factors jointly influence the future of tourism. The selection of this time frame also reflects the accelerated pace of digital transformation in tourism, as the advent of Industry 4.0 technologies in the last few years has significantly impacted the sector’s sustainability goals and practices.

2.5. Literature Quality Assessment

To assess the quality of the selected literature, the following criteria were applied:

• Journal ranking and impact factor—Preference was given to journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, or with high impact factors.
• Citation frequency—Highly cited papers were prioritized.
• Methodological rigor—Assessment of research design, data sources, and analytical methods. In addition, the quality of empirical studies was assessed based on the reliability of their data collection methods, sample size, and analytical techniques, ensuring that only studies with sound methodological foundations were included in the review. However, limitations in the reviewed literature are evident, particularly regarding the lack of empirical data on the long-term effects of technological innovations on the sustainability of tourist destinations. Additionally, there is insufficient analysis of the practical challenges associated with implementing digital strategies at the local level, which this study aims to explore. Future research could address these gaps by collecting empirical data from destinations actively adopting Industry 4.0 technologies, offering a more nuanced understanding of the practical and long-term impacts of these innovations on tourism sustainability.

A summary of the key literature relevant to the time and paper contingent is presented in

Table 1. Review of key literature relevant to the time and contingent of work. 

Category	Time Frame	Key Topics	Representative Works
Technological Innovations in Tourism	2013–2025	Use of new technologies to enhance tourism services	Ranasinghe et al. (2021) [1], Briassoulis and Van der Straaten (2013) [5]
Sustainability and Tourism	2013–2025	Sustainable tourism frameworks and policies	Mihalic (2024) [33]
Digitalization and Tourism	2015–2025	Smart tourism, digital transformation	Dwyer (2018) [2], Polukhina et al. (2025) [34]
Sustainable Transformation in Tourism	2020–2025	The role of technology in sustainable tourism transformation	Kumar et al. (2024) [4], Sharma et al. (2021) [35]
Regenerative Tourism	2013–2025	Tourism that contributes to the preservation and restoration of the environment	Hall et al. (2015) [6]
Transformative Tourism	2020–2025	Tourist experience, regenerative tourism	Zhao and Agyeiwaah (2023) [14], Zheng and Wu (2023) [36]
Smart Cities and Tourism	2020–2025	Development of smart destinations, IoT in urban tourism	Morrison, (2023) [15]; Liu et al. (2024) [29]
Industry 4.0 in Tourism	2018–2025	Role of AI, IoT, blockchain in tourism	Azmi et al. (2018) [37]; Buhalis et al. (2024) [38]

.

This methodological approach ensures a structured, transparent, and reproducible literature review, addressing key aspects of the research problem while maintaining academic rigor.

3. Research

The dynamic nature of the global economy indeed provides the foundation for sustained growth in both domestic and international tourism. This expansion brings a mix of positive and negative effects. Positively, tourism boosts local economies by creating jobs, fostering cultural exchange, and improving infrastructure, which can increase the quality of life for residents. As noted by and Dwyer (2018) [2], tourism plays a critical role in generating local economic benefits, especially in developing regions. It also helps preserve cultural heritage and natural resources by creating a financial incentive for their conservation [39,40]. However, there are significant downsides. The rapid growth of tourism can strain local resources, lead to environmental degradation, and contribute to the commodification of culture. The tourism industry often advocates for self-regulation rather than legal oversight of environmental issues, but this approach frequently falls short of mitigating long-term damage. Moreover, the continued expansion of tourism, even with sustainable practices in place, means that the overall negative impacts—such as pollution and socio-cultural disruption—will likely increase.

A shift in mindset, or a “paradigm change”, [32,33,41] is necessary for real progress. This would involve moving from the current “industrial model” of tourism, which prioritizes economic metrics like profit and job creation, to a model that values environmental sustainability, cultural integrity, and the well-being of both locals and tourists. As emphasized by Hall et al. (2015) [6], sustainable tourism development must prioritize long-term environmental and social goals over short-term economic gains. Two paths emerge: one towards decline, where the current unsustainable practices continue, and one towards rejuvenation, where economic success is integrated with social and environmental health. This broader understanding of tourism’s role can lead to a more responsible approach that ensures long-term sustainability while maintaining economic vitality. On the other hand, a key trend is the development of technological platforms that integrate both demand and supply to disrupt existing industry structures. Tourism, hospitality, and air travel have been at the forefront of these digital disruptions, transforming the way people travel. In line with recent trends in transformative tourism (Zhao and Agyeiwaah, 2023) [14], new technological approaches are redefining the travel experience to ensure sustainability. The revolution is far from over. The industry must brace itself for further technological transformations in the future. To remain competitive, the tourism sector must complement its “high touch” approach with “high-tech” applications. Today’s consumers want to feel special and expect personalized services and experiences. As pointed out by Zheng and Wu (2023) [36], the integration of AI in tourism enables more personalized and environmentally conscious travel experiences. While data analysis enables the industry to tailor its offerings to the preferences of travelers, it is essential to ensure that increased automation does not lead to a disconnect between online and personal interactions [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].

Given the basis for the transformation of tourism through a new paradigm, particularly focused on sustainability and the impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the following areas warrant analysis: technological innovations and sustainable tourism; Industry 4.0 and transformative tourism; smart tourism and sustainability; the challenges of applying Industry 4.0 technologies in tourism; and technological innovations for a sustainable future in tourism [34]. The practical implications of the reviewed studies suggest a pressing need for enhanced collaboration between policymakers, the private sector, and local communities to ensure the effective implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in fostering sustainable tourism development. Additionally, there is a need to develop guidelines and frameworks that support the responsible use of these technologies, addressing both their potential benefits and associated risks.

3.1. Technological Innovation and Sustainable Tourism

Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data, provide new opportunities for optimizing tourism services and minimizing negative environmental impacts. According to Pan [44], artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance tourist experiences while also reducing the need for unnecessary resources, while big data allows for better analysis of tourism patterns and the planning of sustainable tourist destinations. AI plays a crucial role in enhancing tourist experiences by providing personalized recommendations [45], optimizing resource management, and improving the sustainability of tourist destinations [46]. One of the key applications of AI in tourism is smart assistants and travel personalization, where machine learning algorithms analyze past travel behavior and preferences to offer tailored recommendations for accommodations, attractions, and activities [47]. For example, Airbnb utilizes AI to personalize guest search rankings and optimize pricing through machine learning. By leveraging AI, the platform enhances user experience and improves the efficiency of host–guest matching [35]. Arkema et al. [48] point out that big data analysis helps tourism managers more accurately plan visits and prevent overexploitation of destinations and their resources, which is crucial for long-term sustainability. Lu et al. (2021) [49] further emphasize that AI-driven resource management systems in smart cities can reduce excessive energy consumption while optimizing waste management. According to Lu et al. [49], the use of smart resource management systems within smart cities can reduce excessive energy consumption, while the integration of green technologies into tourism infrastructure contributes to the preservation of natural resources. This research emphasizes the importance of the connection between technology and sustainable development, with a particular focus on future digital changes in tourism. Furthermore, AI is instrumental in predicting tourist flows, enabling tourism organizations to optimize capacity and mitigate overcrowding [50]. AI algorithms process data from various sources to forecast peak visiting times and redirect tourists to lesser-known attractions, thereby reducing congestion and enhancing visitor experience [51].

By using automated systems in order to analyze real-time energy consumption and adjust lighting, heating, and cooling settings to minimize waste, AI-driven energy management systems can optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning usage to reduce resource waste and lower utility costs [52]. Similarly, AI-powered chatbots and virtual travel assistants enhance customer service by providing instant responses to guest inquiries and offering real-time recommendations. Recommender systems that utilize machine learning algorithms are a prominent tool in the design and implementation of personalized tourism experiences [53]. AI-powered chatbots and virtual travel assistants are widely used in a variety of tourism and hospitality industry enterprises, such as Booking.com, Skyscanner, Kayak, Expedia, etc. [54]. A significant advancement beyond chatbots is the integration of robotic technology, which further enhances automation and service efficiency in the tourism and hospitality industry. Hilton was the first hotel chain to introduce robotic assistants, exemplified by Connie, a robotic concierge that assists guests with navigation and provides answers to routine inquiries regarding hotel services [55]. In contrast, Henn-na Hotel in Japan has taken the most advanced approach to robotic implementation, being recognized as the world’s first hotel entirely staffed by robots [54].

The Internet of Things (IoT) can help monitor environmental parameters in real time, contributing to the conservation of natural resources in tourist areas [45]. The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the tourism and hospitality sectors by seamlessly integrating technology into every aspect of a visitor’s stay [56]. For instance, through interconnected devices, hotels can offer personalized experiences, enhance operational efficiency, and improve customer satisfaction. Some of the applications of IoT in hotels include features like smart room service, automated check-ins and check-outs, room automation, smart maintenance systems, and location-based interaction. Several hotel properties, like Hotel Icon in Hong Kong, provide guests with a mobile device called “Handy”, offering additional features for their stay, while Hilton and Marriott have started testing smart guest rooms, allowing for customized room settings and voice-activated devices that adapt to guest preferences [57]. In addition, IoT can be widely used in energy management systems and preventive maintenance sensors, as seen in Crown Plaza and other hotels, which helps reduce energy consumption and mitigate operational issues, improving overall service quality [58]. Furthermore, wearable devices in tourism, such as smart glasses [59], use augmented reality (AR) and are replacing traditional guides by providing real-time information and personalized recommendations, allowing tourists to explore historical sites, museums, or city streets while enhancing their experience through seamless integration of contextual knowledge [60]. New research further expands this perspective. As noted by Zhuang et al. [61], digital platforms enable greater tourist engagement through apps that provide information about sustainable behavior, while virtual reality (VR) reduces the need for physical travel, thereby decreasing carbon emissions and reducing air pollution. According to recent findings by Polukhina et al. [34], VR not only aids in reducing travel-related emissions but also fosters environmental awareness among tourists. According to research by Kontogianni et al. [62], blockchain technology can improve transparency in the tourism service supply chain, allowing for better tracking of the sustainability of tourism resources. According to Treiblmaier et al. (2022) [63], blockchain technology in tourism streamlines inventory management, facilitates direct communication between suppliers and customers, and eliminates intermediaries like OTAs and GDS, reducing commission fees. The author further emphasizes that blockchain technology enhances transparency by ensuring accurate availability and pricing updates across stakeholders, improving efficiency. Additionally, it can manage reservations and ticketing securely, and streamlines payments, improving compliance and reducing costs. Rashideh [64] agrees that blockchain technology holds significant potential for transforming the tourism industry by enhancing security, reducing operational costs, and improving transparency. The author further notes that through decentralized systems, blockchain enables secure identity management, streamlining travel procedures like passport control and hotel check-ins. Moreover, cryptocurrencies facilitate direct peer-to-peer transactions, eliminating intermediaries and associated fees. This enhances trust between businesses and customers, as seen in platforms such as Travala and Destinia. Furthermore, blockchain’s impact extends to improving review systems and loyalty programs, fostering a more reliable and efficient tourism ecosystem. Overall, resource sustainability, which focuses on people, emphasizes their responsibility to use natural resources efficiently and preserve ecosystems for future generations. This approach provides an ethical framework for decision-making in tourism, considering both economic and environmental aspects. Sustainable resource management becomes a key component of tourism development, allowing for a balance between destination development and the preservation of natural and cultural assets. By using technology and ethical principles, tourism policies can enhance the long-term conservation of resources, contributing to sustainable tourism [32,65].

3.2. Industry 4.0 and Transformative Tourism

Transformative tourism, which focuses on creating interaction between tourists and destinations, is gaining increasing attention in the context of sustainability. Industry 4.0 technologies further empower this process by enabling deeper interaction with the environment and local communities. For example, according to research by Şeker [66], augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) provide tourists with the opportunity to explore cultural and natural features of a destination without exploiting resources or disturbing local communities. This technology not only enhances the tourist experience but also educates tourists about the importance of sustainable development, thereby promoting a more responsible approach to tourism. In line with recent studies, Zeng et al. [55] highlight that immersive technologies such as VR allow tourists to experience destinations virtually, thus reducing the environmental footprint caused by physical travel. According to Kannan [23], the application of augmented reality (AR) allows for personalized tourist tours and fosters a deeper understanding of local ecosystems through education. According to Rane et al. [67], the combination of augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies helps reduce negative ecological impacts in sensitive ecosystems within protected natural areas. Pachouri [68] argues that one of the key aspects of transformative tourism through the application of Industry 4.0 technology is the ability to create interactive experiences that encourage tourists to actively engage in preserving destinations. Recent research by Wang et al. [69] suggests that AR-based tourism apps, which guide tourists through local ecosystems, can raise awareness about conservation efforts. On the other hand, Fatema et al. [70] suggest that virtual tours using virtual reality (VR) help alleviate the pressure on destinations overwhelmed by tourists (such as nature reserves). In the process of transforming tourism, based on authors Lukita et al. [71] and Chakraborty [72], artificial intelligence is used to create personalized itineraries that not only enrich tourists’ experiences but also reduce negative impacts on natural resources. According to Yang et al. [73], blockchain technology can enhance transparency in preserving cultural heritage through the tracking and documentation of key community resources, which is especially important for sustainable tourism practices. Authors Ordóñez Martínez [74] believe that the use of smart technologies such as sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems allows for better monitoring of the sustainability of tourist destinations, ensuring the long-term preservation of natural and cultural resources in interaction with tourists. This transformation is expected not only to improve sustainability efficiency but also to create new business models that rely on sustainable practices, thus providing a more sustainable and responsible experience for all participants in tourism.

3.3. Smart Tourism and Sustainability

Smart tourism is considered a concept closely related to Industry 4.0, which simultaneously has significant potential to improve sustainable practices. According to Kim and Kim [75], smart destinations use advanced technologies to enhance infrastructure, reduce energy and water consumption, and optimize traffic. Through the use of sensors and smart management systems, tourist destinations can efficiently monitor ecological indicators and adjust resources, thereby reducing the negative impact on the environment. Digital platforms provide transparency regarding ecological and social connections, encouraging responsibility among tourism participants [76,77].

The application of smart technologies particularly affects the sustainability of tourism. According to Aguiar-Castillo et al. [78], smart sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems enable real-time monitoring of tourist behavior and resources, allowing managers to optimize tourist flows while preventing overuse of tourism resources. Sandhya and Varghes [79] highlight that smart destinations use artificial intelligence to reduce congestion and improve traffic, which reduces emissions of harmful gases and increases infrastructure efficiency. Liébana-Cabanillas et al. [80] argue that smart systems directly involve tourists in destination preservation through apps that track ecological indicators and provide feedback on their environmental impact. González-Reverté [81] emphasizes that platforms enable greater transparency regarding the sustainable initiatives of local communities, promoting responsible tourism practices and encouraging collaboration between tourism stakeholders. In a study by Park and Zhong [20], smart technologies were used to enhance resources, thereby reducing operational costs and the ecological footprint of hotels and tourist attractions. Shafiee et al. [82] and Shen et al. [83] emphasize that smart tourism contributes to the improvement of social sustainability, enabling tourists to establish a better personal connection with local communities through platforms that offer information about culture, history, and social projects, thereby fostering greater tourist engagement in local initiatives.

3.4. Challenges of Applying Industry 4.0 Technologies in Tourism

The application of Industry 4.0 technologies in tourism brings certain challenges despite numerous advantages and their implementation. Azmi et al. [37] argue that the main challenges include high implementation costs, as well as issues related to tourist data privacy. Despite technological advancements, there is a need for a strong legal framework to ensure compliance with environmental standards, as well as staff training in the tourism sector [38]. According to Bilotta et al. [84], tourism organizations face difficulties in integrating new technologies due to a lack of technical knowledge and resources. Wang et al. [85] emphasize that a lack of infrastructure investment is also a barrier to the implementation of smart solutions that could enhance sustainability in tourism.

Additionally, the issue of data privacy is becoming increasingly important. As highlighted by González-Reverté [81], inadequate data protection can lead to a loss of trust among tourists and harm the reputation of tourism companies. These challenges require the creation of clear privacy policies and educating tourists on how their data is being used. Based on the research presented so far, we can see that legal frameworks are crucial for managing technological changes. According to the research conducted by Borowski et al. [86], legal measures not only help preserve environmental standards but also ensure that technologies are used responsibly. Additionally, the need for staff training is emphasized in the study by Shafiee [82], which shows that trained staff can significantly contribute to the successful implementation of smart technologies and sustainable practices in the tourism sector. The demands for training and education are increasing. As Achmad et al. [87] note, continuous staff training can improve their ability to use new technologies and adopt best practices in sustainable tourism. According to the research by Križaj et al. [88], developing partnerships between educational institutions and tourism companies can improve access to training and the resources needed for technology adoption.

3.5. Technological Innovations for a Sustainable Future of Tourism

Industry 4.0 technologies are already showing their potential in the development of sustainable tourism. Artificial intelligence (AI) is being used to optimize the operational aspects of tourism, while big data enables evidence-based decision-making, leading to more efficient resource use and greater sustainability [89]. According to Li et al. [90], augmented and virtual reality allow tourists to experience destinations in a completely new way, reducing pressure on physical infrastructure and natural resources. Razzaq et al. [91] suggest that AI can help predict tourist flows and optimize accommodation capacities, thereby reducing overuse of resources in popular destinations. In the same context, Nafisa [92] notes that big data analytics allow for a better understanding of demand-side behavior patterns, enabling destinations to adapt to seasonal changes, thus reducing pressure on infrastructure.

Moreover, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) play a significant role in transforming the tourist experience. According to research conducted by Go and Kang [93], these technologies allow tourists to experience cultural and historical content without being physically present, which can preserve important resources and reduce environmental impact. They also highlight that AR can enhance the experience of tourist tours through interactive elements, further engaging visitors and promoting sustainable behavior.

The importance of IoT technologies in sustainable tourism cannot be ignored. Research by Zhao and Agyeiwaah [14] indicates that IoT devices can monitor energy and water consumption in real time, allowing destinations to respond quickly to potential problems and use resources efficiently. According to Singh and Kaunert [94], the use of smart management systems facilitates the identification and resolution of environmental issues, further improving sustainability in tourism. Research by Rodrigues et al. [95] shows that the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies in the tourism sector enhances communication between local communities and tourists, contributing to better information exchange and strengthening local identity. The introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies into tourism presents potential for transforming the sector, creating responsible and sustainable practices in tourism. The key to these technologies is their thoughtful and responsible use to ensure that their implementation does not jeopardize but enhances the sustainability of tourist destinations and travel as a whole.

4. Implications

It is particularly important to highlight the growth of Industry 4.0 in the global context, as well as the forecasts for its further development. According to data from Markets and Markets, the global Industry 4.0 market was valued at USD 52.17 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 182.01 billion by 2028, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.4% during the forecast period. The Industry 4.0 market is rapidly expanding, driven by technological advancements in AI, IoT, etc., which enable manufacturers to automate processes, personalize products, and increase efficiency. Customer demands for more customized, sustainable, and rapidly updated products are driving the need for flexible and adaptable manufacturing models [96]. These implications are evident in tourism, but some constraints emerge. The implications of Industry 4.0 are particularly evident in the tourism sector, where its transformative impact is reshaping business operations. Industry 4.0 technologies, including big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain, are revolutionizing how tourism businesses operate, driving efficiency, personalization, and sustainability. However, despite the significant potential these technologies offer, certain constraints must be acknowledged when comparing their application in tourism to the broader, global use of Industry 4.0. Despite the promising opportunities offered by Industry 4.0, the tourism sector is still facing significant resistance from certain industry actors. Traditional service providers often perceive these technologies as a threat to established business models, fearing job losses and disruption of existing practices. This resistance slows down the adoption process, particularly among SMEs that lack the resources or knowledge to implement advanced technological solutions [27]. In addition, ethical concerns, especially related to data privacy and surveillance, pose a substantial barrier. Tourists are increasingly aware of how their personal data is collected and used, raising issues of trust and transparency. For example, the integration of IoT and AI in smart destinations often involves the continuous monitoring of tourist behavior, which can be perceived as intrusive if not adequately regulated. Moreover, the socio-economic impacts of Industry 4.0 on tourism are complex. While digitalization can enhance competitiveness and foster innovation, it can also exacerbate inequalities between technologically advanced and less developed destinations. Many rural or less developed regions lack the necessary infrastructure and digital literacy to fully benefit from these innovations. This digital divide risks marginalizing certain areas, reinforcing existing economic disparities, and threatening the authenticity and cultural integrity of destinations [45,46].

These limitations include challenges related to technological infrastructure, regulatory environments, and the adaptation of industry players to rapidly evolving innovations. While the tourism industry stands to benefit greatly from these advancements, the pace of implementation and the capacity of businesses to fully leverage these technologies may vary across different regions, highlighting the need for careful consideration of context and resources.

According to the Tourism 4.0 Industry Roadma report, an analysis of the digital readiness of 402 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in tourism revealed that as many as 72% of the surveyed companies fall into the micro-enterprise category, while 23% are small, and only 5% are medium-sized enterprises. The biggest obstacles to digitalization include a lack of financial resources, difficulties in quantifying return on investment (ROI), and a shortage of necessary skills for implementing new technologies. Within the Tourbit Digital Acceleration program, 61 SMEs received financial support ranging between €8000 and €9000 for digitalization projects, with key investments focused on digital marketing, CRM systems, and data management. Further analysis, based on a survey conducted in May 2024 among 84 European tourism and technology stakeholders, shows that 37.6% of respondents were from the SME sector, while the rest were representatives of technology providers, tourism associations, and destination management organizations. The most important incentives for adopting new technologies are grants, tax incentives, and subsidized employee training. Additionally, digital security and regulations, such as GDPR, were highlighted as key concerns, with 78.3% of respondents emphasizing the need for greater trust in how data is collected and processed. While the challenges are significant, with adequate financial and regulatory support, SMEs in tourism can successfully adopt Industry 4.0 solutions and ensure long-term competitiveness and sustainable growth [97].

Industry 4.0 introduces revolutionary changes in the tourism sector through the application of technologies that enable greater personalization of services, operational efficiency, and enhancement of the sustainability of tourist destinations. Technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) play a crucial role in the transformation of tourism [90,98]. These technologies increase business efficiency and the potential for enhancing tourist experiences while simultaneously reducing negative environmental effects and contributing to the sustainable development of tourism [76,99,100].

In addition to personalizing tourist experiences, big data and AI also enable more efficient resource management, contributing to sustainability. For example, through data analysis, tourist trends can be predicted, and energy and water consumption can be optimized, thereby reducing the negative environmental impact of tourism [101]. For example, in Spain, hotels are using advanced analytics to offer customized content and packages that cater to the specific needs and interests of tourists, which increases their satisfaction and fosters loyalty [102]. This approach not only enhances the customer experience but also contributes to more efficient resource use, thereby reducing ecological degradation and promoting sustainability in tourism [51,103].

IoT technologies allow tourist destinations to collect data in real time, leading to better management and use of tourist resources [69,85,90]. The use of IoT devices in hotels and destinations enables a personalized experience for tourists while increasing operational efficiency. For example, smart thermostats and lighting systems can automatically adjust room conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption. For example, in Slovenia, the application of IoT technologies in tourist centers has enabled the monitoring of tourist flows, service satisfaction, and the reduction in overcrowding at popular tourist sites [104]. IoT sensors can also assist in managing energy resources in hotels, reducing energy consumption and allowing for more efficient management of water and waste [101].

Blockchain technology is also proving useful in the tourism sector, particularly in improving transparency and security in transactions [98]. In Hungary, travel agencies have implemented blockchain to ensure safer transactions and improve transparency between tourists and service providers, contributing to greater trust and security for users [76]. Given the growing need for digital security solutions, blockchain technology can provide stable and secure platforms for data exchange among various stakeholders in tourism.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers opportunities for improving customer service, increasingly being applied in the form of chatbots and virtual assistants in hotels and travel agencies [100]. These AI applications enable tourists to obtain necessary information and recommendations at any time, reducing the burden on human resources and allowing for more efficient operations [27]. Additionally, AI is used for better demand and price management, enabling hotels and agencies to improve their revenues and reduce seasonal fluctuations [105].

Although Industry 4.0 brings significant benefits, the use of solutions derived from this technological revolution also poses numerous challenges. High implementation costs of these technologies, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises, represent one of the key barriers. Research in Croatia indicates that while many companies are aware of the benefits that smart technologies can bring, a lack of financial resources and training for employees presents a major challenge for successful implementation [27,104]. Additionally, rapid technological obsolescence raises questions about the long-term sustainability of these solutions and the need for continuous investment in employee training and equipment modernization [76].

Industry 4.0 technologies bring significant improvements in efficiency and service personalization within the tourism sector. However, these technologies also hold potential for greater sustainability. By optimizing services through predictive algorithms, resource consumption is reduced, leading to lower energy usage and CO₂ emissions. This contributes to the development of more sustainable tourist destinations, which aligns with the growing demand for eco-friendly travel options. As such, these technologies not only drive operational efficiency, but also open new markets focused on sustainability and green energy, which are increasingly influencing tourism trends.

Legal and ethical aspects are becoming increasingly significant in the context of digital transformation in tourism. The collection and processing of large amounts of data raise concerns about the privacy and security of tourists, complicating the process of using these technologies [100]. To ensure the responsible use of technology, it is essential to develop clear guidelines regulating the collection and use of data in tourism, with a special focus on protecting user rights [95,98].

To enhance the benefits of Industry 4.0 and reduce risks, collaboration between various stakeholders in tourism, including the private sector, governments, and local communities, becomes crucial. Successful examples of collaboration, such as the development of smart tourism solutions in Italy, demonstrate that joint initiatives between the public and private sectors can lead to the development of innovative and sustainable solutions that meet the specific needs of local communities [68,69]. Connecting technology with local and cultural values can enhance tourist satisfaction and contribute to the strengthening of local communities. Moreover, research should focus more on how technology can promote a balance between economic efficiency and environmental protection, as this is crucial for achieving long-term sustainability. Additionally, there is a need for the development of specific models that help small tourism businesses, which are often limited in terms of resources, implement these new technologies. This could be addressed through the creation of practical frameworks, guides, and collaborations with technology providers to ensure easier access to these innovations.

Based on all of this, significant challenges exist in utilizing Industry 4.0 in tourism, yet it can yield substantial innovations and results. The technologies brought by this industrial revolution can improve tourist experiences, increase operational efficiency, and contribute to resource preservation and the sustainable development of tourist destinations. However, policies must be developed to support the implementation of green technologies, as well as to stimulate innovation in the tourism sector through subsidies, education, and international partnerships. Further research is needed to evaluate the real cost–benefit ratios for small businesses and how these technologies could be tailored to fit their specific needs. The application of VR and AR technologies in tourism opens new possibilities for enhancing tourist experiences, allowing them to explore a destination virtually before visiting [69]. These technologies are used in museums, national parks, and historical sites to enrich the tourist experience, enabling them to virtually explore hidden aspects of destinations or engage in interactive educational programs [99]. Virtual tours utilizing AR applications allow tourists to explore a destination with additional real-time information, thereby increasing their satisfaction [68].

A summary of key literature relevant to transforming tourism in the context of Industry 4.0 and sustainability is presented in

Table 2. Transforming tourism: Industry 4.0 technologies for sustainability.

Key Aspects	Conclusions	Explanation	Source
Technological Innovations and Sustainability in Tourism
1.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Tourism	AI technologies optimize tourism services and reduce negative environmental impacts.	AI can tailor offerings to tourists’ needs, predicting demand and thereby reducing overproduction and waste.	Şeker (2023) [66]
1.2. Big Data	Big data enables the analysis of tourism patterns for sustainable destination management.	By analyzing visitation and demand data, destinations can better plan resources, adapt to seasonal changes, and reduce overcrowding.	Magableh et al. (2024) [21]
1.3. Internet of Things (IoT)	IoT monitors environmental parameters in real time.	Sensors track pollution levels, water, and energy consumption, enabling timely interventions and reducing environmental footprint.	Tiwari et al. (2022) [22]
1.4. Blockchain	Blockchain increases transparency and security of transactions in tourism.	This technology ensures secure transactions between tourists and service providers, enhancing user trust.	Kontogianni et al. (2024) [62]
1.5. Sustainable Services	Technology-based sustainable services reduce the negative environmental impacts of tourism.	Integrating sustainable practices and new technologies can decrease energy and resource consumption, as well as harmful gas emissions.	Fatema et al. (2024) [70]
Digital Platforms and Virtual Reality (VR)
2.1. Applications for Sustainability	Digital platforms engage tourists through apps that promote sustainable behavior.	Apps provide information on environmental practices and local initiatives and encourage responsible behavior during travel.	Femenia-Serra and Gretzel (2020) [76]
2.2. VR Experiences	Virtual reality reduces the need for physical travel, thereby decreasing CO2 emissions.	VR allows individuals to explore destinations from the comfort of their homes, reducing pressure on popular locations and the environmental impact associated with travel.	Yang et al. (2023) [73]
2.3. Augmented Reality (AR) Technologies	AR enhances tourist experiences and education.	AR technologies offer interactive experiences that raise awareness about the preservation of natural and cultural resources, providing tourists with a deeper understanding of destinations.	Kim and Kim (2017) [75]
Smart Tourism
3.1. Smart Destinations	Smart tourism utilizes technologies to optimize resources.	Smart destinations implement technologies that monitor and optimize resource usage, reducing their negative environmental impact.	González-Reverté (2019) [81]
3.2. Sensors and Analytics	Smart sensors enable real-time monitoring of tourist behavior (big data and IoT systems).	These technologies allow managers to efficiently manage tourist flows, preventing overuse of resources and congestion.	Wang et al. (2021) [69]
Implementation Challenges
4.1. Costs and Financial Sustainability	High implementation costs and data privacy issues pose challenges.	Many organizations face funding and data protection challenges, which can create barriers to successful integration of new technologies.	Yang et al. (2023) [73]
4.2. Legal Frameworks	Clear legal frameworks are needed for data protection and environmental standards.	An adequate legal framework can help protect the interests of all parties, including tourists, local communities, and tour operators, ensuring responsible use of technologies.	Borowski et al. (2021) [86]
Technological Innovations for the Future
5.1. Future Expectations	Industry 4.0 technologies enhance sustainability in tourism.	These technologies enable more efficient resource management and better prediction of tourist flows, helping to reduce pressure on popular destinations.	Rodrigues et al. (2024) [95]
5.2. Impact on Tourism Structure	Augmented and virtual reality allow tourists to experience destinations without physical presence.	These technologies make travel more accessible and sustainable, reducing the need for physical presence in often overcrowded places.	Koo and Chang (2021) [101]
5.3. Sustainable Resource Management	IoT devices enable real-time monitoring of resource consumption.	Monitoring water and energy consumption helps destinations identify problematic areas and optimize resource use.	Wang et al. (2022) [85]

.

Each Industry 4.0 technology brings a unique contribution to sustainable tourism transformation. While AI optimizes demand forecasting and supports personalized services, IoT provides real-time monitoring of environmental parameters, directly contributing to resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact [27,101]. Blockchain, on the other hand, enhances trust and transparency in transactions, which is particularly critical in ensuring data security and compliance with privacy regulations [99]. These differentiated roles underscore the necessity for a tailored approach when integrating technologies within diverse tourism contexts.

In summary, Industry 4.0 technologies hold the potential to significantly transform tourism, aligning with sustainable practices and improving operational efficiency. As shown in Table 1, each technological category, from artificial intelligence to virtual reality, offers a unique contribution to both enhancing tourist experiences and minimizing environmental impacts. The combination of big data, IoT, blockchain, and AI allows for more personalized experiences, while simultaneously promoting sustainability by optimizing resources, improving environmental monitoring, and enabling more responsible behaviors [22]. However, the integration of these technologies into tourism also poses several challenges, including the high cost of implementation, concerns regarding data privacy, and the need for clear legal frameworks to ensure ethical use of data and technologies [68,86].

The evolving nature of these technologies, especially AI and VR, also opens the door for more accessible and sustainable travel options in the future. As more tourism businesses begin to adopt these solutions, it will be crucial to continue exploring the most effective ways to bridge the gap between high-tech solutions and small businesses, ensuring equitable access and minimizing any negative socio-economic impacts [73,81].

Finally, while the opportunities for sustainable development through Industry 4.0 technologies are promising, further research is needed to address the long-term financial viability of these innovations, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises in the tourism sector [95].

5. Conclusions

The need for the transformation of tourism is becoming increasingly pronounced in today’s world, given the growing challenges tourism faces, including ecological issues, overconsumption of resources, and socio-cultural tensions. In this context, Industry 4.0 plays a key role in shaping a more sustainable tourism sector. Technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain offer new solutions that can help optimize tourism services and reduce negative environmental impacts.

The integration of these advanced technologies can significantly enhance operational efficiency, reduce overproduction, and manage resources more effectively. For example, AI enables the analysis of data on demand for tourism services, allowing for the adjustment of supply and reducing waste. Big data provides deeper insights into travel patterns, making it easier to manage resources and adapt to seasonal changes. IoT technologies play a crucial role in monitoring ecological parameters, such as pollution levels or water consumption, enabling timely interventions that reduce negative ecological impacts.

However, the implementation of these technologies presents challenges, especially regarding high costs and data privacy concerns. For these technologies to be effectively integrated into tourism practices, clear and concrete legal frameworks need to be developed to ensure data protection and fair access. Governments and organizations must collaborate to adopt policies that balance technological advancement with privacy concerns.

This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the intersection of Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainable tourism. Through a detailed analysis of key technological innovations, it not only identifies challenges but also highlights the potential of these technologies to transform the tourism sector. In doing so, the paper fills a gap in the literature by providing concrete examples of how these technologies can improve sustainability in tourism. An additional analysis of the barriers to implementing these technologies reveals several key challenges, including industry resistance, which is often rooted in traditional business practices and fear of disruptive changes. Ethical dilemmas, particularly regarding data privacy and the potential for surveillance, further complicate the adoption of these technologies. Socio-economic consequences should also be considered: the potential for job losses in certain sectors and the uneven distribution of the benefits of technology, which could exacerbate existing inequalities. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach, including the development of ethical guidelines, regulatory frameworks, and support for workforce adaptation to the new technological environment.

One of the key contributions of this paper is the identification and analysis of the challenges and opportunities for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the tourism industry, with a particular focus on the ecological and socio-economic aspects of sustainability. While many studies focus on technological aspects, this paper provides a deep understanding of how these factors affect all three dimensions of sustainability—ecological, economic, and socio-cultural—through concrete examples and analyses. This paper also offers a clear perspective on how technologies can help identify and address key tourism challenges, thus laying the foundation for further development in this area.

Additionally, the research raises important questions about the financial sustainability of these technologies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the tourism industry. Future research could focus on practical solutions to overcome financial barriers, such as government subsidies or partnerships between large companies and SMEs, to enable all stakeholders in tourism to access and benefit from these innovations.

Practical recommendations for governments and tourism operators include the development of targeted policies and guidelines that encourage the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies while simultaneously addressing the identified challenges. This could include investments in training programs for local communities and entrepreneurs to develop technological capacity, as well as the development of data-sharing protocols that ensure privacy while enabling effective resource management. In this way, the paper not only considers theoretical aspects but also provides concrete guidelines for applying theory in practice, representing a significant contribution to the field.

Future research should focus on further understanding how these technologies can be implemented to promote more sustainable tourism practices. Only through joint efforts—among tourists, local communities, and operators—can the tourism sector successfully transform into a driver of sustainable development. In the future, it is essential to develop a comprehensive approach to tourism that not only utilizes advanced technologies but also fosters collective responsibility for preserving natural and cultural resources. Furthermore, future research could expand the analysis to specific regions or sectors within tourism, exploring how Industry 4.0 is applied in different contexts, which would enable a deeper understanding of specific challenges and solutions.

This paper provides a foundation for future research that can continue to explore the synergy between technology and sustainability, offering concrete recommendations for overcoming the challenges faced by tourism in the future, thus contributing to the advancement of the theory and practice of sustainable tourism.

6. Research Limitations

Although this research provides valuable insights into the potential implications of Industry 4.0 technologies for sustainable tourism, there are certain limitations that should be considered. This study relies on secondary sources and the analysis of existing studies, without primary data collected through surveys or interviews. The use of secondary sources was primarily aimed at gathering and analyzing data already available in the literature, which allows for an in-depth understanding of existing theoretical frameworks and empirical findings. The decision to use secondary sources instead of primary data is due to several factors, including time constraints, budget restrictions, and the complexity of gathering relevant data. Given the nature of the research and the availability of data, secondary sources proved to be the most practical way to thoroughly explore existing evidence in the proposed topics.

This time frame was chosen to capture the latest technologies and innovations being applied in tourism, given the rapid pace of technological advancement in the industry. While older works provide valuable historical insights, focusing on research after 2020 enables tracking current and emerging trends, which are crucial for understanding the impact of Industry 4.0 on sustainable tourism in the future. Additionally, the selection of these publications allows for the analysis of the most recent approaches and studies in this field, while maintaining relevance to the current challenges the tourism sector is facing.

Moreover, future research could expand this analysis by including primary data or extending the time frame to provide a more comprehensive view of Industry 4.0 technologies and their application in tourism over a longer period and its impact on all three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic, and socio-cultural.