Food Waste Reduction: A Systematic Literature Review on Integrating Policies, Consumer Behavior, and Innovation

Abstract

This article addresses the issue of food waste, highlighting its implications for food security, sustainability, and global resource management. The main objective is to develop the principles for an Integrated Sustainable Food Waste Reduction System (IFWRS), a theoretical and practical framework that unites public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation. To achieve this goal, the study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis to identify critical gaps, synthesize existing knowledge, and provide a solid foundation for the proposed IFWRS principles. These principles present actionable strategies to combat food waste through a holistic and multidisciplinary approach, overcoming fragmented methodologies and aligning with sustainability goals at both local and global levels. This work makes a fundamental contribution to the field, providing not only a robust theoretical foundation but also a practical guide for implementing innovative and sustainable solutions across the food chain. By integrating various sectors and promoting a unified vision, the IFWRS principles pave the way for more effective policies and interventions that can transform the global food waste landscape. With its unique and groundbreaking approach, this study offers a revolutionary perspective to solve one of the world’s greatest challenges, driving collective action and the adoption of sustainable, transformative strategies.

1. Introduction

Food security in any country is significantly impacted by food waste, a global challenge that affects the three pillars of sustainable development—environmental, economic, and social well-being [1]. Nowadays, the scale of food waste worldwide has reached alarming levels. In 2022, global food waste totaled 1.05 billion tons, including inedible food components, translating to an average of 132 kg per person. This staggering amount represents roughly 20% of all food available for consumption. Of this waste, 60% springs from household, 28% derives from food service establishments, and 12% comes from the retail sector [2].

The 2024 Food Waste Index Report [2], published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), reveals that food waste is not confined to wealthy countries. The report indicates that the difference in household food waste between high-, upper-, and lower-middle-income countries is only 7 kg per person. Additionally, it suggests that countries with warmer climates tend to experience higher rates of household food waste, likely due to the limited access to efficient refrigeration systems, aligned with greater consumption of fresh products, which provokes significant unconsumed portions.

Food waste not only compromises food security but also puts significant pressure on natural resources, contributing substantially to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [3,4]. According to the UNEP and WRAP report [2], food loss and waste account for between 8% and 10% of global GHG emissions—nearly five times the emissions from the aviation sector. Moreover, this environmental impact results in a significant loss of biodiversity, as it occupies an area corresponding to almost one third of global agricultural land. In monetary terms, food loss and waste cost the global economy an estimated USD 1 trillion annually [2].

In response to these figures, governmental initiatives are increasingly focused on drawing public awareness to the problem of food waste and its implications for nutritional security, sustainable development, environmental impact, and resource wastage. Food waste arises from a variety of factors. Canali et al. identify three main contexts influencing food waste: technological, institutional, and social [5]. Failures in supply chain technology, gaps in institutional policies and practices, and consumer behavior and lifestyle choices all play significant roles in increasing food waste.

Understanding these contexts is essential for developing effective solutions, as food waste can occur at multiple points along the supply chain, from production to final consumption. At the production stage, factors such as limited access to advanced agricultural techniques and adverse weather conditions can lead to waste. During processing and distribution stages, waste often results from improper handling, inefficient packaging, or suboptimal logistics [6]. Additionally, ineffective management practices at both individual and organizational levels further contribute to food waste [5].

In recent years, global initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and carbon neutrality targets have significantly shaped food waste research, prompting a more integrated and sustainable approach [1,3].

Examining how the literature addresses these challenges helps identify a theoretical framework that not only reflects current realities but also supports practical solutions. This adaptation of theory to global imperatives is essential for formulating policies and innovative strategies that effectively mitigate food waste. Additionally, understanding the evolution of the literature offers inspiration for new approaches, fostering the combination of theoretical and empirical models that have historically proven effective in solving practical issues. By analyzing the responses and approaches adopted over time, opportunities emerge to expand or refine existing theories, with the goal to develop solutions that integrate diverse dimensions—such as consumer behavior, technological innovation, and public policies [7].

In this context, the present work seeks to address the gap in the traditional approach to food waste, which is characterized by the fragmentation between public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation. This gap underscores the need for a more integrated strategy to tackle the issue in a holistic manner.

This research aims to propose the principles for an Integrated Food Waste Reduction System (IFWRS) as its main objective, providing a comprehensive and innovative framework for tackling food waste. By exploring the intersection of policy measures, technological innovations, and consumer behaviors, this study develops a holistic understanding of the causes, consequences, and solutions to food waste. Grounded in the literature, the proposed principles articulate practical strategies and policies supported by a robust theoretical and empirical foundation, addressing critical gaps in existing research. These principles underscore the critical roles of consumers, emerging technologies, and policy interventions in addressing food waste.

The methodology combines the depth of a systematic literature review with the scope of a bibliometric analysis, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of scientific publications on food waste and mapping the current research landscape in this field. Understanding the evolution of scientific publications on food waste is essential for establishing a solid and informed theoretical foundation. By mapping literature development over time, it becomes possible to identify both well-explored areas and research gaps, revealing fields with consolidated knowledge as well as those requiring further investigation. This comprehensive perspective enhances contextualization, distinguishing theoretical and empirical areas with robust support from those that remain underexplored [8]. In this context, bibliometric analysis is an invaluable tool, helping to map these gaps and track the progression of major research trends, which are crucial for building a strong theoretical grounding.

Furthermore, understanding the evolution of publications provides a basis for developing the theoretical framework. Analyzing literature trends allows us to observe how theoretical approaches have evolved in response to economic, environmental, and social contexts, reflecting issues such as sustainability and food security [5]. This continuous adaptation demonstrates the flexibility and progression of theoretical knowledge in meeting emerging societal needs, helping us to understand the foundational theories that underpin current practices and policies.

Through a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, this article proposes theoretical and conceptual principles for an Integrated Food Waste Reduction System (IFWRS). These principles offer an innovative response, overcoming the fragmentation in existing literature and providing a practical solution that synthesizes both theoretical and empirical findings.

The article is structured as follows: Section 1, Introduction, presents the scope, objectives, and theoretical framework of the study. Section 2, Methodology, outlines the research methods, including the bibliometric analysis and literature review. Section 3, Results, is divided into three parts: The first presents bibliometric data, the second synthesizes the literature review and categorizes key themes, and the third proposes the principles for an Integrated Food Waste Reduction System (IFWRS). Section 4, Discussion, explores the development of these principles, contrasts them with traditional approaches, analyzes their policy implications, and identifies key enablers for implementation. Section 5, Future Directions, outlines potential research and application pathways, highlighting the role of IFWRS in supporting policy innovation, technological development, and behavioral change, while reinforcing its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, Section 6, Conclusions, summarizes the study’s main contributions and stresses the importance of integrated and collaborative efforts to reduce food waste in a sustainable and systemic way.

2. Materials and Methods

In this investigation, a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adopted as the research method for collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing relevant data related to food waste (see Supplementary Material). This method was suitable for the study’s objectives because it enables the comparison of evidence across different studies, thereby fostering a comprehensive understanding and establishing a structured logic of the topic [9].

This was complemented by the Bibliometric Analysis of the collected data, through graphical representation techniques and statistical tables to map the development and current state of the topic. Such analysis is essential for understanding publication dynamics and enriching the research [9]. As indicated by Rodrigues et al. [10], the Bibliometric Analysis is effective in identifying trends and developing collections. The R Bibliometrix Software version 4.2.1 was employed to analyze the data, perform calculations, and create graphical representations [10]. Finally, the principles for an IFWRS were developed in a structured manner, encompassing an innovative prototype that synthesizes the findings from the systematic literature review and the bibliometric analysis. This was achieved through a detailed mapping of thematic areas, which identified gaps as well as the most effective intervention opportunities to combat food waste. The approach integrates various perspectives, ranging from public policies to consumer behavior and technological innovations, aiming to establish holistic and multidisciplinary guidelines.

Data Collection

The document search was meticulously conducted using two major academic databases, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, covering the totality of their coverage periods up to the end of 2023, respectively (

Table 1. The items and criteria of the research. Source: created by authors.

Items	Criteria
Timeframe	From the beginning of the coverage period until 31 December 2023
Databases	Web of Science and Scopus
Keywords	“Food waste”; ”Waste reduction”; “Waste policy”; “Circular economy”.
Search Equation	WoS: Food waste (Topic) and Waste reduction (Topic) and Waste policy (Topic) and Circular economy (All Fields) and Article (Document Types) and Open Access Scopus: (title-abs-key (food and waste) and title-abs-key (waste and reduction) and title-abs-key (waste and policy) and all (circular and economy)) and (limit-to (doctype, “ar”)) and (limit-to (oa, “all”))
Inclusion Criteria	Open access articles
Software Used	R.Studio version 4.2.2, RStudio/R Bibliometrix version 4.2.1, Microsoft Excel

).

The strategic choice of keywords—”Food waste”, “Waste reduction”, “Food policy”, and “Circular economy”—reflects a precise alignment with the objective of this research. This approach was designed to both synthesize and highlight the fundamental concepts addressed in the research topic, following the references of Kwon [11], and efficiently filter out irrelevant content, according to Sharma and Mediratta’s recommendations [12].

The keyword “Food waste” is at the core of the research theme. Its inclusion ensures the identification of a broad spectrum of articles addressing the magnitude of the food waste problem and strategies for its mitigation, covering studies on food waste in general, containing causes, impacts, and statistics. The keyword “Waste reduction” provides a focused direction towards identifying strategies and practices aimed at reducing food waste. This keyword is essential for mapping practical and innovative approaches adopted in different contexts, from public policy interventions to technological and behavioral solutions aimed at reducing food waste. Essentially, this keyword captures studies on strategies and methods for reducing waste, including food waste.

The inclusion of “Food policy” is strategic for examining the impact of public policies on food waste mitigation. This keyword facilitates the analysis of how governmental decisions and regulations influence food production, distribution, and consumption practices, and how they can be used to leverage waste reduction. Lastly, incorporating “Circular economy” broadens the research scope to include economic models that focus on sustainability and resource management efficiency. This term is particularly relevant in the food context, where the sustainable promotion of the food life cycle is crucial. It encompasses sustainable practices and solutions to comprehensively reduce food waste.

In the context of the digital age and electronic access to scientific literature, this research emphasizes the crucial importance of keyword selection. Sharma and Mediratta [12] point out that these terms serve as indispensable tools for filtering and accessing specific scientific articles from a vast repository of related publications. This emphasizes the fundamental role that keywords play in efficiently navigating bibliographic resources. The use of the selected keywords, linked by the proposition “and,” ensures a comprehensive and detailed search that not only highlights the magnitude of the food waste problem but also explores strategies for its reduction, examines the role of public policies, and investigates the application of sustainable economic models such as the circular economy. Furthermore, only open access articles were considered, promoting equal opportunities for researchers in developing countries [13].

Figure 1 presents the PRISMA flowchart, detailing the article selection and screening process for the systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Initially, 114 articles were identified through the Web of Science and Scopus databases. After removing 25 duplicate articles, the sample was reduced to 89. During screening, 35 articles were excluded for not directly addressing the specific focus of the study, which is centered on food waste in retail and consumer contexts. The excluded articles covered topics such as waste/composting, plastics/packaging, COVID-19, among others. Careful selection is crucial to ensure the relevance and accuracy of the research objective [8]. After this stage, 54 articles met the eligibility criteria, but full access was not possible for two of them. Thus, 52 articles were selected for the Bibliometric Analysis, meeting the criterion for the number of articles for a literature review (between 40 to 50) as established by Paul and Criado [14].

The bibliometric analysis was conducted using the R package Bibliometrix, which enables the import and processing of bibliographic data from various file formats. The analysis was performed in the RStudio environment, where Bibliometrix functionalities were leveraged to integrate data and generate detailed reports automatically. This automated approach provided a clear and comprehensive overview of the selected literature.

3. Results

The selection of 52 articles for this study on food waste demonstrates a considered approach with thematic diversity that captures the complexity of the subject. Despite the predominant focus on waste mitigation strategies, encompassing a variety of approaches and techniques, a significant portion of the selected articles examines food waste control policies, generally highlighting the crucial influence of governmental decisions. Other equally important articles explore the causes of waste and consumer behavior, providing insights into the factors driving waste, particularly at the final stages of the supply chain. Additionally, studies adopting the circular economy perspective offer a broader view, integrating food waste into sustainable economic models, while emphasizing the need for bold and tailored approaches. This sample of the literature provides a robust and comprehensive foundation for understanding and addressing food waste from multiple perspectives.

3.1. Quantitative Synthesis

3.1.1. Evolution of the Number of Publications

Figure 2, which represents the annual scientific production between 2012 and 2023 on the topic of food waste, shows that initially, in 2012, only one article was published, followed by an absence of publications in the subsequent years until 2015. From 2016 onwards, there is a gradual increase in the number of articles published annually, indicating a growing interest in research on food waste. This growth becomes more pronounced after 2016, reaching its peak in the last years of the presented interval. The data highlight the increasing focus of the academic community on food waste over the past decade.

The quantitative distribution of published articles by country reveals the global contribution to food waste research. Italy and the United Kingdom lead in scientific production, with 15 and 14 publications, respectively, followed by China and Germany (11 each). Other notable contributors include Japan (8), Finland (7), Spain (6), Norway (5), and both the Netherlands and Portugal (4 each), underscoring the field’s geographical diversity and global relevance.

Figure 3 provides a clear depiction of the geographical and intellectual influence in this domain, illustrating the visibility and impact of research from 10 countries based on total citations (TC) and average citations per article. Italy stands out as the most influential country, leading in both TC and average citations per article. The figure also showcases the contributions of other nations, reflecting their role in shaping the academic discourse on food waste.

The total citations and annual average citations of key articles in the field of food waste are illustrated in Figure 4. The article by Caldeira et al. [15] stands out as the most cited, highlighting its centrality and impact in this area. The remaining citation sequence reflects the relevance and academic contribution of each work in advancing the understanding of food waste.

3.1.2. Themes and Trends

The word cloud presented in Figure 5 provides an illustration of the frequency and relative strength of the terms discussed within the body of literature related to food waste. Terms such as “food waste”, “waste management”, “sustainable development”, and “food supply” stand out as the most relevant, indicating that they are central concepts, frequently discussed in this field of study. The prominence of “food waste” and “waste management” suggests that the reduction of food waste and management strategies are topics of great interest and paramount importance in current research. The term “food supply” underscores the concern with the security and efficiency of the entire food chain, while “sustainable development” reflects the intrinsic connection between food waste management and broader sustainability goals. Terms like “carbon footprint” and “greenhouse gases” emphasize the relationship between food waste and environmental issues. The inclusion of “European Union”, “Germany”, and “United Kingdom” may indicate a geographical concentration of research or even the leadership of these regions in developing policies related to food waste. Finally, the presence of “policy making”, “supply chain management”, and “environmental policy” demonstrates a concern with operational and regulatory approaches.

Following this, Figure 6 presents the horizontal dispersion of trends concerning the most frequently cited terms in articles related to food waste and sustainability, over time. Each horizontal line represents a specific term, while the dots alongside it indicate the term’s frequency in articles published in specific years. The size of these dots is proportional to the term’s frequency. The terms “food waste” and “waste management” dominate in terms of citation frequency over time, highlighting a continuous and significant focus on these topics within the researched literature. The frequency of the terms “sustainable development” and “food supply” indicates a gradual recognition of the need for sustainable approaches in food production and distribution. “Carbon footprint” and “greenhouse gases” also appear with considerable frequency, demonstrating the connection between food waste and its impact on climate change. In this context, the appearance of “supply chains” early in the analyzed period, with continuity over time, reflects the importance of studying more efficient and responsible supply chains in a joint scenario of food sustainability. Lastly, the geographical terms “United Kingdom” and “European Union”, though represented less frequently, indicate that their policy measures and case studies contribute to the global literature on this topic.

To conclude this section, Figure 7 provides a detailed view of the thematic interconnection within food waste research. The terms “waste”, “environmental impacts”, and “greenhouse-gas emissions” demonstrate high centrality, making these terms highly relevant and frequently interrelated in the literature. They are considered highly relevant and influential due to the scientific community’s central interest in them. “Developing countries” and “emissions” also display high centrality, with 100% confidence impact, highlighting their importance in the study of the topic. Meanwhile, “barriers”, “circular economy”, and “climate change” display lower centrality but maintain high impact and a confidence level of 100% and 50%, respectively. This suggests that although these topics may not be as frequently discussed as others, they hold significant importance and are considered critical study areas.

3.1.3. Interconnections and Networks

The interconnection between different themes within the field of food waste is illustrated in Figure 8 through a co-occurrence network. Terms such as “food waste”, “sustainable development”, and “supply chains” emerge as nodal concepts, suggesting that they are recurring and fundamental topics in food waste research. These terms, given their more prominent size and number of connections, are interpreted as central axes in this research debate. This finding reflects the academic focus on optimizing supply chains so to minimize food waste, thereby fostering more sustainable practices. The presence of terms like “greenhouse gases” and “carbon footprint” highlights the growing concern for the environmental impact generated by food waste. Geographic terms like “European Union” and “United Kingdom” likely reflect specific legislation in these regions or concentrated research initiatives. Additionally, the interrelation between “waste management” and “policy making” may suggest a drive for evidence-based policy creation. Meanwhile, the connection between “food security” and “supply chains” hints at future studies aiming to devise integrated solutions to global challenges.

Following this, Figure 9 presents a thematic map that categorizes research themes on food waste in terms of their development density and centrality within the current bibliography. On the vertical axis, themes are classified by density, indicating how developed and interrelated they are. On the horizontal axis, centrality reflects the importance and influence of the themes in the overall research on food waste. Thus, terms like “food waste”, “waste management”, “food supply”, and “carbon footprint” are recognized as vital to the field, hence their positioning in the upper right quadrant. These terms are also related to other key concepts, such as “climate change”, “economic analysis”, and “environmental protection”. Regarding intermediate themes, “food security” and “food policy” are identified. While significant, given their position, they might be in a phase of growing development or transition. Terms located in the lower left quadrant, such as “waste” and “waste prevention”, despite their position, are also fundamental to the theoretical structure of the field, likely representing more mature and established research topics. In the upper left quadrant, the terms “heterogeneity” and “Italy” appear as a niche, relevant within food waste research. The specific geographic presence of “Italy” may indicate a concentration of case studies or a particular regional approach to food waste management.

3.2. Quantitative Synthesis

After conducting a thorough examination and analysis of the 52 selected articles, it becomes feasible to classify them into distinct thematic categories. This organization reflects the diversity and scope of research on the topic of food waste. The categorization of the literature revealed seven central thematic areas, each outlined by the convergence of the evidence found and the thematic trends observed in the analyzed articles. Therefore, each category, as depicted in Figure 10, is analyzed to illustrate the current research landscape, laying the groundwork for the subsequent discussion. In the category “Food Waste Reduction” comprising 13 articles (25%), the focus lies on practical and actionable strategies for effective waste reduction. Moving on to the category “Circular Economy”, with 9 articles (17.31%), emphasis is placed on sustainable and regenerative models in food resource management. Within the category “Consumer Behavior, Education, and Awareness”, explored in 8 articles (15.38%), the critical role of consumer awareness and engagement in food waste reduction is underscored. In the category “Food Waste Prevention”, which comprises 6 articles (11.54%), proactive approaches to avoid waste creation were highlighted. Similarly, the category “Policy Measures and Governance”, also comprising 6 articles (11.54%), delves into the role of government interventions and legislation in waste mitigation. The category “Management Practices” groups 6 articles (11.54%), highlighting the systems and operational procedures aimed at optimizing the food supply chain. Lastly, the category “Impact of Food Waste”, with 4 articles (7.69%), examines the environmental, social, and economic consequences resulting from food waste. These quantitative results, represented in Figure 10, offer a synthesis of research currents and thematic focuses, which will be further explored in the discussion section. The subsequent qualitative analysis will delve into the applied theories, central findings, and potential future paths.

3.3. Key Topics and Underlying Principles for an IFWRS

Based on the literature structured around the seven categories outlined in Figure 10, key topics were identified, and their potential translation into principles for an IFWRS was explored. Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8 summarize these contributions, showcasing the alignment between the identified topics and the foundational principles of the IFWRS. This analysis provides a robust framework to support further discussions and guide the design of integrated and sustainable interventions. The “Food Waste Reduction” category (Table 2) explores strategies and insights aimed at minimizing waste throughout the food supply chain. It focuses on both the challenges and opportunities associated with reducing food loss and waste, highlighting actionable approaches to drive meaningful improvements.

For example, Irani and Sharif [7] highlight that traditional strategic planning tools may be insufficient to address the complexity of food security systems. This observation underscores the need for a broader and holistic perspective that transcends conventional planning methodologies. The interdependencies and multifaceted challenges within food security require integrated approaches that consider social, economic, environmental, and technological dimensions. Consequently, this principle advocates for designing strategies that address systems as a whole rather than in isolated components, ensuring more comprehensive and effective solutions. Similar observations are made by Helander et al. [22], Lekavičius et al. [23], and Irani and Sharif [7], who also emphasize the need for integrated strategies.

However, the recognition of structural inefficiencies and the need for adaptive solutions to address food waste has been highlighted by Caldeira et al. [15], Bunditsakulchai and Liu [24], and Riesenegger and Hübner [25]. These studies stress the importance of Guidance for Effective Policies, focusing on data-driven approaches to enhance stock management and demand forecasting, the implementation of context-specific strategies to reduce household waste, and the development of tailored policies to address the complexity of food supply chains. Collectively, these insights emphasize the need for comprehensive, context-aware policies that effectively combat food waste across all stages of the supply chain and within diverse socio-economic settings.

Mesiranta, Närvänen, and Mattila [26] focus on the accountability and involvement of stakeholders in the political debate surrounding food waste reduction. Their work emphasizes shared responsibility and the need for transdisciplinary collaboration. By engaging diverse stakeholders—including policymakers, industry actors, researchers, and civil society—collaborative efforts can drive innovative, multi-perspective solutions to food waste challenges.

Mattsson and Williams [27] examine supermarket management practices and policies aimed at reducing fruit and vegetable waste, while Usubiaga et al. [28] emphasize the accelerated adoption of preventive measures targeting household waste. Together, these insights highlight the importance of consumer education and awareness as a critical principle for food waste reduction. By promoting informed consumer behavior and raising awareness of waste prevention strategies, educational initiatives can bridge the gap between upstream management practices and downstream household actions, fostering more sustainable consumption patterns.

Recognizing and overcoming structural barriers to efficient waste management, as observed by Black et al. [29], is closely tied to the Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation. Addressing these barriers often necessitates the adoption of innovative technologies and solutions that improve efficiency, optimize processes, and drive sustainable advancements in waste management systems.

Table 2. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste reduction. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[4]	Food security management through the analysis and mitigation of food waste and loss	Holistic Approach
[8]	Strategic planning tools may be insufficient to address the complexity of the food security system
[22]	Need to integrate waste reduction strategies with potential dietary changes
[23]	Comprehensive strategies to reduce food waste and mitigate socioeconomic impacts
[15]	Complexity of food waste across the EU supply chain and the need for tailored policies	Guidance for Effective Policies
[24]	Integrated approaches to minimize household waste in Bangkok
[25]	Stock management and demand forecasting as significant causes of waste in ultra-fresh products
[30]	Public policies and cross-sectoral collaboration in reducing food loss and waste in Costa Rica	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[26]	Accountability and involvement of stakeholders in the political debate surrounding food waste reduction
[28]	Accelerated adoption of preventive measures, particularly targeting household waste	Consumer Education and Awareness
[27]	Supermarket management practices and policies for reducing fruit and vegetable waste
[29]	Recognizing and overcoming structural barriers to efficient waste management	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation

Table 2. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste reduction. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[4]	Food security management through the analysis and mitigation of food waste and loss	Holistic Approach
[8]	Strategic planning tools may be insufficient to address the complexity of the food security system
[22]	Need to integrate waste reduction strategies with potential dietary changes
[23]	Comprehensive strategies to reduce food waste and mitigate socioeconomic impacts
[15]	Complexity of food waste across the EU supply chain and the need for tailored policies	Guidance for Effective Policies
[24]	Integrated approaches to minimize household waste in Bangkok
[25]	Stock management and demand forecasting as significant causes of waste in ultra-fresh products
[30]	Public policies and cross-sectoral collaboration in reducing food loss and waste in Costa Rica	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[26]	Accountability and involvement of stakeholders in the political debate surrounding food waste reduction
[28]	Accelerated adoption of preventive measures, particularly targeting household waste	Consumer Education and Awareness
[27]	Supermarket management practices and policies for reducing fruit and vegetable waste
[29]	Recognizing and overcoming structural barriers to efficient waste management	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation

Similar principles were identified in the “Circular Economy” category (Table 3), which reflects the integration of circular principles into food systems. This category emphasizes sustainable resource use, the promotion of recycling, and the implementation of innovative strategies to minimize waste and close resource loops. By embedding circular principles, food systems can transition toward greater sustainability, efficiency, and resilience.

Table 3. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on circular economy. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[8]	Development of tools addressing food security in circular economy	Holistic Approach
[31]	Agroecological practices and healthy diets
[16]	Sustainable management of household food waste	Holistic Approach and environmental sustainability in mind.
[32]	Potential impacts of the European Union’s circular economy policy on Japanese manufacturers	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[33]	Business models for urban food waste prevention and recycling
[34]	Linking food loss, waste, and food security	Guidance for Effective Policies
[35]	Sustainable strategies for circular bioeconomy	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[36]	Transition to a circular economy in household food waste practices	Consumer Education and Awareness
[37]	Integration of circular economy topics in education

Table 3. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on circular economy. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[8]	Development of tools addressing food security in circular economy	Holistic Approach
[31]	Agroecological practices and healthy diets
[16]	Sustainable management of household food waste	Holistic Approach and environmental sustainability in mind.
[32]	Potential impacts of the European Union’s circular economy policy on Japanese manufacturers	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[33]	Business models for urban food waste prevention and recycling
[34]	Linking food loss, waste, and food security	Guidance for Effective Policies
[35]	Sustainable strategies for circular bioeconomy	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[36]	Transition to a circular economy in household food waste practices	Consumer Education and Awareness
[37]	Integration of circular economy topics in education

The “Consumer Behavior, Education, and Awareness” category (Table 4) underscores the critical role of individual actions, educational initiatives, and consumer practices in addressing food waste. This category emphasizes how informed decision making, behavioral changes, awareness initiatives and effective policies can significantly contribute to reducing food waste at both household and systemic levels.

Table 4. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on consumer behavior, education, and awareness. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[17]	Integration of eating habits, waste management, and personal values for public policies	Guidance for Effective Policies
[38]	Influence of removing expiration date labels on reducing food waste	Consumer Education and Awareness
[39]	Environmental and economic impacts of food waste in university canteens and actions to reduce it
[40]	Emotional and cognitive behaviors in reducing household food waste
[41]	Psychological motivations and moral norms in sustainable practices
[42]	Redistribution model of social supermarkets and the need to understand the factors driving their use
[43]	Relationship between motivation and food management practices in preventing waste
[44]	Changes in consumer behavior reducing carbon footprints	Holistic Approach

Table 4. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on consumer behavior, education, and awareness. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[17]	Integration of eating habits, waste management, and personal values for public policies	Guidance for Effective Policies
[38]	Influence of removing expiration date labels on reducing food waste	Consumer Education and Awareness
[39]	Environmental and economic impacts of food waste in university canteens and actions to reduce it
[40]	Emotional and cognitive behaviors in reducing household food waste
[41]	Psychological motivations and moral norms in sustainable practices
[42]	Redistribution model of social supermarkets and the need to understand the factors driving their use
[43]	Relationship between motivation and food management practices in preventing waste
[44]	Changes in consumer behavior reducing carbon footprints	Holistic Approach

The “Food Waste Prevention” category (Table 5) emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, daily routine practices, and systemic approaches aimed at preventing food waste at its source. By tackling waste before it occurs, this category highlights the need for integrated strategies and holistic approaches, including consumer education, effective policies, transdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative technological practices. These strategies collectively promote efficiency, minimize resource loss, and foster the development of sustainable food systems.

Table 5. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste prevention. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[45]	Sector-specific policies and economic/environmental benefits of waste prevention	Guidance for Effective Policies
[18]	Key moments in daily practices leading to waste and effective intervention areas	Consumer Education and Awareness
[46]	Operational causes of food waste and the need for efficient policies and management	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[47]	Aligning operational practices with Sustainable Development Goals to reduce waste	Holistic Approach
[48]	Environmental footprint and mitigation strategies for vegetable waste in the USA	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[49]	Socioeconomic factors guiding policies for mitigating food loss in poorer countries	Guidance for Effective Policies

Table 5. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste prevention. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[45]	Sector-specific policies and economic/environmental benefits of waste prevention	Guidance for Effective Policies
[18]	Key moments in daily practices leading to waste and effective intervention areas	Consumer Education and Awareness
[46]	Operational causes of food waste and the need for efficient policies and management	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[47]	Aligning operational practices with Sustainable Development Goals to reduce waste	Holistic Approach
[48]	Environmental footprint and mitigation strategies for vegetable waste in the USA	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[49]	Socioeconomic factors guiding policies for mitigating food loss in poorer countries	Guidance for Effective Policies

The “Policy Measures and Governance” category (Table 6) explores the critical role of effective legislation, governance frameworks, and public policies in mitigating food waste. It emphasizes key principles such as guidance for effective policies, a holistic approach, a stimulus for transdisciplinary collaboration, and consumer education and awareness. These elements collectively highlight the importance of well-designed policies, integrated strategies, stakeholder cooperation, and informed consumer behavior in achieving meaningful and sustainable food waste reduction.

Table 6. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on policy measures and governance. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[19]	Influence of economy, politics, and lifestyle on resource consumption and the role of policy	Holistic Approach
[20]	Improvements in European legislation through economic incentives and regulatory reforms	Guidance for Effective Policies
[50]	Evaluation of food losses and waste to inform effective European policies
[51]	Comparative analysis of waste management policies and their impact on reducing greenhouse gases
[52]	Governance measures for food waste reduction and areas for improvement in Norway	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[53]	Consumer-centered policies adapted to socioeconomic conditions to reduce household food waste	Consumer Education and Awareness

Table 6. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on policy measures and governance. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[19]	Influence of economy, politics, and lifestyle on resource consumption and the role of policy	Holistic Approach
[20]	Improvements in European legislation through economic incentives and regulatory reforms	Guidance for Effective Policies
[50]	Evaluation of food losses and waste to inform effective European policies
[51]	Comparative analysis of waste management policies and their impact on reducing greenhouse gases
[52]	Governance measures for food waste reduction and areas for improvement in Norway	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[53]	Consumer-centered policies adapted to socioeconomic conditions to reduce household food waste	Consumer Education and Awareness

The “Food Waste Management Practices” category (Table 7) focuses on transitioning from isolated practices to integrated systems, incorporating sustainable strategies that engage all actors across the food supply chain. It underlines the need for transdisciplinary collaboration, a guide for innovation and technological implementation, and effective policies, all built on a holistic approach and grounded in consumer education and awareness.

Table 7. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste management practices. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[54]	Innovative treatments for final disposal of food waste, emphasizing efficiency and role of public policies	Guidance for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[21]	Conceptual model linking food waste reduction to food poverty alleviation	Holistic Approach
[55]	Quantification of energy savings and environmental footprint reduction through food waste reduction
[56]	Use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to create policy measures for sustainability and food security	Guidance for Effective Policies
[57]	Transition from isolated practices to integrated systems, emphasizing collaboration and behavior change	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[57]	Behavioral aspects influencing waste management practices through perceptions of food security	Consumer Education and Awareness

Table 7. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on food waste management practices. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[54]	Innovative treatments for final disposal of food waste, emphasizing efficiency and role of public policies	Guidance for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[21]	Conceptual model linking food waste reduction to food poverty alleviation	Holistic Approach
[55]	Quantification of energy savings and environmental footprint reduction through food waste reduction
[56]	Use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to create policy measures for sustainability and food security	Guidance for Effective Policies
[57]	Transition from isolated practices to integrated systems, emphasizing collaboration and behavior change	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
[57]	Behavioral aspects influencing waste management practices through perceptions of food security	Consumer Education and Awareness

The “Impact of Food Waste” category (Table 8) explores the environmental, economic, and social effects of food waste, along with strategies for its mitigation. To effectively address these impacts, it is essential to have support tools that guide a more innovative and technologically advanced sector, underpinned by effective policies and transdisciplinary collaboration within a holistic approach.

Table 8. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on the impact of food waste. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[58]	Double energy waste associated with food waste in Italy	Holistic Approach
[6]	Accounting for food waste in European and global supply chains	Guidance for Effective Policies
[59]	Decision support tools for transitioning to a circular economy	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[60]	Waste management in the online food delivery industry in China	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration

Table 8. Key topics and underlying principles for an IFWRS: insights from the literature on the impact of food waste. Source: created by authors.

Source	Key Topics Description	Related Principle
[58]	Double energy waste associated with food waste in Italy	Holistic Approach
[6]	Accounting for food waste in European and global supply chains	Guidance for Effective Policies
[59]	Decision support tools for transitioning to a circular economy	Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation
[60]	Waste management in the online food delivery industry in China	Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration

The bibliometric analysis conducted in this study revealed the key emerging themes related to food waste, which were organized into specific categories based on the most frequently discussed topics in the literature. The categories—food waste management practices, consumer behavior and education, public policies, and technological innovation—reflect various dimensions of the issue and the potential solutions explored in academia over time.

However, analyzing these categories in isolation highlights critical evidence that food waste cannot be effectively addressed from a single perspective. The problem’s dimensions are deeply interconnected, and the analysis revealed that fragmented approaches often yield limited long-term results.

Addressing the multifaceted complexity of food waste requires integrated and innovative approaches that unify diverse perspectives within a holistic framework. This foundation informed the development of the principles for an IFWRS, which aims to provide a comprehensive and adaptable response to the gaps identified in the existing literature and practices.

Reaching this conclusion necessitated a deep reflection on how the categories interact with one another. For instance, while public policies can be impactful, their success is contingent on consumer engagement, as individual behaviors and daily practices play an important role in waste reduction. Similarly, technological innovations, although indispensable, require public policies to incentivize their adoption and consumer education to ensure their effective use. These interdependencies accentuate the need for a cohesive strategy that bridges gaps between isolated approaches.

This process culminated in the formulation of the IFWRS, which proposes principles designed not only to address the root causes of food waste across different sectors but also to interconnect these causes within a cohesive and adaptable strategy. Each principle emerged from the intersection of the identified categories, emphasizing that integrating public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation can generate a positive, self-sustaining cycle where progress in one area strengths advancements in others.

The IFWRS principles are grounded in these interconnected elements and the identifies categories, offering a robust framework for practical and effective application across different contexts. The proposal transcends theoretical constructs, aiming to align with global sustainability objectives while being adaptable to the diverse challenges posed by food waste.

4. Discussion

4.1. Systematic Review and the Development of Principles for an IFWRS

Following the PRISMA protocol, the systematic review conducted in this study provided a comprehensive understanding of food waste and its associated complexities. This analysis not only clarified the multifaceted nature of the issue but also highlighted significant gaps in traditional approaches, pointing to the need for a more integrated and systemic strategy. Addressing these gaps, this study presents the principles for the development of an IFWRS, which aim to offer a practical framework that synthesizes theoretical with empirical findings.

The principles for IFWRS are an innovative proposal centered on three fundamental pillars for combating food waste: effective public policies, consumer commitment and behavior, and the adoption of technological innovations. This integrative approach aligns with the work of Alonso-Munoz et al. [61] in transcending traditional isolated strategies. It fosters a global vision wherein each element is not only understood in isolation but is integrated as part of an interconnected system, enhancing the overall impact of interventions [62]. Such a holistic framework is critical, as fragmented strategies often fail to address the interconnectedness of these pillars, resulting in limited and short-lived outcomes. By unifying policies, behaviors, and technologies, the IFWRS framework seeks to establish a dynamic and self-sustaining system, wherein progress in one area amplifies gains in others.

This theoretical framework bridges the fragmentation observed in existing studies and practices, offering a comprehensive tool that recognizes the interdependence of key dimensions. For instance, Stenmarck et al. [62] highlight variations in food waste across Europe’s supply chains, emphasizing the need for more refined approaches that focus on critical intervention points. Advanced monitoring and management technologies, as central components of IFWRS, enable targeted solutions to optimize supply chains and address waste at its source.

Similarly, the work of Papargyropoulou et al. [63] explores the social and material contexts of food waste generation, advocating for public policies that respect regional specificities. This localized understanding enriches IFWRS’s capacity to engage consumers through context-sensitive strategies, reinforcing its emphasis on adaptable and sustainable interventions.

Effective public policies are foundational to creating an environment conducive to food waste reduction. As argued by Parizeau, von Massow, and Martin [64], policies must extend beyond localized measures to encompass multisectoral approaches supported by higher levels of government. Investments in infrastructure, education, and innovation are critical, as are sustainable production and consumption models that align with broader societal goals. The alignment of diverse stakeholders—producers, consumers, and supply chain actors—is essential to ensure the long-term success of these initiatives. IFWRS incorporates this principle by advocating for policies that integrate across sectors, fostering alignment and coherence in waste reduction strategies.

Consumer behavior plays an important role in reducing food waste, as highlighted by Diaz-Ruiz et al. [17], Attiq et al. [40], and Talwar et al. [41]. The IFWRS framework emphasizes consumer engagement through education and awareness programs that promote sustainable consumption patterns. Studies, such as those by Helander et al. [22] and Mesiranta et al. [26], show that combining awareness campaigns with accessible sustainable options can significantly alter behavior. Addressing cultural and socioeconomic factors is critical for tailoring interventions to specific contexts, as observed by Van Der Werf and Gilliland [65]. The IFWRS principles incorporate these insights by fostering a culture of sustainability that aligns with regional disparities and empowers consumers to make informed choices.

Technology is a critical enabler of sustainable food systems, as demonstrated by Khan et al. [66]. From advanced preservation techniques to digital platforms for food redistribution [8], technological innovations are central to the IFWRS framework. However, as Aramyan et al. [57] argue, technological solutions must be supported by public policies and consumer engagement to maximize their impact. The IFWRS approach integrates these elements, advocating for an ecosystem in which technology complements human and policy-driven efforts to create synergistic effects that optimize food systems.

The systematic analysis presented in Table 9 highlights recurring themes in food waste literature, including holistic approaches, transdisciplinary collaboration, policy innovation, consumer education, and technological integration. Each category reflects a core component of the IFWRS framework, which synthesizes these insights into a cohesive strategy.

For instance, Kalmykova et al. [19] and Bolaños-Palmieri et al. [30] emphasize the importance of holistic approaches that connect public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation. Canali et al. [5] and Aramyan et al. [57] illustrate the value of transdisciplinary collaboration in fostering sustainable practices. Wilson et al. [45] and Usubiaga et al. [28] provide guidance on policy development rooted in systemic understanding, while Martin-Rios et al. [67] and Riesenegger and Hübner [25] advocate for accessible and environmentally responsible solutions aligned with social values. Finally, Diaz-Ruiz et al. [17] and Attiq et al. [40] underscore the transformative power of consumer education.

By integrating these diverse perspectives, the IFWRS framework offers a strategic and adaptable tool for addressing food waste comprehensively. Its principles provide actionable pathways for bridging theoretical insights and practical solutions, aligning with global sustainability objectives while addressing regional specificities.

Table 9. Overview of IFWRS principles: strategic applications and specific objectives. Source: created by authors.

Components of IFWRS Principles	Objectives and Strategies	Theoretical Support
Holistic Approach	Unify public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovations to drive synchronized and efficient solutions.	[30,47,60];
Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration	Act as a catalyst for creating robust public policies by leveraging a deep understanding of the dynamics between various elements of the food system, stimulating sustainable environmental practices and fostering technological innovation.	[5,26,57,68];
Guidance for Effective Policies	Guide the creation of more incisive and impactful public policies, grounded in the analysis of interrelationships within the food system, encouraging sustainable practices.	[20,28,32,45];
Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation	Emphasize the crucial importance of environmentally friendly, financially accessible, and socially responsible technological innovations.	[25,57,67];
Consumer Education and Awareness	Highlight the role of education and awareness in transforming consumption habits, incorporating pedagogical approaches to increase awareness about the consequences of food waste and encourage more conscious consumption.	[17,38,40,43,44].

Table 9. Overview of IFWRS principles: strategic applications and specific objectives. Source: created by authors.

Components of IFWRS Principles	Objectives and Strategies	Theoretical Support
Holistic Approach	Unify public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovations to drive synchronized and efficient solutions.	[30,47,60];
Stimulus for Transdisciplinary Collaboration	Act as a catalyst for creating robust public policies by leveraging a deep understanding of the dynamics between various elements of the food system, stimulating sustainable environmental practices and fostering technological innovation.	[5,26,57,68];
Guidance for Effective Policies	Guide the creation of more incisive and impactful public policies, grounded in the analysis of interrelationships within the food system, encouraging sustainable practices.	[20,28,32,45];
Guide for Innovation and Technological Implementation	Emphasize the crucial importance of environmentally friendly, financially accessible, and socially responsible technological innovations.	[25,57,67];
Consumer Education and Awareness	Highlight the role of education and awareness in transforming consumption habits, incorporating pedagogical approaches to increase awareness about the consequences of food waste and encourage more conscious consumption.	[17,38,40,43,44].

Concrete experiences and successful interventions in combating food waste validate the effectiveness of the proposed IFWRS principles. Notably, the concept of shared responsibility among consumers, retailers, and policymakers—a core pillar of the IFWRS—has been empirically confirmed. A study by Evans, Welch, and Swaffield [69] found that awareness campaigns focused solely on consumers had limited impact. However, when the strategy was expanded to involve major retailers and policy measures, intervention outcomes improved significantly. This evidence underscores the practical relevance and success of the integrated approach promoted by the IFWRS.

This integrated approach, which involves various actors and emphasizes the importance of the socioeconomic and political context, is also supported by Szulecka, Bradshaw, and Principato [70]. Their evaluation of food waste governance policies in Europe concluded that isolated strategies have limited effectiveness compared to integrated approaches that engage multiple sectors and consider specific local factors. These findings reinforce the IFWRS principle of adapting strategies to regional contexts to ensure more solid and sustainable outcomes.

Complementing these results, technological interventions integrated into the socioeconomic and political context emerge as fundamental in enhancing the effectiveness of measures. Singh et al. [71] highlighted innovative technological strategies, including smart packaging systems and artificial intelligence-based traceability, empirically demonstrating that these technologies effectively reduce food waste when integrated into comprehensive policies and consumer education programs. This is further corroborated by Bux [72], who focused on digital technologies for monitoring and managing food waste in the hospital sector. His study found that advanced technologies, like artificial intelligence and digital monitoring systems, greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of food waste reduction when properly integrated into broader strategies that account for institutional contexts and operational characteristics.

Meanwhile, an empirical study by Young et al. [73] investigated consumer behavior interventions, focusing on various communication strategies developed by a retailer in the United Kingdom. The results revealed that isolated initiatives, such as social media campaigns, were insufficient to drive sustained behavioral changes, underscoring the importance of an integrated approach that combines consumer awareness with robust public policies and clear commitments from retailers.

Lastly, Hebrok and Boks [18] highlighted the need to simultaneously address material, structural, and cultural factors associated with food waste. Their analysis showed that interventions targeting material conditions (such as packaging), social and cultural norms, and specific domestic practices yield more lasting results in reducing household food waste.

In summary, these empirical studies demonstrate that the IFWRS principles, by fostering an integrated and adaptive approach, are more likely to produce effective and sustainable outcomes in combating food waste than isolated efforts.

4.2. Traditional Approaches and the Need for Integrated Strategies

In this analysis, “traditional guidelines” refer to conventional, often fragmented approaches to food waste reduction that tend predominantly to focus on isolated interventions. These methods are typically characterized by single-focus strategies targeting specific elements of the food system, such as waste management practices, technological solutions, or consumer education, without recognizing the interconnectedness and complexity of the system as a whole. Studies by Kalmykova et al. [19] and Hazen et al. [74] reveal that many traditional methods treat food waste issues in a linear manner, addressing components independently rather than integrating policies, technologies, and behavioral changes into a unified strategy. This fragmented perspective limits their capacity to generate synergistic effects, curtailing their potential to achieve sustainable and long-term outcomes.

The systematic literature review conducted for this study underscores the necessity of an integrated approach, as supported by Alonso-Munoz et al. [61] and Garske et al. [20]. The findings indicate that strategies that harmoniously combine public policy, consumer engagement, and technological advancements are more effective in delivering robust and enduring outcomes compared to isolated interventions. For instance, Martin-Rios et al. [67] and Attiq et al. [40] illustrate that technologies designed to reduce food waste achieve higher adoption rates and greater impact when supported by policy incentives and consumer awareness initiatives. Similarly, Pateman et al. [75] argue that policies implemented in isolation often fall short because they fail to address the behavioral and technological factors that significantly influence their success.

This evidence validates the conclusion that an integrated framework such as the principles for an IFWRS system provides a more effective solution by addressing food waste as a complex and interconnected issue.

While traditional approaches can deliver immediate and targeted results, their limited scope often restricts their ability to sustain long-term change. Conversely, the IFWRS framework adopts a holistic perspective that promotes continuous improvement, adaptability, and resilience, aligning with long-term sustainability goals essential for tackling food waste on a global scale.

Table 10. Comparison of IFWRS principles with traditional waste reduction measures. Sources: [19,20,40,67,70,74,76].

Aspect	Innovative Guidelines	Traditional Guidelines
Approach	Proposes an integrated vision, considering that actions in one area influence and are influenced by others, creating a positive feedback loop.	Focuses on isolated interventions without considering the food system as a whole.
Focus	Emphasizes the importance of interconnections between different actors in the food system, promoting collaboration and the creation of transdisciplinary partnerships.	Concentrates on specific actions of a single group of stakeholders.
Technological Innovation	Highlights the recognition of technologies as part of a broad strategy that includes support policies and behavioral changes.	Promotes technologies to solve specific problems without considering their integration with behavioral changes or public policies.
Education and Awareness	Proposes programs sensitive to cultural, economic, and social contexts, understanding that effectiveness depends on relevance and applicability to the target audience.	Provides generic information on reducing food waste, without adapting the message to the specific needs of diverse groups.
Public Policies	Encourages policies that address food waste in an integrated manner, considering the impacts and relationships with other areas such as environmental sustainability and food security.	Tends to implement specific regulations without evaluating how these policies align with or contribute to broader goals.

below summarizes this comparison, highlighting how integrated approaches offer distinct advantages over conventional, segmented methods.

In summary, the principles for the IFWRS represent a substantial advancement in food waste reduction strategies. By integrating public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation, the IFWRS creates a dynamic and cohesive system that not only enhances the effectiveness of interventions but also allows for adaptation to local and global changes over time. This framework aims to establish a new benchmark in food waste reduction, prioritizing both immediate efficiency and long-term sustainability.

4.3. The Role of Public Policies in Operationalizing IFWRS Principles

Public policies emerge as a cornerstone for translating the IFWRS principles into actionable strategies. By addressing key aspects of food waste reduction, such as influencing consumer behavior, preventing waste, optimizing management practices, and mitigating environmental impacts, targeted policy measures can bridge the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical applications.

Table 11. Summary table of recommended policy measures for food sustainability and waste reduction. Source: created by authors.

Source	Suggested Policy Measures	Action Areas
[45]	Policies for waste prevention.	Prevention of Waste
[58]	Public policies addressing efficient resource and waste management in food production and distribution.	Resource and Waste Management
[5]	Integrated policies and management to address the causes of food waste.	Integrated Approaches
[28]	Policies focused on domestic waste.	Domestic Waste
[8]	Strategic planning tools for food security management.	Food Security Management
[17]	Policies addressing diverse food behaviors and values.	Consumer Behavior
[21]	Integrated policies for food waste reduction and poverty alleviation.	Waste Reduction and Poverty
[18]	Measures contextualized in consumers’ daily practices.	Daily Consumer Practices
[54]	Efficient waste treatment techniques.	Waste Treatment
[38]	Awareness initiatives about food expiration dates.	Awareness and Education
[20]	Tools for evaluating and improving European public policies against food waste.	Policy Evaluation
[22]	Public policies aimed at optimizing food resource management.	Resource Management
[40]	Educational tools for young consumers.	Youth Education
[57]	Tools for collaboration between public and private sectors in sustainable management practices.	Public-Private Collaboration
[50]	Economic tools for the creation of waste reduction policies.	Economic Tools
[25]	Tools for retail waste reduction.	Retail Waste
[59]	Public policies for efficient waste management.	Waste Management and Policy
[36]	Policy tools for sustainable consumption practices.	Sustainable Consumption
[48]	Tools for food recycling, including labelling standards and donation incentives.	Food Recycling
[53]	Consumer-focused policies adjusted to food patterns and socioeconomic conditions.	Socioeconomic Context
[31]	Agroecological tools and dietary changes for EU food policy goals.	Agroecological Tools
[43]	Tools for developing public awareness campaigns and educational programs.	Public Awareness

provides a structured summary of the policy recommendations identified in the literature, outlining specific strategies for implementing the IFWRS framework across different contexts.

Although individual measures may appear generic when viewed in isolation, their categorization within the IFWRS framework provides a comprehensive perspective that facilitates comparison across diverse policy approaches implemented in distinct contexts. This integrated view not only highlights patterns and gaps that can guide new innovative policy strategies but also demonstrates the practical application of IFWRS principles.

Furthermore, Table 11 identifies areas where policy measures remain underdeveloped, such as targeted interventions for certain sectors or demographic groups. These insights present opportunities for crafting tailored policies that address the unique characteristics of different contexts. For policymakers, this compilation serves as a practical reference, offering a repertoire of studied and applied options that can be customized to meet local needs.

Finally, Table 11 supports comparative analyses of policy effectiveness over time or across regions, providing a deeper understanding of the impact of various interventions. Such comparative studies can elucidate how aligning policy measures with IFWRS principles contributes to more sustainable and effective solutions in the fight against food waste.

The effectiveness of public policies in reducing food waste can be demonstrated through various successful international and industry-level experiences. Instead of generic approaches, the implementation of structured policies adapted to local realities has shown significant impacts in mitigating food waste. A relevant example can be found in the study by Biggi, Principato, and Castellacci [77], which analyzed the impact of national policies in the food sector in Italy, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The results show that the combination of state regulation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies led to substantial improvements in food waste management. Companies with well-defined environmental and social commitments demonstrated greater alignment with national and European regulations, fostering more sustainable business practices. This study underscores the importance of well-designed regulatory policies that encourage the private sector to adopt effective waste management measures.

The importance of integrating public policies into broader governance systems was also highlighted by Prothero et al. [78]. These authors argue that regulation should go beyond isolated measures, promoting production and consumption systems aligned with ecological limits and social responsibilities. The study highlights innovative examples, such as Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index, which replaced GDP as a national progress indicator, incorporating environmental and social metrics. The strategy of the Patagonia company, which redefined its operations to integrate sustainable practices, demonstrates how business models aligned with regulations can positively impact food sustainability.

Regarding the implementation of policies aimed at consumer behavior, Wheeler, Xu, and Gregg [79] analyzed different policy models for reducing household food waste in Australia. The results showed that economic instruments, such as penalties for improper waste disposal and financial incentives, were perceived as the most effective by citizens, although they posed challenges in terms of acceptability. In contrast, educational campaigns were considered fairer and more socially acceptable but had a lower impact on behavior change. These findings reinforce the need to combine coercive measures with awareness strategies to ensure effective policy implementation.

In the North American context, a study by Kakadellis et al. [80] revealed that despite the existence of state-level policies for food waste reduction, no U.S. state is currently aligned with the federal goal of reducing food waste by 50% by 2030. The research highlights that without robust federal government intervention, local initiatives will remain insufficient. These findings suggest that adopting an integrated model such as IFWRS could facilitate policy harmonization across different levels of governance, ensuring greater impact and consistency in its application.

The food waste management was also analyzed from a global comparative perspective by Rahman et al. [81], focusing on Taiwan, Malaysia, and Bangladesh. Their study found that Taiwan, which has the lowest per capita food waste among the three countries, benefited from strict policies, advanced technology, and high community participation. In contrast, Bangladesh faced much higher waste levels due to challenges in regulatory enforcement and technology adoption. These findings underscore the importance of crafting strategies that are tailored to the socioeconomic and technological conditions of each country, ensuring solutions are adapted to local realities.

Finally, within the European Union, Derambarsh [82] highlights the need for more effective EU-wide legislation to combat food waste, warning of the challenges posed by bureaucratic barriers and economic interests that hinder the adoption of stricter measures. The study emphasizes that to ensure an effective and sustainable reduction of food waste in Europe, it is crucial for regulations to be harmonized among member states, ensuring coherence and greater accountability of the stakeholders involved.

The analyzed examples demonstrate that public policies play a fundamental role in operationalizing the principles of IFWRS and that the combination of effective regulation, economic incentives, advanced technology, and public awareness has proven to be the most successful approach in mitigating food waste. By adopting integrated strategies tailored to each national reality, it is possible to achieve substantial reductions in food waste and promote a more sustainable and resilient food system.

4.4. Operationalizing Change: Key Enablers for the Implementation of IFWR

The transition from theoretical principles to practical application requires a thorough understanding of the factors that make such implementation feasible and effective. Building upon the analysis presented in the previous section, this part identifies the key enablers that can support the operationalization of the IFWRS model in different contexts.

The successful implementation of IFWRS principles depends, first and foremost, on the coordination among various key actors: public authorities (at local, national, and European levels), economic operators (retailers, producers, and distributors), civil society organizations, and, naturally, consumers. This diversity of stakeholders requires collaborative governance mechanisms that ensure goal alignment, shared responsibilities, and joint monitoring of outcomes.

Among the essential resources for effective implementation are structured and predictable funding, adequate infrastructure, decision-support technologies, and capacity-building initiatives tailored to the needs of different target groups. Common barriers include institutional fragmentation, a lack of reliable data to inform decision making, resistance to change in certain sectors, and poor coordination between sectoral policies.

The analysis of successful cases discussed in this review—including studies by Biggi, Principato, and Castellacci [77], Singh et al. [71], Bux [72], Young et al. [73], and Hebrok and Boks [18]—show that the most decisive enabling factors include political commitment, the integration of awareness strategies with regulatory measures, and the early involvement of stakeholders in the design and implementation of policies. Successful initiatives generally adopt a flexible approach that allows for progressive adjustments and benefit from the integration of digital technologies, particularly for traceability, forecasting, and food redistribution.

Finally, it is worth noting that instruments such as the European Commission’s Farm to Fork Strategy [83] and the Guidelines for Food Donation developed by the European Union Platform on Food Losses and Food Waste [84] offer more directly relevant strategic and legal frameworks for food waste prevention. When accompanied by coherent and context-sensitive operational policies, these frameworks can enhance the translation of principles into concrete actions, creating real conditions for the transformative change required to tackle food waste effectively.

5. Future Directions

The systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis conducted in this study highlight the increasing academic interest in food waste, underscoring its environmental and socio-economic relevance. Various studies emphasize the complexity of the issue and the need for innovative and multidisciplinary approaches. Aktas et al. [3] stress the importance of understanding individual behaviors related to food waste and the impact of targeted strategies for behavioral change. Graham-Rowe et al. [76] call for a deeper analysis of retail practices and consumer behavior, while Canali et al. [5] reinforce the relevance of a collaborative approach that integrates technological innovation, effective public policies, and consumer engagement throughout the supply chain.

Based on this evidence, the next phase of research could follow different pathways to deepen the practical application of the IFWRS principles, assessing their feasibility, impact, and limitations.

5.1. Testing and Implementation Pathways for IFWRS

The implementation of pilot programs in strategic sectors, such as retail, the food industry, and food service, could contribute to evaluating the applicability of different strategies for food waste mitigation. Case studies in local communities, schools, and commercial establishments will provide empirical evidence on the factors influencing the adoption of best practices and the effectiveness of different approaches. To ensure rigorous analysis, it will be essential to monitor the impact of interventions using key performance indicators, including waste reduction percentages, changes in consumer behavior, and economic benefits for stakeholders.

Experimental programs in different regional and cultural contexts could identify specific barriers to implementing the IFWRS guidelines, allowing methodological adaptations based on each reality’s needs. Computational simulations could be used as predictive tools to model the effects of the proposed measures and estimate reductions in food waste, optimization of supply chains, and environmental impact, particularly the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. These approaches will allow testing solutions before large-scale application, ensuring greater efficiency in defining intervention strategies.

5.2. Implications and Expected Impact of Future Research

Future research on food waste may generate significant impacts across different domains, from public policy formulation to transforming practices in the private sector and raising consumer awareness. Politically, research findings could contribute to the development of more effective regulations, enabling the creation of economic and fiscal incentives for supply chain actors that adopt sustainable practices. The study of collaborative governance models among governments, businesses, and civil society could lead to the formulation of integrated policies that recognize the role of each sector in food waste mitigation.

From a technological perspective, research may foster the development of innovative digital solutions, such as real-time tracking systems, artificial intelligence for predicting waste patterns, and blockchain to ensure transparency in surplus food management. The creation of digital platforms for food redistribution and the integration sensors to monitor food freshness are also promising areas that could benefit from further research in this field.

Consumer behavior will remain a critical factor for the success of food waste mitigation strategies. Future studies could explore the impact of awareness campaigns and educational programs, as well as the influence of social media in shaping more sustainable consumption habits. Research on behavioral economics could provide valuable insights into how consumers perceive food waste and what factors motivate them to adopt more conscious practices.

Finally, assessing the economic and social impacts of IFWRS strategies will be essential to understand their scope and applicability. Research in this area could examine the financial implications for businesses, the benefits for vulnerable communities, and potential effects on global food security.

5.3. Aligning IFWRS with the SDGs and Pathways to a Sustainable Future

Food waste remains one of the greatest global challenges, affecting not only food security but also environmental sustainability and economic stability. The IFWRS proposes an integrated and multidimensional approach, combining public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovation to effectively and sustainably combat this issue.

5.4. Alignment with Global Sustainability Goals

The importance of IFWRS is particularly evident when analyzed within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The model directly addresses key targets such as SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by optimizing food resource use, SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting behavioral change and more efficient management practices, and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with food waste [2].

5.5. The Role of Public Policy and Implementation Strategies

The involvement of governments and policymakers is crucial to transforming the IFWRS principles into concrete actions. Creating incentives for the adoption of innovative technologies, implementing stricter regulations on food waste, and strengthening awareness campaigns are essential steps for the effectiveness of this approach. Additionally, collecting and analyzing food waste data will allow for more accurate monitoring and continuous adaptation of the strategies employed.

5.6. Impact of Technology and Education in Transforming the Food System

Technology plays a central role in mitigating food waste, whether through the use of artificial intelligence to optimize supply chains, the development of biodegradable packaging, or the creation of digital platforms for surplus food redistribution. However, these innovations must be accompanied by education and awareness initiatives, ensuring that both consumers and businesses adopt more sustainable practices in the long term.

5.7. Collective Commitment to Sustainability

Building a more sustainable and resilient food system requires a joint effort between governments, the private sector, researchers, and consumers. The success of IFWRS will depend on its ability to adapt to different socioeconomic realities, promoting flexible and inclusive solutions that can be implemented across various regions worldwide.

By adopting this integrated approach, it is possible to significantly reduce food waste while simultaneously contributing to global food security, natural resource conservation, and the mitigation of environmental impacts [2]. Transforming the food system requires a strategic vision and a long-term commitment to sustainability, ensuring a positive impact for present and future generations.

6. Conclusions

The analysis of the findings highlights the complexity of food waste and the urgent need for integrated strategies to address it. While significant advances have been made in research, there are still gaps that hinder the implementation of effective solutions. This study proposes the principles of the IFWRS, which integrate public policies, consumer behavior, and technological innovations into an adaptable and systemic framework to tackle food waste.

These principles bridge the gaps in the existing literature, transforming isolated approaches into more cohesive and effective actions. By aligning global and local sustainability goals, the IFWRS provides a solid foundation for practical interventions and guidance for future research. The principles also have the potential to drive changes in consumer behavior, improve public policies, and promote the adoption of technologies for efficient food system management.

On a societal level, the principles encourage conscious and sustainable consumption practices, aligned with the circular economy and waste reduction. Politically, they highlight the importance of collaboration and the integration of technological innovations. In summary, coordinated action from all stakeholders in the food supply chain, such as governments, industries, retailers, and consumers, is essential to create a more resilient, sustainable, and equitable food system for future generations.

7. Call to Action

Achieving progress in food waste reduction requires collective efforts across all sectors. Governments should focus on legislative reforms in areas such as food safety, labeling, and waste management, with attention to the action areas in Table 11, proven to be the most effective. Retailers and industries must adopt innovative technologies and strategies to reduce waste, while consumer empowerment through education is key to fostering sustainable decision making. Educational campaigns should target daily consumption practices that reduce waste. By integrating these efforts, aligned with the priorities in Table 11, we can create a more resilient, sustainable, and equitable food system, ensuring responsible food resource management and achieving sustainability goals.