Enterprise Resource Planning Systems for Health, Safety, and Environment Management: Analyzing Critical Success Factors

Abstract

Ensuring robust health, safety, and environment (HSE) practices is a priority for organizations across various sectors, given their critical role in safeguarding employee well-being and minimizing operational risks. The adoption of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems has emerged as a viable solution for enhancing HSE management by integrating real-time monitoring, compliance tracking, and risk mitigation processes. However, the effective implementation of ERP systems in HSE applications is influenced by multiple factors, which remain insufficiently explored in existing research. This study identifies and evaluates the key factors that impact the successful deployment of ERP systems in HSE management. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to establish an initial set of factors, which were then validated through expert interviews using the content validity ratio (CVR) method. Subsequently, a survey was administered to professionals within the United Arba Emirates’s public sector to assess the significance of each factor using the relative importance index (RII) method. The findings indicate that safety-related factors, including incident frequency, fatality rates, and injury tracking, are the most critical for ERP implementation. Technology utilization, engagement and training, and incident response time also emerged as key determinants. Conversely, factors related to risk management and mitigation strategies were ranked lower in terms of impact. This study provides practical recommendations to optimize ERP integration for HSE, such as enhancing data analytics for predictive safety insights, improving mobile accessibility for real-time reporting, and strengthening training programs. By prioritizing these factors, organizations, particularly in the UAE public sector, can leverage ERP systems to foster a proactive HSE culture, enhance regulatory compliance, and improve overall safety performance. This research contributes to bridging the knowledge gap on ERP-HSE integration and establishes a framework for future studies to refine and expand upon best practices in this domain.

1. Introduction

HSE performance and its cultural adoption are critical for organizations as they shape behaviors, values, and attitudes that influence workplace safety and overall performance [1]. HSE culture represents the collective behaviors and attitudes that drive safety practices within an organization and impact key performance metrics [2]. The significance of HSE spans multiple industries, including construction, healthcare, and oil and gas, where occupational accidents are prevalent and can have severe consequences [3,4]. Ensuring a robust HSE culture that adheres to stringent safety regulations is crucial for safeguarding employees, minimizing workplace risks, and reducing financial and reputational damages to organizations [5]. Given these concerns, research emphasizes the need to continuously assess and enhance HSE performance to create safer work environments [6].

Several key factors influence the successful implementation of HSE practices within organizations, including top management commitment, employee competence, collaboration with stakeholders, and adherence to regulatory standards [7,8]. While the private sector has traditionally led efforts in improving HSE through structured policies and strategic integration, public sector organizations increasingly adopt similar practices to enhance efficiency and effectiveness [9]. The extent to which HSE culture influences employee performance and well-being within the public sector, however, remains a critical area of exploration [10].

ERP systems have evolved significantly since their inception in the 1960s as material requirements planning (MRP) systems, which were initially designed to optimize manufacturing processes. By the 1990s, ERP expanded beyond manufacturing to integrate finance, human resources, supply chain management, and customer relationship management, consolidating multiple organizational functions into a unified system. Modern ERP solutions now incorporate advanced technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve operational efficiency, facilitate real-time decision-making, and enhance compliance tracking. These capabilities make ERP systems valuable across industries, including healthcare, construction, and public administration.

Rather than focusing on a specific ERP provider or proprietary system, this study examines ERP as a business information system that enables the digitalization of HSE management. It considers ERP solutions from a functional perspective, emphasizing their role in integrating safety, compliance, and operational processes to enhance regulatory adherence and risk mitigation. Given the diverse applications of ERP across sectors and regions, this research highlights the broader potential of ERP-driven digital transformation in public sector HSE management, contributing to the ongoing discourse on leveraging enterprise technology for workplace safety and efficiency.

To further improve HSE practices and foster a positive safety culture, organizations have begun leveraging ERP systems, which integrate various functions and optimize resource utilization [11]. ERP systems play a vital role in streamlining operations and improving coordination across departments, offering a unified platform for tracking occupational accidents, managing inspections, and ensuring compliance with safety regulations [12,13]. The successful implementation of ERP systems, however, depends on several factors, including employee adaptation and satisfaction, which influence the system’s overall effectiveness in enhancing workplace safety [14,15]. For example, ERP systems can be utilized to analyze workplace accidents, thereby promoting a culture of safety awareness and allowing organizations to identify high-risk areas where resources should be allocated for improved health and safety measures [16]. Additionally, intelligent business dashboards have been proposed as a solution to monitor HSE compliance by integrating safety systems with business processes, as demonstrated in the steel manufacturing and mining industries [17]. These approaches highlight the potential benefits of an integrated HSE-ERP framework that allows for the continuous monitoring of key performance indicators (KPIs) across various industries.

Despite extensive research on the effectiveness of ERP systems in optimizing business operations, their specific impact on HSE practices remains underexplored. A review of the existing literature indicates a significant research gap in understanding how ERP systems can be leveraged to enhance HSE performance, as seen in Figure 1. Notably, no studies have examined the integration of HSE and ERP systems in the Middle East, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), highlighting a lack of regional research on this topic.

This study aims to address this gap by investigating how ERP systems can be effectively utilized to strengthen HSE practices within the UAE public sector. Public sector organizations in the UAE play a central role in ensuring regulatory compliance, workplace safety, and environmental sustainability, making them key stakeholders in HSE management. Unlike the private sector, which often has the flexibility to adopt various HSE strategies based on competitive advantages, public sector entities operate within strict legal and policy frameworks that mandate comprehensive HSE adherence. Consequently, their approach to integrating ERP systems for HSE is shaped by regulatory imperatives rather than market-driven incentives.

Through an analysis of global best practices and the identification of key ERP functionalities that enhance HSE performance, this research seeks to provide practical recommendations tailored specifically for the unique operational structures of the public sector. Given that public sector entities frequently manage large-scale infrastructure projects, critical utilities, and high-risk environments such as transportation, oil and gas, and public health, the successful deployment of ERP systems is essential for ensuring occupational safety, compliance with stringent regulatory requirements, and streamlined incident management. By focusing on the public sector, this study contributes to both the academic literature and industry practices by offering a structured framework to guide future ERP implementations that enhance workplace safety, regulatory adherence, and operational efficiency within government-controlled organizations.

This study is positioned at the intersection of enterprise technology and HSE management, with a particular focus on the UAE’s public sector. While ERP systems have been extensively researched in business process optimization and compliance tracking, their integration into HSE frameworks, especially in government-controlled environments, remains underexplored. Unlike private enterprises, public sector organizations face unique regulatory, financial, and operational constraints that impact ERP adoption. By addressing this gap, this study aims to provide a comprehensive framework tailored to public sector HSE needs, contributing to both academic discourse and practical implementation strategies. The research also aligns with the UAE government’s digital transformation initiatives, reinforcing the necessity of ERP-driven HSE enhancements within public institutions.

The primary aim of this study is to identify the factors within an ERP system that positively impact HSE practices and to propose recommendations for optimizing ERP applications within the UAE’s public sector. The specific focus on the public sector is justified by its responsibility for enforcing and upholding national HSE policies, which necessitate standardized processes, digital transformation initiatives, and compliance with international safety standards. Moreover, given the UAE government’s emphasis on digitalization and smart governance, the integration of ERP systems aligns with national strategies to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public administration.

The specific objectives of this research include (1) exploring international best practices where ERP systems have enhanced HSE performance, (2) identifying key factors that influence ERP-driven HSE improvements, (3) evaluating these factors based on their impact on HSE performance, and (4) developing recommendations for the UAE’s public sector to enhance HSE through ERP integration. By addressing these objectives within the context of the public sector, this study provides actionable insights that facilitate a systematic approach to improving safety culture, minimizing workplace risks, and optimizing regulatory compliance across government entities.

By addressing these objectives, this study provides a foundation for future research and practical implementation of ERP solutions in safety-critical environments. Given the increasing emphasis on digital transformation and regulatory compliance in workplace safety, the findings of this research hold significant implications for policymakers, organizational leaders, and HSE practitioners seeking to leverage ERP technology for sustainable safety improvements.

2. Literature Review

A comprehensive understanding of HSE and ERP systems is essential for organizations to fully leverage their benefits in the evolving field of occupational health and safety. ERP systems integrate various processes within HSE management [18], offering a centralized platform for data management, resource allocation, and decision-making. This integration enables organizations to streamline communication, enhance collaboration, and tailor systems to different operational needs, ultimately improving organizational performance [19].

Within occupational health and safety, ERP systems simplify the management of safety regulations, operational processes, and compliance requirements. These systems automate key safety protocols, ensuring regulatory adherence while helping organizations navigate evolving work environments. As businesses seek to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, ERP solutions optimize organizational functions and strengthen safety management frameworks [20].

One of the most notable ERP applications in HSE is SAP’s HSE module, which incorporates an EHS (environmental, health, and safety) module designed to address industry challenges. This module provides organizations with a comprehensive solution to manage health, safety, and environmental components [21]. By seamlessly integrating with other SAP ERP functions, it streamlines data flow across organizational processes, enabling optimized incident reporting, risk assessments, and compliance management, which helps reduce the response time and enhance proactive risk mitigation [22]. Similarly, Oracle’s EHS management system facilitates regulatory compliance, sustainability reporting, occupational health monitoring, and incident management, supporting organizations in tracking key safety metrics such as the number of fatalities (SF2), incident trends, and risk mitigation efforts [23,24].

A practical application of ERP in HSE is evident in organizations using web-based ERP systems for real-time incident reporting and notification procedures (IRT1). These systems enhance operational efficiency by enabling rapid response and emergency team mobilization (IRT2), reducing incident resolution time (IRT3), and supporting post-incident reviews (IRT4) to facilitate continuous safety improvements [25,26]. Beyond incident management, ERP solutions foster a strong safety culture, mitigate risks through proactive safety measures, and enhance organizational agility by seamlessly integrating HSE components [27,28]. However, the effectiveness and adoption of ERP systems in HSE depend on multiple factors, including organizational culture, technological readiness, and regulatory compliance requirements [29].

This literature review explores key elements of HSE and ERP integration, including safety, health, environment, hybrid systems, employee engagement and training, technology utilization, compliance frameworks, incident response, employee well-being, sustainability, organizational culture, risk management, and data security. These themes have been identified through an extensive review of the existing literature on HSE and ERP systems. Understanding these critical factors is essential for achieving the objectives of this study, particularly in examining how ERP implementation impacts HSE performance.

2.1. Enhancing Workplace Safety Through ERP Systems

Ensuring workplace safety is a fundamental aspect of HSE management, aimed at protecting employees from occupational hazards. ERP systems play a critical role in strengthening workplace safety by integrating hazard identification, risk assessments, incident monitoring, and compliance tracking into a centralized platform [30]. Through real-time incident monitoring, automated reporting, and predictive analytics, ERP solutions enable organizations to proactively mitigate risks and prevent accidents [31]. The EHS module, for example, facilitates structured incident investigation, trend analysis, and corrective action implementation, enhancing organizational preparedness for workplace hazards [32]. Additionally, Oracle’s disaster management tools support risk assessments and emergency response planning, minimizing potential disruptions [28].

Beyond incident detection, ERP systems improve emergency response capabilities by enabling real-time communication, automated notifications, and structured resolution processes. The SAP EHS module allows organizations to promptly address safety concerns, preventing minor issues from escalating into critical incidents [33]. Automated communication mechanisms further reduce the response time, ensuring rapid mobilization of emergency teams in hazardous situations [34]. By integrating historical incident data, ERP platforms also support continuous improvements, enabling organizations to track responses, identify recurring risks, and refine safety strategies (IRT3 and IRT4).

Moreover, ERP-driven safety management fosters a proactive safety culture by embedding compliance measures into daily operations. These systems enable real-time safety monitoring, track employee training, and automate regulatory compliance, reducing the risk of human error [21]. The ability to leverage data analytics for predictive risk assessments further strengthens workplace safety, helping organizations prevent accidents and enhance overall safety standards.

2.2. Leveraging ERP Systems for Workplace Health Management

ERP systems play a crucial role in workplace health management by integrating real-time health tracking, preventive risk assessments, and compliance monitoring within the HSE sector [18]. The EHS modules within ERP platforms enable organizations to conduct systematic health screenings, assess workforce well-being, and track participation in medical evaluations (HL2), ensuring early detection and intervention for potential health risks [35]. By facilitating preventative health strategies, ERP systems help reduce workplace illness and absenteeism while ensuring employees receive necessary medical evaluations [36].

Beyond health screenings, ERP systems provide data-driven tools for managing occupational health risks, particularly in industries where employees are exposed to hazardous conditions. Oracle’s EHS management system allows organizations to collect and analyze occupational disease data, adjust safety protocols, and implement targeted risk-reduction measures [31]. Through real-time health monitoring, ERP platforms support compliance with regulatory health standards, reinforcing a safer work environment [23].

In addition to risk mitigation, ERP-driven workplace health initiatives enhance employee wellness programs. Features such as employee wellness screening (EWS4) and employee wellness support (EWS1) enable organizations to manage and optimize health and wellness programs, track participation rates, and integrate feedback mechanisms [37]. By leveraging workplace health analytics, businesses can evaluate environmental improvements, promote healthier workspaces, and enhance employee satisfaction [26].

By embedding automated health monitoring, predictive analytics, and real-time reporting, ERP solutions enable organizations to shift from reactive to proactive health strategies. The ability to analyze workforce health trends and implement timely interventions fosters a resilient workforce and a culture that prioritizes employee well-being [33].

2.3. Optimizing Environmental Sustainability

Effective HSE management must integrate environmental sustainability alongside safety and health initiatives. ERP systems play a key role in helping organizations monitor, assess, and enhance environmental performance while ensuring compliance with regulatory standards [24]. By incorporating environmental modules, businesses can streamline sustainability efforts, implement eco-friendly practices, and improve compliance efficiency. The SAP EHS module, for example, supports real-time monitoring of sustainability projects, particularly in green area development and maintenance [31]. This enables organizations to track progress, meet environmental targets, and optimize resource efficiency [18].

A major advantage of ERP-driven environmental management is the ability to measure and regulate key environmental factors, including gas emissions, water consumption, and energy use (EV4) [30]. Additionally, pollution-tracking tools, such as the pollutant standard index (EV3), allow businesses to implement corrective measures, reducing environmental harm and ensuring compliance with stringent regulations. By leveraging ERP-based environmental tracking, organizations can enhance resource utilization strategies and minimize ecological footprints.

Beyond compliance, ERP systems support proactive sustainability management by incorporating predictive analytics and automated tracking. These tools help businesses identify environmental risks in advance and implement mitigation strategies, ensuring the continuous refinement of sustainability initiatives. By balancing operational efficiency with ecological responsibility, ERP-driven environmental optimization fosters a greener and more sustainable workplace [30].

2.4. Hybrid HSE Management

Hybrid HSE management integrates financial performance, operational efficiency, health, safety, and environmental sustainability into a unified framework. ERP systems play a vital role in managing these diverse components by ensuring cost-effectiveness, compliance, and workplace safety [38]. Through workflow automation, resource optimization, and real-time data analytics, ERP solutions streamline HSE operations, reducing inefficiencies and enhancing productivity [23]. By incorporating cost-efficiency indicators, such as waste reduction metrics and operational performance tracking, organizations can make informed decisions that improve both financial stability and HSE outcomes [27].

Beyond operational efficiency, hybrid HSE management also requires effective financial oversight. ERP financial tools enable organizations to track expenses, optimize resource allocation, and align spending with HSE priorities. Financial indicators, such as the cost of capital per employee (HD2) and the cost of capital per ton of the final product (HD3), allow businesses to assess financial efficiency while maintaining compliance with safety and environmental standards [34]. By centralizing financial data, ERP systems enhance budgeting accuracy and transparency, ensuring the seamless integration of financial planning with HSE objectives.

A key component of hybrid HSE management is workforce productivity and employee engagement. ERP-driven HR functionalities facilitate employee training, performance monitoring, and safety awareness programs, fostering a proactive safety culture. The Human Development Index (HD4) serves as a critical hybrid indicator, reflecting employee efficiency, training effectiveness, and organizational structure [29]. By leveraging ERP systems, businesses can enhance workforce engagement, track skill development, and align training initiatives with HSE regulations, reducing workplace hazards and ensuring continuous compliance.

Ultimately, hybrid HSE management requires a balanced and adaptable strategy, integrating operational processes, financial planning, environmental sustainability, and workforce safety. ERP systems serve as a unifying platform, enabling organizations to coordinate these components into a cohesive, data-driven HSE management framework [39].

2.5. Strengthening Employee Engagement and Training for Effective HSE Management

Employee engagement and training are critical to effective HSE management, influencing workplace culture, regulatory compliance, and overall employee well-being. ERP systems streamline HSE training programs by automating processes such as program management, certification tracking, and regulatory compliance monitoring [40]. Through a centralized platform, organizations can ensure that employees receive timely and relevant instruction on workplace safety protocols, with automated tracking mechanisms monitoring training completion rates (ET1) to verify compliance and competency levels [22].

To maintain effective HSE training, ERP systems facilitate the organization and distribution of training materials, ensuring employees have easy access to updated content. This allows them to quickly adapt to evolving safety regulations and best practices (ET2) [18]. Additionally, ERP platforms integrate employee feedback mechanisms by using survey tools and feedback loops to assess training effectiveness, identify gaps, and tailor programs to meet workforce needs (ET3) [30]. This data-driven approach ensures that training initiatives remain relevant and responsive to emerging safety challenges.

ERP systems also link HSE training to employee performance evaluations, reinforcing compliance by integrating safety training with job performance metrics (ET4) [23]. By embedding training into broader performance management frameworks, organizations can encourage active participation in safety practices, fostering a proactive safety culture and improving overall workplace efficiency.

Investing in ERP-driven training and engagement initiatives empowers employees to take an active role in workplace safety. By utilizing ERP platforms to streamline training, track progress, and incorporate feedback, organizations enhance compliance, accountability, and continuous improvements, ultimately strengthening organizational safety and efficiency [41].

2.6. Leveraging Technology for Enhanced HSE Management

The integration of advanced technology within ERP systems enhances workplace health and safety by providing real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automated compliance tracking. These systems enable organizations to track critical environmental parameters, such as temperature, air quality, and equipment performance, ensuring the early detection of potential hazards [42]. By embedding sensor-based monitoring tools, ERP solutions identify industrial abnormalities and issue real-time alerts, allowing for swift corrective action. Additionally, predictive modeling and historical data analysis help organizations recognize trends, optimize resource allocation, and proactively mitigate safety risks before incidents occur [43].

The adoption of mobile-enabled ERP solutions further strengthens HSE management by providing instant access to critical safety tools and resources. Through smartphones and tablets, personnel can retrieve HSE dashboards, incident reporting tools, regulatory guidelines, and emergency response protocols anytime, anywhere [29]. This mobility feature is particularly beneficial for field technicians in remote or hazardous environments, enabling them to report safety hazards, document observations, and access compliance information in real time.

Automating HSE reporting and compliance processes through ERP systems eliminates manual paperwork, reduces administrative burdens, and minimizes errors. ERP automation streamlines data recording, compliance audits, and incident reporting, ensuring that regulatory requirements are consistently met [44]. Additionally, automated workflows enhance transparency and accountability by enforcing standardized safety procedures and compliance measures. To further support regulatory adherence, ERP platforms include specialized modules for compliance reporting and regulatory document submissions, reducing the likelihood of fines or legal repercussions. Features such as automated compliance reminders and integrated regulatory filings ensure continuous adherence to safety policies, reinforcing workplace safety and efficiency.

By leveraging real-time monitoring, mobile accessibility, predictive analytics, and automation, ERP systems transform HSE management, enabling organizations to proactively address hazards, streamline compliance, and enhance workplace safety culture. The digital integration of HSE functions within ERP platforms improves operational efficiency while fostering a safer and more resilient work environment.

2.7. Strengthening Compliance and Regulatory Adherence

In the health and safety sector, strict adherence to legal, regulatory, and industry standards is essential for safeguarding employee well-being and maintaining safe working environments. ERP systems streamline compliance management by offering integrated tools for auditing regulatory parameters, organizing documentation, and automating reporting processes [34,45]. Given the frequent changes in regulatory frameworks, businesses must stay updated on evolving policies. ERP platforms address this challenge by incorporating change management and notification tools, enabling organizations to proactively adapt to new regulations and minimize legal liabilities. By providing centralized regulatory information and automated notifications, ERP systems help identify and resolve compliance gaps before they become critical risks.

Effective compliance management in highly regulated industries, such as manufacturing, construction, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals, requires robust document control mechanisms. ERP systems facilitate compliance through material management features, including stakeholder interaction, version control, and data integrity measures. These systems ensure that critical documentation, such as permits, certifications, and control records, is meticulously maintained and easily accessible for regulatory reviews. Additionally, ERP platforms provide advanced auditing capabilities, including access controls and document lifecycle management, ensuring compliance with industry-specific regulations such as OSHA, EPA, and other governance standards.

To uphold high HSE compliance standards, organizations must establish transparent auditing systems that track critical HSE operations, transactions, and modifications in a structured and easily retrievable format. ERP solutions enhance audit reliability by providing detailed audit trails, including timestamps, user activity logs, and data modifications, ensuring complete transparency during regulatory audits and inquiries [46].

Beyond regulatory compliance, ERP systems support proactive risk management by identifying safety-related incidents, analyzing root causes, and preventing recurrence. Automated compliance tracking helps organizations detect anomalies early, implement preventive measures, and foster a culture of continuous improvement, ultimately strengthening workplace safety and operational efficiency.

2.8. Enhancing Incident Response Efficiency

The effectiveness of safety systems depends on how swiftly incidents are detected, investigated, and resolved. ERP systems significantly enhance incident response times by integrating real-time event reporting, automated notifications, and structured escalation protocols. These features enable organizations to document incidents efficiently, capturing details such as type, location, severity, and individuals involved [47]. By leveraging ERP-driven incident notification workflows, emergency responders receive immediate alerts, allowing for swift action. Notifications are dispatched via email, SMS, or mobile app alerts, ensuring that safety managers, supervisors, and response teams are informed promptly, reducing response times and mitigating risks.

Beyond detection, ERP systems streamline incident resolution by providing a centralized platform for tracking event progression, analyzing mitigation efforts, and ensuring accountability. Organizations can assign tasks, escalate unresolved issues, and document corrective actions efficiently using ERP-based resolution tracking. These systems facilitate incident trend analysis, response effectiveness assessments, and continuous refinement of safety protocols based on historical data. Maintaining a structured, data-driven approach to incident management minimizes disruptions and fosters a proactive risk management culture.

Additionally, ERP analytics tools enhance incident response strategies by enabling trend analyses, performance benchmarking, and root cause investigations. By identifying recurring safety issues and systemic vulnerabilities, organizations can implement preventive measures and refine emergency preparedness protocols [29]. This data-driven approach ensures continuous safety improvements, reducing future incidents and enhancing overall workplace security.

2.9. Leveraging ERP Systems to Enhance Workplace Well-Being and Satisfaction

Employee engagement, productivity, and retention are closely tied to workplace well-being and job satisfaction. A strong health and safety management strategy must prioritize employee well-being and a positive work environment [48]. ERP systems contribute significantly by integrating wellness administration, satisfaction surveys, and proactive HSE management tools, allowing organizations to continuously monitor and enhance employee well-being.

ERP systems enable organizations to design, implement, and evaluate comprehensive wellness programs, including exercise initiatives, psychological support services, and ergonomic workplace improvements [49]. By incorporating wellness management functionalities, ERP platforms promote healthier lifestyles, leading to greater employee satisfaction and workplace morale. Through ERP-driven automation, businesses can track participation in wellness programs and assess their effectiveness in enhancing workforce well-being.

A key feature of ERP systems in workplace well-being is their ability to facilitate real-time employee feedback mechanisms. Organizations can conduct structured HSE surveys to evaluate employee satisfaction with company policies, workplace conditions, and overall organizational culture [50]. Additionally, ERP systems foster open communication channels, ensuring that employees can report workplace concerns and access necessary resources without hesitation. Integrated ERP tools support streamlined issue resolution and real-time updates on HSE initiatives, reinforcing a culture of transparency and trust [51].

2.10. Enhancing Sustainability Through ERP-Driven Environmental Management

ERP systems play a crucial role in driving sustainability by enabling organizations to systematically map, monitor, and assess their environmental impact [52]. Through key performance indicators (KPIs), ERP platforms provide a structured approach to tracking sustainability metrics, helping businesses optimize resource utilization and minimize their ecological footprint. By integrating sustainability-focused ERP tools, organizations can proactively identify environmental risks and implement data-driven strategies for sustainable operations.

ERP systems facilitate the efficient management of energy consumption, waste disposal, and carbon emissions by converting raw data into actionable insights. These capabilities allow organizations to enhance sustainability performance, ensuring that resource utilization aligns with corporate and regulatory sustainability goals [53]. This optimization not only reduces environmental harm but also leads to cost savings and improved operational efficiency.

Beyond internal resource management, ERP systems enhance regulatory compliance by automating monitoring, reporting, and compliance processes. Real-time tracking and predictive modeling enable organizations to stay ahead of regulatory requirements and proactively adjust operations to meet evolving sustainability standards [54].

2.11. Strengthening Organizational Culture and Communication

Organizations that prioritize ecological preservation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) integrate sustainability into their core values. ERP systems play a vital role in embedding sustainability principles by providing tools to measure environmental outputs, track KPIs, and optimize resource utilization within project management. By leveraging ERP-driven sustainability packages, organizations can systematically assess their environmental impact, identify key areas for sustainable development, and establish strategic sustainability goals [55].

ERP systems enhance organizational communication by centralizing sustainability data and improving transparency across different levels. Through real-time monitoring of CO₂ emissions, waste output, and resource utilization, organizations can optimize system efficiency while making informed decisions to minimize their environmental footprint. These data-driven insights enable companies to align operational strategies with sustainability objectives, ensuring continuous improvement and regulatory compliance.

Beyond internal communication, ERP systems contribute to sustainable resource management by supporting the repurposing, recycling, and efficient use of renewable energy sources. These systems not only streamline workflows but also ensure adherence to environmental regulations, helping organizations meet sustainability targets while maintaining operational efficiency [56].

2.12. Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies

Effective risk management is a critical component of HSE practices, and ERP systems play a fundamental role in streamlining risk identification, assessment, and mitigation. By integrating risk management modules, ERP platforms provide real-time insights into operational risks, enabling organizations to identify vulnerabilities, detect safety hazards, and implement corrective measures proactively [57].

Modern ERP systems leverage advanced analytics and modeling tools to facilitate comprehensive risk evaluation. These systems analyze missed safety cues, first-time malfunctions, and recurring trends, helping organizations pinpoint root causes of safety-related incidents. By utilizing predictive analytics, ERP platforms enable businesses to simulate risk scenarios and develop preemptive strategies, reducing the impact of potential hazards and improving overall workplace safety [58].

Beyond risk assessment, ERP-driven risk management frameworks ensure organizations can effectively respond to emergencies through automated incident reporting, real-time monitoring, and contingency planning. These systems enhance organizational resilience by continuously refining risk mitigation strategies, optimizing resource allocation, and improving response times.

2.13. Strengthening Data Security and Privacy in ERP-Integrated HSE Systems

Given the sensitive nature of HSE data, safeguarding personal and organizational information is paramount. ERP systems incorporate robust security measures, including strong encryption protocols, multi-layered authentication, and access controls, to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches. By adhering to industry-specific data protection regulations and compliance frameworks, ERP platforms mitigate risks associated with information leaks and cyber threats, ensuring regulatory adherence and operational integrity [59].

Modern ERP solutions are equipped with built-in security mechanisms, such as continuous security audits, real-time threat detection, and automated system updates. These features help organizations identify and address vulnerabilities, reducing the likelihood of breaches and enhancing system resilience. Regular security updates and patches ensure that ERP platforms remain aligned with evolving data protection standards, reinforcing a proactive cybersecurity approach [60].

To maintain confidentiality and data integrity, ERP systems integrate privacy-enhancing technologies that safeguard sensitive information while allowing authorized access when necessary. By ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards, these systems foster trust among stakeholders and support secure, transparent data management. As a result, ERP platforms play a crucial role in protecting corporate and employee data while enabling safe and compliant workplace operations [61].

2.14. Conclusions of the Literature Review

This literature review has examined the critical factors influencing ERP implementation in the HSE sector, identifying key themes such as safety, health, environmental sustainability, employee engagement and training, compliance, incident response, risk management, technology utilization, and organizational culture.

Table 1. Factors affecting ERP implementation in HSE.

Factor	Indicator	References
Safety	SF1: Number of incidents	[23]
	SF2: Number of fatality	[24]
	SF3: Lost time injury frequency rate	[28]
	SF4: Mean time between two incidents	[29]
	SF5: Number of identified safety hazards	[30,32]
	SF6: Fatality-related failure rate	[28,30]
	SF7: Frequencies of fatal incident	[28]
Health	HL1: Number of obese employees	[18]
	HL2: Number of employees engaged in health screening	[35]
	HL3: Prevalence rate of occupational diseases	[18,35]
	HL4: Total recordable occupational illness frequency	[35]
Environment	EV1: Green space development percentage index	[31]
	EV2: Greenhouse gas emissions index	[24]
	EV3: Pollutant standard Index	[30]
	EV4: Gas water electricity consumption index	[30]
Hybrid	HD1: Operational cost efficiency	[23]
	HD2: Cost of capita per employee	[34]
	HD3: Cost of capita per ton of final product	[34]
	HD4: Human capital productivity	[29]
Engagement and Training	ET1: HSE training completion and certification tracking	[22]
	ET2: Accessibility and update frequency of HSE training materials	[17]
	ET3: Employee feedback on training programs	[30]
	ET4: Integration of HSE training with employee performance assessments	[23]
Technology Utilization	TU1: Real-time HSE monitoring and alert systems	[42]
	TU2: Data analytics for HSE trend analysis	[43]
	TU3: Mobile access to HSE tools and information	[29]
	TU4: Automation of HSE reporting and compliance	[44]
Compliance and Regulatory	CR1: Regulatory change management and notification	[34,45]
	CR2: Document control for compliance evidence	[34,45]
	CR3: Audit trail capabilities for HSE activities	[46]
	CR4: Compliance reporting and submission tools	[34,46]
Incident Response Time	IRT1: Incident reporting and notification mechanisms	[24]
	IRT2: Time to mobilize response teams	[34]
	IRT3: Tracking of incident resolution and analysis	[34]
	IRT4: Post-incident review and learning integration	[34]
Employee Well-being and Satisfaction	EWS1: Health and wellness program management	[31]
	EWS2: Employee satisfaction surveys regarding HSE	[48]
	EWS3: Mechanisms for reporting and addressing HSE concerns	[49]
	EWS4: Analysis of workplace environment improvements	[31]
Sustainability	SI1: Environmental impact assessment tools	[17]
	SI2: Tracking of sustainability initiatives and outcomes	[53,54]
	SI3: Resource usage and efficiency analytics	[53]
	SI4: Waste management and reduction tracking	[54]
Organizational Culture and Communication	OCC1: Distribution of HSE policies and updates	[54]
	OCC2: Platforms for employee feedback on HSE matters	[54]
	OCC3: Recognition and rewards for HSE contributions	[54]
	OCC4: Cross-functional HSE collaboration and initiatives	[54]
Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	RMM1: Risk assessment and prioritization framework	[57,58]
	RMM2: Incident and near-miss analysis tools	[57,58]
	RMM3: Emergency preparedness and response planning	[57,58]
	RMM4: Continuous risk management and improvement feedback	[57,58]
Data Security and Privacy	DSP1: Data encryption and security protocols	[59,60]
	DSP2: Access controls and user authentication	[59]
	DSP3: Compliance with data protection laws	[61]

summarizes the essential factors and their corresponding indicators, providing a structured framework for understanding how ERP systems enhance HSE performance.

ERP systems play a pivotal role in improving workplace safety, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency. By integrating real-time monitoring, automated reporting, and predictive analytics, ERP solutions streamline HSE processes and facilitate proactive decision-making. Additionally, ERP-driven incident response mechanisms, risk mitigation strategies, and data security measures strengthen organizations’ ability to maintain a safe and compliant working environment. The literature also highlights the growing emphasis on employee well-being, sustainability, and hybrid operational models, underscoring the broad and evolving scope of ERP applications in HSE.

Despite these advancements, research on ERP implementation in HSE remains limited, particularly in the UAE. Most existing studies focus on general ERP adoption in business operations, leaving a significant gap in understanding its impact on HSE frameworks within UAE industries. Given the region’s rapid industrial growth and increasing regulatory demands, there is a pressing need for empirical research to evaluate how ERP can enhance HSE performance, optimize compliance, and improve workplace safety.

To address this gap, the following research questions have been formulated:

RQ1: What are the key factors and indicators that influence ERP implementation in HSE?

RQ2: How significant are these factors in shaping ERP adoption in HSE within the UAE?

RQ3: What best practices can support the effective integration of ERP systems in HSE management in the UAE?

By answering these research questions, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the strategic implementation of ERP in HSE, offering practical recommendations for organizations, policymakers, and ERP vendors. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on digital transformation in HSE management, ensuring that ERP systems are leveraged effectively to enhance workplace safety, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency.

3. Methodology

Following the identification of the initial list of factors from the literature review (Table 1), it is essential to validate and analyze these factors before drawing meaningful conclusions. To ensure a rigorous and systematic approach, a two-step methodology will be employed. This methodology is designed to verify the relevance of the identified factors, assess their significance within the UAE’s work environment, and formulate recommendations for optimizing ERP implementation in HSE.

Step 1: Expert Interviews for Factor Validation

The first phase of the methodology involved conducting expert interviews to validate the factors derived from the literature review and ensure their applicability to the UAE’s occupational health and safety landscape. The experts selected for these interviews had substantial experience in both HSE and ERP systems, with a minimum of ten years of professional experience in the UAE’s public sector.

To enhance the reliability of the findings, a two-round interview approach was implemented. Each expert was interviewed twice to

• Validate their responses [62];
• Ensure independent judgments;
• Minimize the risk of collective bias [63].

Additionally, to strengthen the validation process, the CVR method, introduced by Lawshe [64], was applied to determine the essentiality of each factor. The CVR formula is as follows:

$$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{R}={\displaystyle \frac{({\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{e}}-\mathrm{N}/2)}{\mathrm{N}/2}}$$

(1)

where

• n_e: Number of experts in the subject considered “essential to the study”.
• N: The total number of experts in the subject.

The CVR threshold follows Lawshe’s guidelines [64], which specify that the required CVR value depends on the number of experts involved. As the number of experts decreases, the threshold increases to maintain content validity and minimize variability caused by individual judgments. For eight or fewer experts, a CVR ≥ 0.99 is required, meaning unanimous agreement is necessary for a factor to be considered valid. For studies involving more than eight experts, the CVR threshold decreases, allowing for some disagreement while still maintaining factor validity. For instance, with ten experts, the minimum required CVR is 0.62, meaning at least eight experts must agree for the factor to be considered essential.

Step 2: Survey for Importance Ranking

Upon validation of the factors in Step 1, the second phase will involve the design and distribution of a survey targeting professionals within the UAE’s public sector. The objective of this survey is to quantify the importance of each validated factor and determine the most critical ones in the UAE’s work environment.

The survey will consist of two sections:

• Participant Background: This section will collect demographic and professional information to ensure the diversity and relevance of respondents. These questions covered the years of experience respondents had in HSE and ERP systems, their sector of employment (such as government, healthcare, oil and gas, or construction), their current role and level of responsibility, and their prior experience with ERP-HSE integration. This information helped contextualize the responses and allowed for a more nuanced analysis of how professional background influences perceptions of ERP adoption in HSE management.
• Factor Ranking: To ensure a structured and reliable evaluation of factor significance, participants were asked to rate each validated factor on a five-point Likert scale based on its perceived importance in influencing HSE outcomes within the UAE’s public sector. The Likert scale ranged from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important), allowing for a quantitative assessment of stakeholder priorities. The survey was carefully designed to align with the key factors identified in the literature review and validated through expert interviews, ensuring that respondents provided informed and relevant insights. Additionally, the survey included clear instructions and examples to enhance respondent understanding and consistency in rating. For ethical compliance, the study received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval from the American University of Sharjah, confirming that all data collection procedures adhered to ethical research standards, including informed consent, voluntary participation, and data confidentiality.

The relative importance index (RII) method [65] will be used to analyze the survey responses. The RII formula is given by

$$RI=\sum {\displaystyle \frac{W}{A\ast N}}={\displaystyle \frac{5n_5+4n_4+3n_3+2n_2+1n_1}{5*N}}$$

(2)

where

• W: Weighting assigned by each respondent;
• A: Value of the highest weight (5 for this study);
• n₅: Number of respondents who strongly agree;
• n₄: Number of respondents who agree;
• n₃: Number of respondents who are neutral;
• n₂: Number of respondents who disagree;
• n₁: Number of respondents who strongly disagree;
• N: Total number of responses.

Each response was weighted according to the Likert scale values, with higher ratings contributing more weight to a factor’s overall importance. The sum of weighted responses was then normalized by dividing by the product of the highest possible rating and the total number of responses. This standardization allowed for a direct comparison of factors within the dataset.

A higher RII value indicates a stronger perceived importance of a factor in relation to others. The ranked RII values provided a clear hierarchy of which ERP-driven HSE factors are most critical in the UAE public sector context.

The RII method was selected for this study due to its effectiveness in quantifying the perceived significance of multiple factors based on survey responses. RII is widely used in empirical research related to safety, technology adoption, and decision-making processes, particularly when dealing with Likert scale data. It provides a standardized ranking system that allows for a direct comparison of factors, ensuring that the most influential elements in ERP-driven HSE implementation are clearly identified. Additionally, RII accounts for variations in participant perceptions, offering a structured approach to assess which factors stakeholders prioritize when evaluating ERP effectiveness. Unlike alternative ranking techniques, such as mean score ranking or the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), RII is computationally simple, does not require complex pairwise comparisons, and is suitable for studies with moderate sample sizes. Furthermore, its ability to normalize ratings across different groups of respondents enhances result reliability and interpretability, making it a robust choice for identifying key drivers of ERP adoption in the UAE public sector HSE context.

By employing this structured two-step methodology, this study ensures a robust validation process, a data-driven prioritization of factors, and expert-driven recommendations, ultimately contributing to a more effective ERP implementation framework for HSE in the UAE.

4. Results

This section presents the findings from expert interviews and survey analysis, aimed at validating and ranking the key factors influencing the implementation of ERP systems in occupational health and safety within the UAE’s public sector. The results are structured into two main subsections: Expert Interviews and Factor Validation and Survey Analysis and Factor Ranking.

4.1. Expert Interviews and Factor Validation

To validate the factors identified from the literature review, a series of expert interviews were conducted. Initially, the study aimed to include eight experts; however, selecting professionals who possess expertise in both ERP systems and HSE while also having extensive experience in the UAE’s public sector proved to be highly challenging. Given the niche nature of ERP-HSE integration, finding individuals with in-depth knowledge of both domains, alongside substantial practical experience in government-controlled organizations, was difficult.

To ensure the validity and reliability of expert input, the selection process followed rigorous criteria. Experts had to meet three key conditions: (1) extensive experience in HSE management, (2) practical exposure to ERP systems, and (3) direct involvement in the UAE’s public sector. These stringent criteria were necessary to obtain relevant insights applicable to the study’s scope. As a result, only five experts met all the qualifications required for participation. Despite the limited number of participants, the selection process ensured diversity in industry representation, covering key public sector domains such as infrastructure, public safety, oil and gas, and aviation.

Table 2. Details of experts.

Expert #	Job Title	Sector	Total Years of Experience	Experience in ERP Systems	Experience with HSE
1	Head of HSE section	Facilities and Infrastructure	13	5	12
2	Senior Consultant in HSE	Public Safety	19	8	15
3	Senior Manager of HSE Unit	Oil and Gas	19	4	19
4	Director of Operations	Airport Operation/Aviation	14	3	14
5	Senior Expert	Oil and Gas	16	8	4

provides details of the experts interviewed.

Furthermore, given the small sample size, a rigorous validation method was employed. The CVR analysis was conducted with a minimum threshold of 0.99, ensuring that a factor was considered valid only if all five experts unanimously agreed on its importance. This approach minimized bias and enhanced the credibility of the findings, reinforcing the robustness of the study despite the limited number of experts.

A total of 22 factors were validated for further analysis (

Table 3. List of validated factors.

Factor	Code	Indicator	CVR Value
Safety	SF1	Number of incidents	1
	SF2	Number of fatality	1
	SF3	Lost time injury frequency rate	1
	SF6	Fatality-related failure rate	1
	SF7	Frequencies of fatal incident	1
Health	HL 3	Prevalence rate of occupational diseases	1
Engagement and Training	ET2	Accessibility and update frequency of HSE training materials	1
	ET3	Employee feedback on training programs	1
Technology Utilization	TU2	Data analytics for HSE trend analysis	1
	TU3	Mobile access to HSE tools and information	1
	TU4	Automation of HSE reporting and compliance	1
Compliance and Regulatory	CR1	Regulatory change management and notification	1
	CR2	Document control for compliance evidence	1
	CR4	Compliance reporting and submission tools	1
Incident Response Time	IRT1	Incident reporting and notification mechanisms	1
	IRT2	Time to mobilize response teams	1
	IRT3	Tracking of incident resolution and analysis	1
Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	RMM1	Risk assessment and prioritization framework	1
	RMM2	Incident and near-miss analysis tools	1
	RMM3	Emergency preparedness and response planning	1
Performance Monitoring and Continuous Improvement	PMCI1	Performance dashboard and reporting tools	1
	PMCI3	Mechanisms for implementing corrective actions	1

). Factors that did not receive unanimous agreement were eliminated. This stringent validation process ensures that only the most essential factors are included in the study.

4.2. Survey Analysis and Factor Ranking

Following the validation of factors, a survey was distributed to proceed with the second phase of the analysis: conducting the RII analysis to determine the most relevant factors in this study. The survey was administered electronically using Google Forms and targeted professionals working in public sector entities within the UAE.

The survey was launched on 6 May 2024 and remained open for approximately one week. A total of 51 participants accessed the survey link, but two individuals chose not to proceed as they did not consent to participate in the study. Consequently, 49 responses were considered for analysis. A summary of the participants’ demographic and professional backgrounds is provided in

Table 4. Summary of participants.

Category	Count	Category	Count
Education Level		Work Experience
Bachelor’s degree	29	<1	2
High school diploma	3	1–5	13
Master’s degree	16	5–10	22
PhD or Doctorate degree	1	10–20	10
		>20	2
Job title		Experience in ERP
Operation	7	No experience	4
Administrative job	4	<1	9
Engineer	23	1–5	19
HSE Officer	12	5–10	14
Other	3	10–20	2
		>20	1
Training In ERP		Work in Public Sector
No Training	5	Currently Working	42
Basic Training from work	26	Used to Work	6
Class or Workshop in ERP	9	Collaborated on Some Projects	1
Certificate in ERP	6
Diploma in ERP	3
Sector		Organization Size
Aviation	8	<250	4
Construction	3	250–500	4
Health and Safety	8	500–1000	12
Industrial	5	1000–2000	14
Oil and Gas	7	>2000	15
Space	1
Tech	1
Transportation	5
Utilities/Service	11

.

The summary of participants in Table 4 demonstrates a diverse background across various demographic and professional aspects. In terms of education level, the majority of participants hold a bachelor’s degree (59.2%), followed by master’s degree holders (32.7%), high school diploma holders (6.1%), and PhD or Doctorate holders (2%). This distribution aligns with expectations in the professional workforce, where bachelor’s degrees are the most common qualification. Notably, 34.7% of participants hold a higher education degree (Master’s or Doctorate), adding credibility to their insights, particularly from an academic and expertise standpoint.

Regarding work experience and ERP exposure, 69.3% of participants have at least five years of professional experience, while 73.5% have at least one year of experience using ERP systems. These figures suggest that most participants have significant workplace experience and are familiar with ERP systems to some extent. However, when considering specialized training in ERP systems, only 36.7% of participants have received formal ERP training, while 53.1% have undergone only basic training provided at work. Additionally, 18.4% of participants have received no ERP training at all. This finding may indicate that ERP adoption within the UAE’s public sector is still evolving, or that structured ERP training programs are not widely implemented within public organizations.

The results also highlight that 85.7% of participants are currently working in the public sector, while 14.3% have either previously worked or collaborated with public sector entities. This reinforces the relevance and applicability of the survey responses to the study’s context. Moreover, the diverse representation in terms of job title, industry sector, and organization size further strengthens the validity and comprehensiveness of the survey findings.

From

Table 5. RII analysis results.

Rank	Factor	Indicator	RI Value
1	Safety	Number of incidents	0.926531
2	Safety	Number of fatality	0.906122
3	Safety	Frequencies of fatal incident	0.865306
4	Safety	Lost time injury frequency rate	0.836735
5	Safety	Fatality-related failure rate	0.812245
6	Technology Utilization	Data analytics for HSE trend analysis	0.742857
7	Technology Utilization	Automation of HSE reporting and compliance	0.726531
8	Incident Response Time	Incident reporting and notification mechanisms	0.710204
9	Engagement and Training	Accessibility and update frequency of HSE training materials	0.693878
10	Technology Utilization	Mobile access to HSE tools and information	0.689796
11	Engagement and Training	Employee feedback on training programs	0.685714
12	Incident Response Time	Tracking of incident resolution and analysis	0.665306
13	Performance Monitoring and Continuous Improvement	Mechanisms for implementing corrective actions	0.64898
14	Performance Monitoring and Continuous Improvement	Performance dashboard and reporting tools	0.644898
15	Health	Prevalence rate of occupational diseases	0.632653
16	Compliance and Regulatory	Regulatory change management and notification	0.632653
17	Compliance and Regulatory	Document control for compliance evidence	0.612245
18	Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	Incident and near-miss analysis tools	0.604082
19	Compliance and Regulatory	Compliance reporting and submission tools	0.595918
20	Incident Response Time	Time to mobilize response teams	0.595918
21	Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	Risk assessment and prioritization framework	0.587755
22	Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	Emergency preparedness and response planning	0.587755

, the RII values for each indicator are presented alongside their corresponding factors and rankings. On a scale of 0 to 1, an RI value above 0.8 is considered highly accepted, a value between 0.6 and 0.79 is acceptable, and any value below 0.6 is unaccepted [66].

The results indicate that safety-related indicators dominate the top five rankings, with RI values ranging from 0.81 to 0.92 (Figure 2). This suggests that safety is the most critical factor in the context of ERP implementation for HSE, as these indicators are widely recognized as essential. The prioritization of safety factors aligns with global HSE practices, where accident prevention and risk mitigation remain key organizational goals. The high ranking of “Number of Incidents” (Rank 1) and “Number of Fatalities” (Rank 2) reinforces that organizations place significant emphasis on reducing workplace accidents and ensuring compliance with strict safety regulations. These factors reflect not only regulatory pressures but also the organizational responsibility to protect employees and maintain operational stability.

Conversely, the bottom four indicators (Ranks 19 to 22) have RI values below 0.6, classifying them as unaccepted or less relevant for this study. However, some of these values are close to the 0.6 threshold, with two factors reaching this mark when rounded up. This suggests that further investigation may be required to determine whether these factors should be reconsidered in future studies, particularly in sectors where regulatory compliance and emergency response procedures differ.

Beyond safety, technology-related factors such as “Data Analytics for HSE Trend Analysis” (Rank 6) and “Automation of HSE Reporting and Compliance” (Rank 7) ranked highly. This suggests that ERP adoption is influenced by the extent to which systems incorporate advanced data analysis and automated reporting functionalities. The high ranking of these indicators supports the growing trend toward digital transformation in HSE management, where real-time data insights and automated compliance tracking enhance operational efficiency. Organizations appear to favor ERP solutions that reduce manual reporting efforts and provide predictive analytics to preemptively address risks.

Additionally, incident tracking and communication mechanisms are considered vital in ERP-based HSE management. The strong ranking of “Incident Reporting and Notification Mechanisms” (Rank 8) highlights that organizations value efficient communication in incident response. This finding aligns with best practices in risk management, where timely reporting and real-time notifications are crucial in minimizing harm and facilitating swift corrective actions.

The presence of training and accessibility indicators in the top rankings underscores the importance of workforce engagement in ERP implementation. “Accessibility and Update Frequency of HSE Training Materials” (Rank 9) and “Employee Feedback on Training Programs” (Rank 11) indicate that continuous learning and feedback mechanisms are crucial for system effectiveness. Similarly, “Mobile Access to HSE Tools and Information” (Rank 10) suggests that ERP adoption is more effective when systems are user-friendly and accessible across different devices. These findings highlight that successful ERP implementation requires an emphasis on usability, ensuring that employees can engage with the system easily and receive up-to-date HSE training materials.

A notable irregularity was observed in the “Incident Response Time” (IRT) factor, where its indicators showed inconsistent rankings:

• “Incident Reporting and Notification Mechanisms” ranked as high as eight (RI = 0.710204).
• “Tracking of Incident Resolution and Analysis” ranked at 12 (RI = 0.665306).
• “Time to Mobilize Response Teams” ranked as low as 20 (RI = 0.595918).

This discrepancy suggests that not all aspects of incident response are perceived as equally critical. Several explanations may account for this:

• Organizations may prioritize incident reporting and tracking over mobilization speed, as preventative measures and real-time reporting are seen as more impactful than post-incident responses.
• The time to mobilize response teams can be influenced by factors outside ERP systems, such as external emergency services, organizational hierarchy, and resource availability. Unlike automated reporting, which ERP systems directly control, response mobilization often depends on external logistics and coordination efforts, making it less reliant on ERP functionalities.
• In some sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, response time may be more critical due to high-risk environments. However, in office-based settings, the emphasis may be on incident tracking and compliance rather than immediate physical response.

This variation in rankings highlights the need for tailored ERP configurations, where organizations should customize ERP solutions based on their specific incident management priorities. Future research could explore how sector-specific needs influence ERP adoption in HSE incident response.

Interestingly, compliance-related indicators, such as “Regulatory Change Management and Notification” (Rank 16) and “Document Control for Compliance Evidence” (Rank 17), were ranked lower than expected. This suggests that while compliance remains important, organizations may view it as a secondary priority compared to safety and technological capabilities. Similarly, risk management indicators, including “Risk Assessment and Prioritization Framework” (Rank 21) and “Emergency Preparedness and Response Planning” (Rank 22), ranked the lowest. This could indicate that organizations rely on ERP systems more for immediate operational safety and compliance tracking rather than for strategic risk management.

Key takeaways and implications include the following:

• Safety remains the top priority in ERP-driven HSE management, with accident reduction and risk mitigation being the most valued functions.
• Technology utilization is a key driver of ERP adoption, particularly in areas involving data analytics and automated reporting.
• Training, accessibility, and employee engagement factors significantly influence ERP effectiveness, reinforcing the need for user-friendly system designs.
• Incident response priorities vary, with real-time reporting being highly valued, while response team mobilization is deprioritized due to external dependencies.
• Compliance and risk management factors are ranked lower, suggesting that organizations focus more on operational safety and efficiency rather than long-term strategic risk planning.

By analyzing these results, organizations can better align ERP implementations with their specific HSE priorities, ensuring that system functionalities match their operational and regulatory needs. Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of customizing ERP solutions based on industry requirements and employee engagement levels.

To assess the overall impact of each factor on ERP implementation for HSE, the average RI values for all indicators were calculated. The final ranking of factors, based on their relative importance, is presented in

Table 6. Ranking of factors.

Rank	Factor	RI AVG
1	Safety	0.869388
2	Technology Utilization	0.719728
3	Engagement and Training	0.689796
4	Incident Response Time	0.657143
5	Performance Monitoring and Continuous Improvement	0.646939
6	Health	0.632653
7	Compliance and Regulatory	0.613605
8	Risk Management and Mitigation Strategies	0.593197

and Figure 3.

The analysis of Table 6 confirms that safety is the most critical factor for ERP implementation in HSE within the UAE’s public sector, followed by technology utilization and employee engagement and training. This ranking aligns with organizational priorities, where ensuring workplace safety, leveraging technological advancements, and enhancing employee participation drive ERP adoption.

The prominence of safety (Rank 1, RI = 0.869) reflects the regulatory and operational emphasis on accident prevention, risk mitigation, and legal compliance, which are crucial for public sector organizations. Additionally, technology utilization (Rank 2, RI = 0.719) ranked highly, indicating that ERP systems are more readily adopted when they include advanced data analytics, automation, and real-time reporting. This finding supports the growing digital transformation trend, where organizations seek efficiency, compliance automation, and predictive risk management capabilities.

The third-ranked factor, employee engagement and training (RI = 0.689), suggests that organizations recognize the importance of workforce participation in HSE improvements. This underscores the need for accessible training materials, feedback mechanisms, and mobile ERP access, as employees are more likely to adopt ERP solutions when they feel involved and supported in their use.

Interestingly, incident response time (Rank 4, RI = 0.657) ranked lower than expected despite its crucial role in HSE management. The variation in rankings among incident response indicators (as noted in Table 5) suggests that while organizations value real-time reporting and resolution tracking, they may place less emphasis on immediate response team mobilization, possibly due to external dependencies or sector-specific requirements.

Similarly, compliance and regulatory factors (Rank 7, RI = 0.613) and risk management and mitigation strategies (Rank 8, RI = 0.593) ranked lower than anticipated. While these remain important, organizations appear to prioritize immediate safety, efficiency, and employee training over long-term compliance frameworks or strategic risk management approaches. This suggests that while compliance and risk mitigation are essential for regulatory adherence, they may not be the primary motivators for ERP adoption.

These findings highlight the need for a balanced approach when implementing ERP solutions for HSE. Organizations must prioritize safety enhancements, technological capabilities, and employee engagement to maximize the impact of ERP adoption. Additionally, while compliance and risk management are integral to sustainable HSE strategies, future ERP implementations should explore how these factors can be better integrated with real-time safety and training initiatives to improve overall effectiveness.

The final survey question aimed to assess participants’ perceptions regarding the statement, “Proper implementation of an ERP system will have a positive impact on overall HSE performance within an organization”. The results, illustrated in Figure 4, demonstrate a strong consensus supporting this statement, reinforcing the study’s core hypothesis.

Specifically, 63% of respondents strongly agreed that ERP implementation positively influences HSE performance, while the remaining 37% agreed. Notably, no participants expressed a neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree response, emphasizing an overwhelmingly positive perception of ERP’s role in HSE improvements.

These findings provide compelling empirical support for the argument that ERP systems play a crucial role in enhancing workplace safety, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency in HSE management. Given this unanimous agreement, organizations should prioritize ERP integration strategies to maximize HSE performance, streamline compliance processes, and foster a safer working environment.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

The integration of ERP systems within HSE management in the UAE’s public sector presents a transformative opportunity to enhance occupational safety, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency. This research systematically identified key factors influencing ERP adoption in HSE through an extensive literature review, expert interviews, and a survey-based analysis using the RII method. The findings emphasize that safety, technology utilization, and employee engagement are the primary drivers of successful ERP implementation in HSE frameworks.

The results indicate that safety-related factors overwhelmingly ranked highest, reaffirming that reducing workplace incidents, fatalities, and injury frequency rates remains the top priority in HSE management. This aligns with global research, where safety is consistently identified as a key motivator for technology adoption in high-risk industries such as oil and gas, construction, and manufacturing (Almazrouei et al., 2020) [5]. The high prioritization of safety metrics highlights that ERP systems must be designed to enhance hazard monitoring, reporting accuracy, and predictive analytics to mitigate risks before incidents occur.

ERP platforms that integrate real-time safety tracking, automated risk assessments, and AI-driven predictive analytics can substantially reduce workplace hazards by allowing organizations to implement proactive safety measures rather than reactive interventions. This finding reinforces the need for public sector organizations in the UAE to leverage ERP solutions that enhance workplace safety culture, regulatory compliance, and early hazard detection mechanisms.

The high ranking of technology utilization factors suggests that ERP adoption is driven by the need for process automation, real-time analytics, and mobile accessibility. International studies from the United States, Norway, and Germany indicate that organizations with ERP-integrated HSE management systems report significant improvements in efficiency, compliance tracking, and incident response times (Gray & Jones, 2018) [9].

This study further supports these findings by demonstrating that organizations prioritize ERP systems that feature data analytics capabilities, automated compliance tracking, and mobile-enabled safety tools. The increasing reliance on mobile ERP access suggests that flexibility, usability, and accessibility play a crucial role in ensuring employee engagement and compliance. Organizations that leverage cloud-based ERP solutions with real-time access to HSE data will likely experience enhanced decision-making and improved emergency response coordination.

The results underscore the importance of workforce engagement in ensuring successful ERP adoption. Indicators such as “Accessibility and Update Frequency of HSE Training Materials” and “Employee Feedback on Training Programs” ranked highly, reinforcing the need for continuous learning and adaptation.

This study contributes to the global discourse on ERP adoption in HSE management, offering a unique perspective on the UAE’s public sector. While international research highlights compliance and cost efficiency as key ERP adoption drivers [3,6], our findings emphasize safety enhancement, workforce engagement, and technology utilization as primary factors. Comparisons with Southeast Asia (Manu et al., 2018) [3] show that training and employee participation are critical for ERP success, aligning with our findings. However, UAE organizations prioritize technology-driven safety improvements, leveraging AI, predictive analytics, and automation more extensively. Similarly, studies in Norway’s petroleum industry [6] emphasize compliance-driven ERP adoption, whereas UAE public sector organizations focus on proactive incident prevention and real-time monitoring. Findings from the UAE’s oil and gas industry indicate that technology integration and risk mitigation play significant roles in safety performance [5], supporting our study’s conclusion that ERP systems must incorporate real-time tracking and automated reporting. However, while private sector studies highlight cost efficiency as a key driver [24], this research reveals that public sector ERP adoption is more heavily influenced by safety priorities and workforce engagement.

Despite the benefits of ERP adoption, this study identifies several challenges and limitations that organizations may encounter:

• Integration with legacy systems: Many public sector organizations rely on outdated safety and compliance platforms, making ERP implementation complex and resource-intensive. Ensuring seamless data migration and interoperability is critical.
• User resistance and training gaps: Employees often resist ERP adoption due to unfamiliarity with digital tools. Comprehensive training programs and user-friendly ERP interfaces are essential to overcoming this challenge.
• Customization and compliance adaptation: ERP systems must be customized to align with UAE’s unique regulatory frameworks, which can increase costs and implementation timelines.
• Cybersecurity risks: Given the sensitive nature of HSE data, ERP platforms must incorporate robust cybersecurity measures to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and compliance violations.

By addressing these challenges, organizations can maximize the effectiveness of ERP adoption while ensuring a smooth transition and long-term sustainability.

Building on these findings, future research should explore the following:

• Comparative analysis across industries: Evaluating ERP adoption in different sectors (e.g., healthcare, construction, aviation) to understand sector-specific challenges and best practices.
• The long-term impact of ERP on HSE outcomes: Conducting longitudinal studies to assess how ERP influences safety performance, regulatory compliance, and workforce behavior over time.
• The role of AI and IoT in ERP-integrated HSE systems: Investigating how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, IoT-enabled sensors, and predictive analytics enhance ERP-based HSE risk management.
• Behavioral and organizational factors in ERP adoption: Examining the role of organizational culture, leadership support, and employee attitudes in shaping ERP adoption success.
• Integration of ERP and blockchain technology for HSE management: Exploring the potential of blockchain in enhancing data security, transparency, and traceability in ERP-driven HSE systems. Recent studies, such as Su et al. [67], highlight how blockchain can support resilient safety investment and risk management, particularly in high-risk industries.
• Addressing technical and cultural barriers in ERP-HSE implementation: Investigating key bottlenecks such as interoperability issues, user resistance, and organizational adaptation challenges that may hinder ERP effectiveness in HSE environments.

By addressing these areas, future research can provide deeper insights into optimizing ERP for HSE management, ensuring that technological advancements are effectively leveraged while overcoming practical implementation challenges.

Despite its valuable insights, this study acknowledges some limitations. While the research provides an in-depth examination of ERP’s impact on HSE practices, further investigation is needed to assess its long-term effects. Understanding how ERP adoption influences employee safety behaviors and organizational outcomes over time would provide deeper insights into its sustained impact. Additionally, this study highlights a lack of comprehensive research focusing specifically on the challenges and risks associated with ERP implementation in HSE applications. Factors such as scope creep, inadequate risk management, and resource constraints require further examination to fully understand the complexities involved. Furthermore, this study relied on self-reported data from participants, which may be subject to bias or inconsistencies in interpretation. The subjective nature of expert opinions and participant responses could also introduce variability in the findings, affecting the generalizability of the conclusions.

To enhance the depth of analysis, future research should incorporate advanced statistical methods, such as cluster analysis and factor analysis, to explore potential relationships between different industries, organization sizes, and ERP implementation success factors. These approaches would allow for a more granular understanding of how ERP adoption varies across sectors and identify significant groupings within the data. Additionally, a comparative analysis across different industries and organization sizes could reveal sector-specific challenges and best practices. Expanding the statistical analyses will strengthen the empirical foundation of future studies and provide more actionable recommendations for optimizing ERP systems in HSE management.

This research provides a structured framework for understanding ERP implementation in HSE management within the UAE’s public sector. The key findings confirm that safety, technology utilization, and employee engagement are the most influential factors in driving successful ERP adoption. By prioritizing real-time hazard monitoring, process automation, and workforce training, organizations can enhance workplace safety, streamline compliance, and improve emergency response efficiency.

To strengthen ERP-driven HSE practices, the following specific implementation paths are proposed:

• Adopt ERP systems with real-time safety tracking and AI-driven risk assessment tools

  ○

  Implement predictive analytics within ERP to identify high-risk areas before incidents occur.

  ○

  Integrate IoT-enabled sensors to continuously monitor workplace hazards and automate safety alerts.

  ○

  Utilize machine learning algorithms to analyze historical safety data and suggest corrective measures.

• Invest in mobile-enabled ERP platforms for remote access to compliance data, training materials, and incident reporting systems

  ○

  Deploy mobile applications that allow employees to submit safety reports in real-time from any location.

  ○

  Ensure ERP dashboards are accessible across multiple devices for instant regulatory compliance checks.

  ○

  Integrate mobile push notifications for urgent HSE updates and compliance reminders.

• Strengthen employee engagement through ERP-integrated training modules and feedback loops

  ○

  Develop interactive ERP-based training modules that track employee participation and performance.

  ○

  Implement real-time feedback mechanisms within the ERP system to assess the effectiveness of safety training.

• Ensure ERP systems are adaptable to evolving HSE regulations and industry-specific compliance requirements

  ○

  Establish automated regulatory tracking within the ERP to flag policy changes and ensure compliance updates.

  ○

  Customize ERP modules for sector-specific HSE requirements (e.g., construction, healthcare, and oil and gas).

  ○

  Enable dynamic workflows within the ERP to support region-specific legal and procedural compliance updates.

• Address cybersecurity risks by implementing multi-layered data security protocols for HSE-sensitive information

  ○

  Enforce role-based access control to limit sensitive HSE data exposure.

  ○

  Use blockchain technology for secure, tamper-proof HSE records management.

  ○

  Conduct regular cybersecurity audits to assess vulnerabilities in ERP security frameworks.

By implementing these targeted strategies, public sector organizations in the UAE can maximize the effectiveness of ERP systems, ensuring safer workplaces, improved regulatory adherence, and enhanced operational efficiency.