Study on the Optimization of Street Tree Management Strategies for Enhancing Growth and Carbon Storage Capacity
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Scope of Research
2.2. Procedure for Conducting the Study
2.3. Constructing Basic Data for Analysis
2.4. Derivation of Street Tree Growth Diagnostic Indicators
2.5. Field Survey
2.6. Calculation of Carbon Storage Capacity
- a and b represent the volume equation constants.
- D represents the basic wood density.
- BEF represents the biomass expansion factor.
- UCF represents the urban tree conversion factor.
- R represents the root-to-shoot ratio coefficient.
- CF represents the carbon fraction coefficient, with values of 0.51 for coniferous trees and 0.48 for broadleaf trees.
Species | D (kg/m3) | BEF | UCF | R | V (m3) = aDBH (cm)b | CF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | ||||||
Ginkgo biloba | 460 | 1.46 | 0.8 | 0.51 | 0.0000453 | 2.656 | 0.51 |
2.7. Deriving Key Management Indicators for Improving Tree Growth Rate and Carbon Storage
3. Results
3.1. Constructing Basic Data for Analysis
Category | Ginkgo biloba | Zelkova serrata | Platanus occidentalis | Acer spp. | Chionanthus retusus | Prunus spp. | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39,854 | 15,836 | 9590 | 7388 | 2994 | 1010 | 846 | 2190 |
100 (%) | 39.8 | 24.1 | 18.5 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 5.5 |
3.2. Derivation of Street Tree Growth Diagnostic Indicators
3.3. Field Survey
3.4. Calculation of Carbon Storage Capacity
3.5. Deriving Key Management Indicators for Improving Tree Growth and Carbon Storage
4. Discussion
Diagnostic Indicators | Management Strategies |
---|---|
Tree Height | - Implement minimal pruning practices that do not affect tree height growth. - Promote underground power line projects to eliminate unnecessary height adjustment and avoid severe pruning caused by overhead lines. |
Chlorophyll Content | - In areas with high traffic or industrial zones, maintain photosynthetic efficiency through periodic leaf washing (e.g., leaf surface cleaning) and regular watering. - Preserve leaf vitality by managing pests and diseases. |
Stem Vigor | - Maintain stem vigor through regular monitoring, pest and disease control, and ensuring soil pH remains between 5.6 and 6.5. Remove topsoil layers that negatively impact root respiration [51]. |
General Management | - In areas with narrow sidewalks and high service populations, install protective covers to maintain proper soil compaction. - Enhance crown ventilation through periodic pruning. - Maintain appropriate soil temperature through irrigation systems and mulching. - Utilize biochar to facilitate soil improvement [4,52]. |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pearson’s r | 1 | ||||||
N | 72 | |||||||
| Pearson’s r | −0.754 ** | 1 | |||||
N | 72 | 72 | ||||||
| Pearson’s r | −0.528 ** | 0.466 ** | 1 | ||||
N | 72 | 72 | 72 | |||||
| Pearson’s r | 0.580 ** | −0.548 ** | −0.379 ** | 1 | |||
N | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | ||||
| Pearson’s r | 0.172 | −0.013 | −0.526 ** | 0.001 | 1 | ||
N | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | |||
| Pearson’s r | 0.184 | −0.236 * | 0.192 | 0.045 | 0.019 | 1 | |
N | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | ||
| Pearson’s r | 0.476 ** | −0.396 ** | −0.550 ** | 0.454 ** | 0.058 | −0.301 | 1 |
N | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
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Evaluation Items | Measurement Methods and Criteria | |
---|---|---|
General Information | Height | The measurements were carried out using a Suunto PM5/1520PC Heightmeter (Suunto, Vantaa, Finland). Measurements were taken from a distance of 15 or 20 m away from the tree, aiming the device at both the top and base of the tree. The readings from the scale were then combined [35]. |
Sidewalk width | The width of the pedestrian paths (in meters) was recorded [36]. | |
Annual average service population | The relevant road sections and administrative regions were selected, along with the corresponding dates, prior to conducting the analysis [26]. | |
Precision Diagnosis | Chlorophyll content | Chlorophyll was measured using a SPAD-502plus Chlorophyll Meter (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). Leaves without yellowing or browning were selected, with eight leaves sampled per individual tree, and the average value was recorded [14]. |
Soil pH | pH was measured using a HI99121 Direct Soil Measurement pH Portable Meter (Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI, USA). After removing 5 cm of the surface soil, pH was measured at three locations near the target tree, and the average value was calculated [11]. | |
Soil hardness | Soil hardness was measured using an Soil Hardness Meter (Yamanaka Standard Type, Daiki Rika Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Measurements were taken five times near the target tree, and the average value was determined [36]. | |
Electrical conductivity | Soil moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature were measured using a WT-1000H Soil Moisutre/EC/Temperature Sensor (Mirae Sensor, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Measurements were repeated three times near the target tree, and the average value was calculated [37]. | |
Stem vigor | Cambial electrical resistance was measured using a JunsMeter (PurumBio, Suwon, Republic of Korea). Measurements were taken at breast height (1.2 m) on the north, south, east, and west sides of the tree, once for each direction, and the average value was recorded [38]. |
Category | Ginkgo biloba | Zelkova serrata | Platanus occidentalis | Prunus spp. | Chionanthus retusus | Acer spp. | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
239,394 | 51,456 | 49,269 | 30,831 | 30,692 | 27,862 | 16,392 | 32,892 |
100 (%) | 21.47 | 20.59 | 12.88 | 12.83 | 11.64 | 6.85 | 13.74 |
Division | Name of the Street | Tree Planting Count in the Surveyed Section | Number of Surveyed Trees (Units) | Year of Establishment (Year) | Traffic Volume (Vehicles/12 h) | Average Annual Service Population | Land Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginkgo biloba | Guma-ro | 38 | 10 | 1989 | 34,959 | 4899 | General Residential Area |
Dalgubeol-daero (in front of Seongseo Keimyung University) | 337 | 32 | 1987 | 49,694 | 117,220 | General Residential Area and Central Commercial Area | |
Dalseo-daero | 229 | 30 | 1999 | - | 93,520 | General Industrial Area | |
Total | - | 604 | 72 | - | - | - | - |
Evaluation Items | Evaluation Criteria | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) | Excellent | Above 40 | Moon [14], Kim [36]. |
Good | 30 to less than 40 | ||
Fair | 20 to less than 30 | ||
Poor | Below 20 | ||
Soil pH (pH) | Excellent | 6.0–6.5 | According to the Act on the Creation and Management of Urban Forests, etc., the evaluation criteria for soil chemical properties are outlined within the standards for creating and managing urban forests, living forests, and street trees [42]. |
Good | 5.5–6.0 or 6.5–7.0 | ||
Fair | 4.5–5.5 or 7.0–8.0 | ||
Poor | Below 4.5 or above 8.0 | ||
Electrical Conductivity (dS/m) | Excellent | Less than 0.2 | |
Good | 0.2–1.0 | ||
Fair | 1.0–1.5 | ||
Poor | Above 1.5 | ||
Soil Hardness (mm) | Excellent | Less than 21 | According to the Act on the Creation and Management of Urban Forests, etc., the evaluation criteria for soil chemical properties are outlined within the standards for creating and managing urban forests, living forests, and street trees [42]. |
Good | 21–24 | ||
Fair | 24–27 | ||
Poor | Above 27 | ||
Stem Vigor (JunsMeter) | Excellent | 100–86 | JunsMeter evaluation grade criteria. |
Good | 85–76 | ||
Fair | 75–55 | ||
Poor | Less than 55 |
Division | Name of the Street | Height (m) | Sidewalk Width (m) | Annual Service Population (People) | Estimated Age | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) | Soil pH (pH) | Soil Hardness (mm) | Electrical Conductivity (dS/m) | Stem Vigor (Juns Meter) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginkgo biloba | Guma-ro | 9.79 | 2.68 | 4899 | 45 | 42.13 (A) | 7.56 (C) | 21.69 (B) | 0.41 (B) | 81.51 (B) |
Dalgubeol-daero | 5.94 | 4.25 | 117,220 | 47 | 28.69 (C) | 7.19 (C) | 13.31 (A) | 0.48 (B) | 71.62 (C) | |
Dalseo-daero | 9.37 | 2.42 | 93,520 | 35 | 37.69 (B) | 8.91 (D) | 11.82 (A) | 0.54 (B) | 76.04 (B) |
Tree Photographs | General Information | |
---|---|---|
Name of the street | Dalgubeol-daero | |
Survey section | Gangchanggyo Bridge to Sindang intersection | |
Date | 7 September 2024 | |
Estimated age | 47 | |
Species | Ginkgo biloba | |
Height (m) | 4.8 | |
DBH (cm) | 15.98 | |
Sidewalk width | 2.62 | |
Annual average service population | 117,220 |
Evaluation Items | Measurement Methods and Criteria |
---|---|
① Chlorophyll Content | 32.8 |
② Soil pH | 7.43 |
③ Soil Hardness | 8.0 |
④ Electrical Conductivity | 0.53 |
⑤ Stem Vigor (JunsMeter) | 73.55 |
Name of the Street | DBH (Average) | Carbon Storage (kg C) |
---|---|---|
Guma-ro | 27.77 | 130.72 |
Dalgubeol-daero | 16.91 | 36.97 |
Dalseo-daero | 23.81 | 104.27 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | B | β | t | p | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBH | (Constant) | 0.130 | 1.394 | 0.168 | ||
Height | 0.442 | 0.442 | 3.676 | 0.000 | 2.972 | |
Sidewalk width | −0.068 | −0.068 | −0.579 | 0.564 | 2.864 | |
Service population | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.385 | 0.701 | 2.941 | |
Chlorophyll content | 0.216 | 0.302 | 3.337 | 0.001 | 1.688 | |
Soil hardness | 0.116 | 0.119 | 1.273 | 0.207 | 1.791 | |
Electrical conductivity | −0.004 | −0.002 | −0.029 | 0.977 | 1.486 | |
Stem vigor | 0.197 | 0.197 | 2.026 | 0.047 | 1.951 | |
F = 20.198 (p < 0.001), R2 = 0.688, adjR2 = 0.654, D-W = 2.127 |
Initial DBH | After 10 Years | After 20 Years | After 30 Years | After 40 Years | After 50 Years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBH (cm) | Carbon Storage (kg C) | DBH (cm) | Carbon Storage (kg C) | DBH (cm) | Carbon Storage (kg C) | DBH (cm) | Carbon Storage (kg C) | DBH (cm) | Carbon Storage (kg C) | |
6 cm | 11.68 | 12.82 | 18.98 | 46.56 | 26.28 | 110.5 | 33.58 | 211.89 | 40.88 | 357.29 |
7 cm | 12.41 | 15.06 | 19.71 | 51.47 | 27.01 | 118.84 | 34.31 | 224.35 | 41.61 | 374.49 |
8 cm | 13.14 | 17.53 | 20.44 | 56.69 | 27.74 | 127.57 | 35.04 | 237.25 | 42.34 | 392.19 |
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Park, K.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Ra, J.-H.; Cho, H.-J. Study on the Optimization of Street Tree Management Strategies for Enhancing Growth and Carbon Storage Capacity. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072943
Park K-J, Kim J-H, Ra J-H, Cho H-J. Study on the Optimization of Street Tree Management Strategies for Enhancing Growth and Carbon Storage Capacity. Sustainability. 2025; 17(7):2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072943
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Ki-Joon, Jin-Hyo Kim, Jung-Hwa Ra, and Hyun-Ju Cho. 2025. "Study on the Optimization of Street Tree Management Strategies for Enhancing Growth and Carbon Storage Capacity" Sustainability 17, no. 7: 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072943
APA StylePark, K.-J., Kim, J.-H., Ra, J.-H., & Cho, H.-J. (2025). Study on the Optimization of Street Tree Management Strategies for Enhancing Growth and Carbon Storage Capacity. Sustainability, 17(7), 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072943