Enhancing Sustainability in Port Infrastructure Through Innovation: A Case Study of the Spanish Port System

Abstract

This research explores the role of innovation in fostering sustainability within the Spanish Port System, emphasizing its implications for transport infrastructure. It examines the intersection of innovation and sustainability, addressing key challenges such as maritime traffic growth, energy efficiency, waste management, and community integration. It identifies opportunities for technological advancements, collaborative initiatives, and circular economy strategies that contribute to the sustainable development of port infrastructure. The findings highlight the necessity of implementing innovative solutions to enhance operational efficiency, mitigate environmental impact, and strengthen stakeholder engagement. The application of advanced technologies and cooperative frameworks among port stakeholders emerges as a critical driver for achieving sustainability objectives within maritime transport systems.

1. Introduction

In recent decades, sustainability has become a central issue on the global agenda due to the environmental, economic, and social challenges facing our planet [1]. Within this context, transportation infrastructure, particularly port systems, plays a fundamental role as a critical enabler of international trade and economic development. However, the increasing demands on port infrastructure, driven by global trade and maritime traffic growth, pose significant challenges in terms of operational efficiency, environmental impact, and resource management [2].

The Spanish Port System holds strategic importance in Europe, acting as a key connection hub between Europe, Africa, and America [3]. The rise in international trade and tourism has placed growing pressure on Spanish ports to enhance efficiency while ensuring sustainability. This challenge requires innovative solutions for port infrastructure and transportation management to reduce environmental impact, optimize resource use, and foster social responsibility.

Innovation emerges as a crucial enabler for achieving sustainability in port transportation and infrastructure. The implementation of new technologies, more efficient operational practices, and innovative business models can contribute to enhancing competitiveness, resilience, and long-term environmental sustainability in maritime transport [4].

This article analyzes the scope of innovation in promoting sustainable port transportation and infrastructure in Spain. It examines the intersection between innovation and sustainability, addressing economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Additionally, this study identifies key challenges such as maritime traffic congestion, energy efficiency, waste management, and integration with local communities, while exploring innovation-driven solutions. The Business Observation Tool (BOT) methodology is applied to evaluate how innovation can be strategically leveraged to enhance sustainability in the Spanish Port System [3].

This paper is structured as follows: First, a review of the existing literature on sustainability in port transportation and infrastructure highlights the role of innovation as a driver of change. Next, the main sustainability challenges for Spanish ports are presented, followed by a discussion of innovation opportunities. Case studies and best practices, both national and international, are analyzed to identify effective strategies for sustainable port development. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are provided to encourage the adoption of innovative practices in the Spanish Port System.

By integrating innovation into port sustainability strategies, this study aims to provide actionable insights for stakeholders involved in port infrastructure, maritime transport, and logistics management. The findings will contribute to the discussion on how technological advancements, collaboration, and circular economy principles can drive the transition toward sustainable and resilient transportation systems.

This article explores the impact of innovation on the sustainability of the Spanish port system, with a focus on maritime transport infrastructure. Through the application of the Business Observation Tool, opportunities are identified to improve operational efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and strengthen the integration of ports with their local environments.

Since ports are critical nodes in global shipping, their sustainability has a direct impact on logistics efficiency and reducing emissions in the sector. Innovation applied to these infrastructures is key to transforming maritime transport into a more resilient and sustainable system.

This study focuses on a selected group of Spanish ports that exhibit significant sustainability challenges and innovation opportunities. Specifically, the ports of Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao were analyzed due to their strategic roles in European maritime trade and their recent sustainability initiatives. These ports serve as representative cases for the broader Spanish Port System, providing insights that can be extrapolated to other port environments across the country.

2. Innovation for Sustainable Port Infrastructure and Transport

The state of the art on innovation in the sustainability of the Spanish Port System is essential to understand and address the current and future challenges in the sector. The search for innovative solutions has become a priority to ensure competitiveness, operational efficiency, and the mitigation of environmental impacts in Spanish ports. This state of knowledge aims to review and analyze the existing literature on innovation in port sustainability, with a particular focus on the Spanish context.

The integration of innovation into sustainable port infrastructure and transportation is crucial for addressing contemporary challenges in maritime logistics. The search for technological advancements and operational efficiency has become a priority to ensure the competitiveness of ports while mitigating environmental and social impacts [4]. Ports are not only logistic hubs but also complex infrastructures that require continuous adaptation to new regulatory, technological, and environmental demands. This section reviews the existing literature on innovation strategies aimed at enhancing sustainability in port transportation and infrastructure, with a particular focus on Spain.

2.1. Dimensions and Approach to Innovation in Port Sustainability

Sustainable port innovation encompasses three core dimensions: environmental, economic, and social [4].

• Environmental innovation focuses on clean energy adoption, waste management, emissions reduction, and eco-friendly port designs.
• Economic innovation improves operational efficiency, logistics optimization, and infrastructure resilience.
• Social innovation aims to integrate local communities, enhance employment, and develop corporate social responsibility strategies.

These dimensions must be supported by innovative approaches, including the following [2]:

• Technological advancements: electrification of port operations, AI-driven logistics, and digital twin applications for predictive maintenance.
• Sustainable operational management in port logistics relies on internationally recognized environmental management certifications, green supply chain strategies, and circular economy applications. These approaches aim to reduce environmental impact while enhancing operational efficiency.

Innovation in port sustainability encompasses multiple interrelated dimensions. First, the environmental dimension focuses on the adoption of practices and technologies that reduce negative impacts on the marine and terrestrial ecosystem. This includes implementing efficient waste management systems, optimizing energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and conserving marine biodiversity [5].

The social dimension of innovation in port sustainability focuses on improving the quality of life of local communities and promoting a harmonious relationship between ports and their environment. This involves the inclusion of communities in decision-making, the creation of local employment, respect for human rights, and the promotion of corporate social responsibility [6].

In terms of the economic dimension, innovation in port sustainability seeks to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of ports, while promoting the creation of long-term economic value. This is achieved through the implementation of advanced technologies that allow for more efficient management of the logistics chain, the diversification of port activities, and the promotion of the circular economy [7].

There are several innovation approaches that are applied in the pursuit of sustainability in ports. One of them is technological innovation, which involves the adoption of clean and efficient technologies, such as the electrification of port machinery, the use of renewable energies, and the implementation of advanced environmental monitoring systems [8].

Another important focus is innovation in management and operational practices. This includes the implementation of environmental management strategies, such as ISO 14001 certification, the integration of quality and environmental management systems, and the adoption of cleaner production and circular economy practices [9].

Within the innovation applied to sustainability in ports, the digitalization of port infrastructure and maritime transport has played a fundamental role. Technologies such as terminal automation, the use of artificial intelligence in maritime traffic management, and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) systems make it possible to optimize logistics flows and improve operational efficiency. These innovations not only reduce operating costs, but also contribute to reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, facilitating the transition to a more sustainable shipping system [8].

2.2. Results of Innovation in Port Sustainability

Innovation in port sustainability has proven to be beneficial from an environmental, economic and social perspective [10]. In environmental terms, the implementation of sustainable technologies and practices has led to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the improvement of air and water quality, and the conservation of marine biodiversity.

A key aspect in the sustainable transformation of ports is the development of smart port infrastructure. The concept of ‘Smart Ports’ has emerged as an innovative strategy to integrate advanced technologies, such as the use of smart grids, digital management platforms, and automated control systems. These solutions allow for not only a more efficient use of resources, but also a better ability to respond to fluctuations in maritime transport demand, thus contributing to the sustainability of the sector. In various studies, it has been shown that the implementation of smart ports can improve efficiency in loading and unloading, reduce waiting times, and minimize environmental impact through the use of renewable energy and emission monitoring technologies [8].

In the economic sphere, innovation in port sustainability has generated business opportunities and increased operational efficiency, which translates into greater competitiveness of ports [4]. In addition, the implementation of sustainable practices has led to the optimization of resources and the reduction in costs in the long term.

In social terms, innovation in port sustainability has fostered greater participation of local communities in decision-making, as well as local employment generation and capacity building. It has also improved relations between ports and communities, strengthening trust and promoting more equitable and sustainable development [11].

The state of knowledge on the scope of innovation in port sustainability evidences the importance and benefits of implementing innovative practices in this sector. The integration of environmental, social, and economic dimensions in port innovation contributes to a transformation towards more sustainable development. The adoption of technological, managerial, and operational approaches has demonstrated positive results in terms of reducing environmental impacts, improving economic efficiency and promoting social welfare [12]. However, a holistic approach and greater collaboration between different actors is required to ensure the effective implementation of innovation in port sustainability and its replication in global contexts [13].

2.3. Innovation in the Sustainability of the Spanish Port System

Although the Spanish Port System comprises a diverse network of ports with varying operational structures, this research focuses on key ports that have demonstrated leadership in sustainable innovation. By narrowing the analysis to Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao, we ensure that the findings are relevant to ports that play a major role in international logistics while facing significant environmental and operational challenges.

To understand the scope of innovation in the sustainability of the Spanish Port System, it is necessary to establish the key concepts of innovation and sustainability. Innovation refers to the introduction of new ideas, products, processes, or practices that generate value and improve efficiency and competitiveness. On the other hand, sustainability involves balancing economic, environmental, and social aspects to meet present needs without compromising future generations.

The intersection between innovation and sustainability in the port sector is presented as an opportunity to address current challenges, such as climate change, energy efficiency, waste management, and integration with local communities. Technological innovation, efficient operating practices, and collaboration between the different actors in the logistics chain are identified as key aspects to achieve sustainability in ports [14].

2.3.1. Challenges and Opportunities in the Spanish Port System

If we talk about the challenges for the Spanish Port System, we should talk about the growth of maritime traffic, energy efficiency and emission reduction, waste management and protection of the marine environment, and the relationship with local communities. [15].

The growth of maritime traffic represents one of the main challenges in terms of sustainability for the Spanish Port System. The increase in demand for port services raises the need to optimize operations and resources to reduce congestion and minimize associated environmental impacts [16].

The growth of maritime traffic in Spanish ports not only represents a challenge in terms of congestion, but also highlights the need for resilient and sustainable infrastructure. In this sense, the implementation of sustainable mobility technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels (LNG, hydrogen and biofuels) and the electrification of port operations, has been one of the main strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of maritime transport. Likewise, the digitalization of customs and logistics processes has allowed for better coordination between port infrastructures and land transport systems, improving the efficiency of intermodal transport and reducing energy consumption [16].

Energy efficiency and emission reductions are key elements in the sustainability of the port sector. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with port operations must be reduced through the implementation of cleaner technologies, the use of renewable energy, and the adoption of sustainable operating practices [17].

Proper waste management and the protection of the marine environment are major challenges to ensure the sustainability of Spanish ports. The implementation of recycling systems, efficient wastewater management, and pollution prevention are essential aspects of preserving marine ecosystems and promoting biodiversity [18].

The relationship with local communities is a determining factor in the sustainability of the Spanish Port System. Citizen participation, dialogue, and collaboration with communities near ports are critical to addressing social concerns, improving residents’ quality of life, and promoting sustainable port development [19].

Innovation opportunities in the Spanish Port System will preferably correspond to technological innovation, collaboration and cooperation, and circular economy [20].

2.3.2. Advancements and Research Gaps in Port Sustainability

Technological innovation plays a crucial role in the search for sustainable solutions in the port sector. Implementing advanced technologies, such as process automation, equipment electrification, and the use of artificial intelligence, can improve operational efficiency, reduce emissions, and optimize resource management [21].

Collaboration and cooperation between different players in the sector, including port authorities, operators, government agencies, and private companies, offer opportunities to drive innovation and promote sustainability. The creation of strategic alliances and the sharing of good practices can generate synergies and facilitate the implementation of innovative solutions [22].

The transition to a circular economy in the Spanish port sector can be an opportunity for innovation and sustainability. Implementing reuse, recycling, and waste reduction practices can generate economic, environmental, and social benefits, while promoting efficiency and resilience in ports [23].

The state of the art on innovation in the sustainability of the Spanish Port System highlights the need to address current and future challenges through innovative solutions. The intersection of innovation and sustainability offers opportunities to improve operational efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts, and strengthen relationships with local communities. The implementation of advanced technologies, collaboration between actors in the sector, and the transition to a circular economy are key aspects to achieve sustainable port development in Spain.

Despite the increasing emphasis on sustainability in port infrastructure, there remains a significant gap in research regarding the structured evaluation of innovation-driven sustainability strategies within the Spanish Port System. While previous studies have addressed various aspects of sustainability in ports—such as emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and digitalization—few have systematically integrated these elements into a comprehensive analytical framework that considers macro-environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and political factors simultaneously.

Most existing research tends to focus on isolated case studies or sector-specific solutions without fully exploring the interplay between technological, economic, and policy-driven innovations. Additionally, there is a lack of empirical assessments that measure the actual impact of sustainability initiatives using standardized methodologies like the Business Observation Tool (BOT). This research seeks to bridge this gap by providing a holistic evaluation of sustainability innovation within the Spanish Port System, identifying key drivers, constraints, and opportunities for improvement.

Furthermore, limited studies have examined the role of institutional and regulatory mechanisms as catalysts for sustainability-oriented technological adoption in ports. The findings of this paper contribute to the literature by offering an integrated assessment that links institutional support, economic viability, and technological advancements to the broader goal of sustainable port operations. By addressing this gap, this study aims to inform policymakers, port authorities, and industry stakeholders on how to optimize sustainability strategies through evidence-based decision-making.

Despite the increasing adoption of sustainable practices in European ports, research on the integration of innovation and sustainability in Spanish ports remains limited. While studies have examined the role of digitalization and energy efficiency separately, there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks that assess their combined impact on operational resilience and environmental performance. This study aims to fill that gap by applying the Business Observation Tool (BOT) to evaluate sustainability-driven innovations in selected Spanish ports.

3. Methodology and Results

The Business Observation Tool (BOT) methodology provides a structured approach to assessing the sustainability and innovation potential of port infrastructure. In the context of sustainable transport, the BOT allows for a comprehensive analysis of port efficiency, energy consumption, environmental impact, and stakeholder engagement. By integrating key indicators related to maritime logistics, digitalization, and decarbonization strategies, this methodology helps in identifying pathways to enhance the resilience and sustainability of transport infrastructures.

This study provides an overall assessment of the Spanish Port System as a whole, rather than focusing on individual ports. While it is acknowledged that some ports, such as Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao, may be more advanced in sustainability efforts, the aim of this research is to evaluate the general state of the system. The data sources include aggregated sustainability reports from various Spanish ports, stakeholder interviews, and operational performance metrics collected from port authorities and national maritime organizations. By taking a holistic approach, this study aims to reflect the broader trends and challenges faced by the Spanish port sector in its journey toward sustainability.

The aim is to develop the tool (BOT). It is a tool that allows one to start and recognize minimum elements to be considered, when formulating a business idea, through observation. It is a management tool and an alternative to PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological, Legal).

The model aims to determine the reality of the conditions of the environment in which the business is expected to develop and to establish possible scenarios for the business to evolve beyond the observed reality.

The methodology developed is shown in Figure 1.

3.1. Generation of the Work Scenario

This study is based on the research and compilation of information on the current situation in terms of sustainability and more specifically on port innovation to achieve it, from, firstly, considering the world’s ports and then focusing on those ports belonging to the Spanish Port System. All this has helped us to obtain the necessary information to define the context in which sustainability is developed in Spanish ports and their strategic objectives in relation to this matter, thus allowing us to address the objective of our study.

One of the key aspects of this methodology is its ability to analyze transport efficiency within port infrastructures. The BOT framework allows for the identification of inefficiencies in logistics chains, assessment of modal shift opportunities towards more sustainable transport modes (rail and short-sea shipping), and evaluation of energy-efficient technologies such as shore power supply, automation, and digital twins for predictive maintenance. This approach ensures that sustainability measures align with the operational needs of port logistics and intermodal transportation

The first step is to conduct an exhaustive study of the entire sustainability environment, and more specifically of innovation in relation to it, by compiling information from ports worldwide first and then focusing on Spanish ports. This analysis must be supported by the establishment of clear and defined foundations on which the final objective of this project will be based.

3.2. “Business Observation Tool” Analysis

The Business Observation Tool (BOT) is an observation and analysis tool used in the business environment to collect data and gain insights into organizational practices and processes. It is a methodology that is based on the direct observation of activities and behaviors in the business environment, which allows one to obtain valuable on operational efficiency, decision-making, interaction between employees, and other relevant aspects of the organization.

The Business Observation Tool (BOT) follows a structured five-phase methodology designed to assess the integration of innovation into sustainable port management. These phases include the following: (1) identification of relevant sustainability challenges; (2) selection of key performance indicators through international benchmarking; (3) assigning qualitative and quantitative values to measure sustainability impact; (4) evaluation of indicators based on expert input and real-world data; and (5) strategic decision-making based on insights from the BOT framework. The international benchmarking process involved an extensive literature review and case study analysis of leading European ports (e.g., Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Barcelona). The selection of indicators was carried out using a multi-criteria decision-making approach, ensuring that each indicator reflected industry best practices in sustainability and operational efficiency.

The BOT can be applied in different business contexts, such as manufacturing, service sector, and retail, among others. By directly observing and analyzing the day-to-day activities of the company, researchers or practitioners can identify opportunities for improvement, identify bottlenecks in processes, evaluate the effectiveness of policies and procedures, and make informed decisions to optimize organizational performance.

The BOT (Figure 2) allows us to identify the minimum elements to be considered when formulating a business idea; in this case, the ‘business’ will be that of innovation in sustainability in the Spanish Port System.

In this section, we will present the objective of choosing indicators for their subsequent evaluation, using measurement variables and scoring rules that are most appropriate for the case study.

The application of the BOT methodology in the Spanish Port System is particularly relevant for addressing sustainability challenges in maritime transport. Through a structured evaluation of port operations, energy consumption, and stakeholder interactions, the BOT allows for the development of targeted strategies to enhance sustainability. Key aspects include optimizing port traffic flow, implementing smart grid solutions, fostering collaboration between maritime and land transport operators, and integrating digital monitoring systems to track emissions and resource consumption.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive diagnostic of the Spanish Port System as a whole, rather than focusing exclusively on specific ports. The methodology evaluates sustainability trends, challenges, and opportunities across multiple Spanish ports, considering data from port sustainability reports, stakeholder interviews, and operational performance metrics. While Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao are highlighted due to their strategic relevance and advanced sustainability initiatives, the findings are meant to reflect broader trends applicable to the entire Spanish port network.

The BOT is divided into large blocks of work to determine the future scenario:

• Motivations and resources to move forward: Motivations and resources are often the most important scenarios. Therefore, they usually facilitate the viability of the project, enabling its execution with a high impact. We have studied the factors that can motivate us to carry out innovation in sustainability within Spanish ports, as well as the resources available to implement this innovation. To do this, a series of questions are answered:

  ○

  What is the motivation to develop the project and ensuring high impact?

  ○

  What resources are available for developing this project?

  ○

  What technological innovations can be integrated into port infrastructures to improve energy efficiency and operational sustainability?

• Formation of working groups: In this group, the composition of the labor system is analyzed. This takes into account the knowledge and skills that the agents involved (port operators and agents related to port operations) have or we are expected to have within the Spanish system. It is also be important to understand the shortcomings they may have in order to carry out innovation in sustainability. The following question is asked:

  ○

  What are the knowledge and skills of each team member, and how can they be leveraged to the project’s advantage?

• Characterize and understand the development environment: The observation and understanding of the environment, as well as its trends in the past that may have had some kind of impact on the generation of our final plan, allow us to carry out projects with greater guarantees. The determination of these external factors, in the form of indicators facilitates the establishment of mechanisms and strategies for implementing the “business”. Their determination is addressed by answering the following question:

  ○

  What external characteristics, in the form of indicators, can alter future decisions and strategies on sustainability innovation?

  ○

  How can digital technologies, such as IoT and AI, contribute to optimizing port logistics and reducing environmental impact?

• Macro-environmental analysis: The study of the macro-environment, also known as the generic environment, involves obtaining technological, socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental factors that may alter or intervene in the success of the project. That is why, this section focuses on the indicators that condition the objective of the study:

  ○

  What characterizes the observed environment and can influence us to favor the project?

  ○

  What policies and investments are needed to support the transition to sustainable port infrastructure and low-carbon transport networks?

3.2.1. Definition of Indicators

The selection of indicators plays a crucial role in evaluating the sustainability of port infrastructure and its impact on transport systems. These indicators provide a structured framework for assessing key dimensions such as economic viability, environmental impact, technological adoption, and social engagement. By analyzing these factors, decision-makers can develop strategic plans that align with global sustainability objectives while ensuring the operational efficiency of maritime transport.

After gathering all this information, we extract the possible indicators that generate some kind of impact on the “business” we want to analyze.

From the study of the work scenario, 75 indicators for the BOT were obtained, separated into the different groups proposed by the tool. Below, we will learn about them in greater detail, the reason for their choice, their identification, and their subsequent definition. All this will be synthesized through the elaboration of tables with indicators, which will respond to the different factors, depending on the scenario in which we find ourselves, that intervene in innovation in sustainability within the Spanish Port System.

The selection of indicators was based on a comparative analysis of best practices in port sustainability, utilizing reports from major European and global ports. This allowed for the identification of 75 indicators that were categorized under the BOT framework. These indicators were further validated through the Delphi method with experts from the maritime sector, ensuring that the selected criteria were relevant and applicable to the Spanish port context.

The expert panel consisted of 12 professionals specializing in port sustainability, logistics, and infrastructure management, each with at least 10 years of experience in the sector. Their evaluations were collected through structured interviews and the Delphi panel discussions. The weight assignment process followed an iterative approach where experts independently provided their assessments, and subsequent rounds were conducted to refine the weights. The process continued until a consensus threshold of ±5% deviation between expert responses was reached, ensuring reliability and minimizing bias in the final weights.

For the construction of the BOT after the study of the environment, the following were determined for each group:

• Motivations and resources to move forward: six indicators.
• Formation of working groups: nine indicators were developed, three in reference to Knowledge, three in reference to Skills and three in relation to Group work.
• Characterize and understand the development environment: thirteen indicators were developed, four in relation to History, six in reference to the port as a Place, and three in reference to People as the agents involved.
• Macro-environment analysis: This last scenario will be the one that includes the largest number of indicators because the object of study of this work will be innovation in sustainability, developing a total of forty-seven indicators, including six in the Technological field, nine in the Socio-Cultural field, eleven in the Economic, eight in the Political, and thirteen in the Environmental field.

To ensure a robust framework for evaluating innovation and sustainability in the Spanish Port System, an extensive benchmarking analysis was conducted. This process involved the review of previous studies on port sustainability, including reports from European ports recognized for their advanced sustainability strategies (e.g., Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Barcelona). Key dimensions such as energy efficiency, digitalization, and operational resilience were analyzed to identify best practices. As a result, 75 indicators were selected, grouped according to the BOT methodology. These indicators were classified based on their impact on port performance and sustainability, taking into account existing evaluation models such as PESTEL and circular economy frameworks. The selection process was further validated through expert consultations, ensuring relevance and applicability to the Spanish port context.

This represents a total of 75 indicators with which the database was developed. Below is an example of allocation and indicators (

Table 1. Assigning indicators to the BOT (selection). Source: own elaboration.

Identifier	Indicator	Definition
M_3	Economic Profitability	Increasing profitability in ports will help recover large investments.
R_3	Previous Experiences	Recent innovations in sustainability.
C_2	Information	Information from involved agents on sustainability strategy, machinery, and equipment.
G_2	Communication	Communication between different members and across all levels of the organization.
HI_3	Change in Trade	Globalization of port markets. High service costs and port fees.
L_1	Logistics Chain Link	Seeking alternative financing due to investment shortages.
T_1	Digitalization and Automation	Seeking alternative financing due to investment shortages.
SC_3	Union Support	Union support in ports for a model shift towards sustainability.
A_2	Water Quality	Port water may become contaminated due to port operations.

).

For the construction of the BOT, a total of 75 indicators were identified and categorized into four main groups according to the affinity matrix methodology: (1) motivations and resources to move forward (6 indicators), (2) formation of working groups (9 indicators), (3) characterization and understanding of the development environment (13 indicators), and (4) macro-environment analysis (47 indicators, covering Technological, Socio-Cultural, Economic, Political, and Environmental aspects).

However, Table 1 presents a selected subset of indicators from different groups, chosen to illustrate the most representative aspects within each category. The full distribution of all indicators is detailed in the study framework but is not exhaustively included in the table for conciseness and clarity

Each indicator in the BOT framework follows a systematic coding structure, where prefixes denote thematic categories, followed by a numerical value indicating its placement within the hierarchy of assessed factors. This nomenclature ensures a structured approach to indicator classification, as exemplified in Table 1.

To ensure a structured classification of the indicators within the BOT framework, a specific nomenclature has been adopted. Each indicator is assigned an uppercase letter corresponding to its category in Spanish, followed by its specific descriptor in English. The categories are as follows: M (Motivaciones-Motivations), R (Recursos-Resources), C (Conocimiento-Knowledge), G (Grupo de Trabajo-Work Group), HI (Historia-History), L (Lugar-Place), P (Personas-People), T (Tecnológico-Technological), SC (Socio-Cultural), and A (Ambiental-Environmental) Table 1. This system allows for a clear and logical representation of the indicators while maintaining their connection to the original classification methodology.

Table 1 presents a selection of representative indicators from the total set of 75, illustrating how different categories contribute to the overall analysis. The full distribution of indicators is available within the study framework but is not exhaustively included in the table to maintain conciseness and clarity. This approach ensures that the methodology remains comprehensive while highlighting the most relevant aspects within each category.

These indicators serve as the foundation for the Business Observation Tool (BOT), enabling a structured analysis of sustainability challenges and opportunities within the Spanish Port System. By evaluating each indicator through measurement variables and scoring methodologies, the BOT provides actionable insights that guide decision-making. This structured approach ensures that innovation efforts are aligned with sustainability goals, enhancing the resilience and efficiency of port operations within the broader framework of sustainable transport infrastructure.

3.2.2. Measurement of Indicators

Once the indicators have been obtained that, at a current level, can influence the understanding of the reality of Spanish ports in terms of innovation in sustainability, they are measured.

The measurement will consist of two parts, a first where a weight is assigned to the indicator according to its importance within the Spanish Port System, and a second where we will try to measure the indicator using measurement variables with current data.

All this allows us to evolve beyond the observed reality, proposing possible objectives and strategies for the future, which will help to achieve sustainability within Spanish ports.

MEASUREMENT 1. WEIGHT ALLOCATION

In the first measurement, a weight was assigned to each indicator, depending on its importance for innovation in sustainability within the Spanish Port System.

The weighting of the selected indicators was carried out through a qualitative–quantitative mixed approach. Initially, a panel of port industry experts was consulted to determine the perceived importance of each indicator within the sustainability framework. The Delphi method was employed to achieve a consensus among the experts, ensuring that subjective biases were minimized. In parallel, quantitative data from sustainability reports of Spanish ports were analyzed to correlate the impact of each indicator with real operational performance metrics. The combination of expert-based qualitative assessments and empirical quantitative analysis enabled a structured and objective assignment of weights, thus enhancing the reliability and validity of the evaluation framework.

The qualitative–quantitative analysis in this study consisted of two phases: First, a panel of experts from the port industry assessed each indicator’s importance using the Likert scale methodology. This was followed by a statistical validation of these indicators using empirical data extracted from port sustainability reports. The weighting process was further refined using the Delphi technique, ensuring a balanced assessment that integrated expert judgment with quantitative performance metrics.

Following the selection of a group of experts, a qualitative–quantitative analysis was carried out on the basis of the selected indicators. Depending on the degree of importance of the indicator considered within the innovation in sustainability of the Spanish Port System, each indicator was scored qualitatively and quantitatively. As seen when defining these indicators, the scores were determined by differentiating them into the different groups that comprise the tool used, BOT, which has been classified by colors. These scores were classified into three groups depending on the degree of importance of the indicator, which are 1, 2.5 and 5; the value 0 was discarded because these indicators have been proposed for the purpose of influencing innovation in sustainability, even if to a minimal extent. The measurements are as follows:

• Low Importance “LOW” >1
• Medium degree of importance “MEDIUM” >2 to 5
• High degree of importance “HIGH” >5

The weight allocation methodology employed in this study follows a well-established multi-criteria decision-making approach, which provides reliability and reproducibility in sustainability assessments. Alternative methods, such as fuzzy logic or AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), were considered but were deemed less suitable given the dataset characteristics and expert availability. Future research may explore the integration of AI-based weighting models to enhance automation and precision in sustainability evaluations.

An example of the measurement results can be seen in Figure 3.

After the development of measurement 1 and the assignment of the values, the results are summarized in Figure 4.

MEASUREMENT 2. ASSIGNING VALUES TO VARIABLES

In the second measurement, the indicators were measured according to their value within the Spanish Port System. This was achieved through the definition of a measurement variable, which was assigned to each of them to help understand the current situation within Spanish ports compared to ports worldwide.

The objective of this measurement was to assign values to the measurement variables of each indicator, allowing us to measure each one based on its value within the Spanish Port System and in comparison with the rest of the world’s ports. The measurement was conducted in the same way as the first, differentiating the indicators by groups and colors according to the study tool, BOT. The scores were classified into three groups, depending on the situation of each indicator within the Spanish Port System compared to ports worldwide. These scores are as follows:

• Bottom “LOW” > 1
• Equivalent “MEDIUM” > 2.5
• Superior “HIGH” > 5

The classification of certain qualitative indicators into LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH categories was conducted based on expert consensus, ensuring a structured assessment of factors such as ‘Previous Experiences’ and ‘Information’. This approach, while simplified, facilitates comparability and standardization across multiple case studies. Further refinements, including ordinal scaling or fuzzy logic applications, may enhance the robustness of future assessments.

An example of the results of measurement 1 can be seen in Figure 5.

After the development of measurement 2 and the assignment of the values, the results are summarized in Figure 6.

4. Analysis of Results

Analysis of results is the final and conclusive part of an investigation. In this section, all information from our study will be processed, presented in an orderly and understandable way, and analyzed to draw conclusions based on the measurements and their data.

The application of the BOT framework allowed for the identification of critical areas where innovation is most needed to enhance sustainability in Spanish ports. The results indicate that technological advancements, particularly in energy management and automation, have the highest potential impact. Ports with higher levels of digitalization (e.g., Barcelona and Valencia) exhibited better sustainability performance metrics compared to less automated ports. Specifically, the use of renewable energy sources and electrification of port operations were identified as key drivers for reducing carbon emissions. The results were further compared with international benchmarks, demonstrating that Spanish ports still lag behind in full-scale automation but show promising advancements in green energy implementation. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted investments in smart port technologies and intermodal transport solutions to bridge the sustainability gap.

To determine a future scenario, we will have to address past results and know where we want to go. After carrying out the first measurement, which identified the factors or scenarios within the BOT that were most important to achieve innovation in sustainability, it will become evident that the macro-environment group is the most relevant. This is because it includes sub-groups such as economic, political, socio-cultural, or environmental, which are fundamental to achieving sustainability. Therefore, to achieve our objective, we must formulate strategies that allow us to strengthen this scenario, always keeping in mind the motivations and resources necessary for their implementation.

Another aspect, which is clear here, is the irrelevance of work teams when it comes to achieving innovation in sustainability, leading to not having to take measures in this regard in the near future, but making it clear that in the long run, and for it to be achieved optimally, special emphasis will have to be placed on the training of workers, since most of the innovative measures will have a high technological degree that port agents must handle appropriately. A reconversion of the labor fabric will have to be carried out, since the staff does not have the necessary qualifications and experience for the new developments.

After the second measurement, clearer conclusions can be drawn about which aspects should be enhanced and which will act as driving forces for others. At first, the limitations of the technological pillar will become evident, in relation to digitalization processes, integration of information technologies and innovative information systems, making this the critical point at present. This situation will have to be reversed in the short term to avoid reduction in efficiency and guarantee future growth compared to other international ports.

On the economic side, we will be on the right track to achieve the objectives, but there will be factors with ample room for improvement in the short term, such as increase in employment or the search for new financing techniques. It is also worth mentioning here that significant improvement has been achieved by Spanish ports in environmental matters in recent years, obtaining numerous recognitions from renowned institutions in the field of sustainability at European and global levels. In this regard, the strategy for the future will be to follow the same line as before.

Finally, but the most important according to the results collected, is the political scenario. This indicates that the Spanish Port System, through its different institutions, is fully involved with sustainability and innovation, developing new proposals and ensuring that sustainability objectives are met. The strength of this scenario means that it can act as a driving force in achieving the sustainability innovation objectives for the other parties.

The results obtained through the application of the Business Observation Tool (BOT) to the Spanish Port System provide valuable insights into the current state of innovation in sustainability. The findings highlight key strengths, weaknesses, and potential opportunities to enhance the sustainability of port infrastructure and operations. This section will discuss the implications of the two measurement phases, analyze trends, and propose strategic actions to optimize the implementation of sustainability-driven innovation.

Key Findings from Measurement 1: Weight Allocation

The first measurement assigned weights to various indicators based on their perceived importance within the Spanish Port System. The macro-environmental factors emerged as the most critical, with a weight of 69.5%, followed by motivations and resources (66.5%), observation (54.4%), and work group formation (45.5%).

The high weight assigned to macro-environmental factors highlights their fundamental role in achieving sustainability in ports. Economic, political, socio-cultural, and environmental elements shape the feasibility and effectiveness of sustainable innovation. Notably, political support emerged as a key enabler, with Spanish institutions demonstrating a strong commitment to sustainability through policies and funding mechanisms. This finding underscores the importance of aligning port innovation with national and European sustainability policies to ensure regulatory and financial support.

The relatively low weight assigned to work group formation suggests that workforce development is not perceived as an immediate priority for implementing sustainability innovations. However, this could present a long-term challenge, as many innovative solutions require advanced technical expertise. Thus, while immediate focus should be placed on technological and policy innovations, a parallel effort is needed to ensure that port professionals are adequately trained to operate and manage these new systems.

Key Findings from Measurement 2: Indicator Value Assignment

The second measurement assessed the actual value of indicators within the Spanish Port System, comparing them to international benchmarks. The findings revealed significant disparities in different sustainability dimensions.

One of the most critical findings is the relatively low technological maturity of Spanish ports compared to global benchmarks. The automation of container terminals remains limited, with only two semi-automated terminals (Barcelona and Algeciras). Digitalization processes and the adoption of smart port technologies, such as IoT and AI-driven logistics, require accelerated investment to prevent efficiency losses and maintain competitiveness.

The socio-cultural and political indicators scored high, reflecting Spain’s strong institutional support for sustainability initiatives. Spanish ports have demonstrated leadership in labor inclusion, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder engagement. However, the frequent occurrence of labor strikes highlights the need for improved labor relations and collaborative approaches to balance worker rights with operational efficiency.

The economic performance of Spanish ports presents mixed results. While connectivity and trade facilitation are strong (e.g., maritime highways), employment growth in the sector has stagnated. Financing mechanisms, such as the Ports 4.0 fund, have been successful in promoting innovation, but further diversification of funding sources is needed. On the environmental front, Spain has made significant progress, particularly in water quality management, emission control, and waste management. However, air pollution remains a concern, especially in high-traffic ports like Barcelona and Palma de Mallorca.

The Business Observation Tool (BOT) has been previously utilized in the strategic analysis of automation and sustainability in port terminals, as demonstrated in prior research [16]. The systematic evaluation approach of BOT enables its adaptation to various port environments, facilitating data-driven decision-making for sustainable infrastructure and operational efficiency.

While Barcelona and Valencia exhibit strong digitalization and green energy initiatives, Bilbao presents a distinct profile, characterized by its strategic investment in industrial sustainability. The Port of Bilbao has focused on offshore wind energy projects and carbon capture technologies, positioning itself as a leader in renewable energy integration within the Spanish Port System. However, its slower adoption of full-scale automation compared to Barcelona and Valencia highlights an opportunity for targeted innovation in logistics and operational efficiency.

Strategic Implications and Future Directions

Based on the results, several strategic actions can be proposed to enhance sustainability innovation in Spanish ports.

• Accelerating Technological Adoption

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  Increase investments in smart port technologies, including AI, digital twins, and automation.

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  Expand digitalization initiatives, ensuring interoperability between port systems and logistics networks.

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  Strengthen cybersecurity measures to protect digital infrastructure.

• Enhancing Policy and Institutional Support

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  Continue leveraging European sustainability initiatives to secure funding and regulatory support.

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  Foster collaboration between public and private stakeholders to enhance policy implementation.

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  Promote standardization in sustainability reporting and performance monitoring.

• Addressing Economic and Workforce Challenges

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  Develop financial incentives for green investments in port infrastructure and operations.

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  Strengthen employment policies to balance labor rights with efficiency improvements.

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  Implement training programs for port workers to adapt to new technologies.

• Strengthening Environmental Initiatives

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  Expand the electrification of docks and promote shore power connections.

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  Enhance pollution monitoring systems to address air and water quality issues.

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  Foster circular economy initiatives, including waste-to-energy projects.

The application of the BOT methodology has provided a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing sustainability innovation in the Spanish Port System. While significant progress has been made in regulatory and environmental efforts, technological and economic challenges remain. By prioritizing digital transformation, enhancing policy frameworks, and fostering economic and workforce resilience, Spanish ports can strengthen their sustainability performance and position themselves as global leaders in green maritime transport.

5. Conclusions

This study provides a structured approach to assessing sustainability in the Spanish Port System through the application of the Business Observation Tool (BOT). The results highlight progress in adopting green energy solutions and digitalization strategies, while also revealing significant challenges in automation, intermodal connectivity, and regulatory alignment needed to foster innovation. The integration of smart technologies, such as IoT-based monitoring systems and AI-driven logistics optimization, should be prioritized to bring Spanish ports closer to international best practices.

The findings emphasize that technological advancements play a crucial role in improving efficiency and reducing emissions. However, digital transformation remains a challenge, and many ports still face barriers to full automation. Achieving sustainability requires coordinated efforts across multiple sectors, as governance, regulatory frameworks, and economic incentives shape the adoption of innovation. The macro-environment, including economic, social, and environmental factors, is a determining element in the sustainability of port operations, requiring a balanced approach that does not compromise long-term development.

From a methodological perspective, this study contributes to the field by integrating the BOT framework with multi-criteria decision analysis, providing a structured and replicable model for evaluating sustainability in port operations. While the research is centered on the Spanish Port System, the methodology can be adapted to other European ports facing similar challenges. The cases of Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Antwerp serve as relevant examples where this approach could be applied to systematically assess sustainability strategies and measure innovation-driven improvements.

Looking ahead, Spanish ports are expected to continue their transition toward smart port models, where technology plays a fundamental role in optimizing logistics, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring more efficient and resilient operations. Key areas for development include further investment in shore-side electrification, the use of AI-driven predictive maintenance for port equipment, and the implementation of blockchain solutions to improve transparency and efficiency in maritime logistics.

Despite significant progress made in recent years, achieving a fully sustainable port system will require greater collaboration among port authorities, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Future research should explore comparative analyses between Spanish and other European ports, further refining best practices and fostering innovation in sustainable port management.