Assessing Awareness and Adoption of Green Policies and Programs for Sustainable Development: Perspectives from Construction Practitioners in Nigeria

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the level of awareness and the extent of adoption of green construction policies and programs among construction practitioners in Nigeria. This was carried out to identify the gaps in knowledge and practice and provide recommendations for enhancing the implementation of green construction practices in the region. Through a comprehensive literature review, 20 green construction policies and programs were identified. These policies were used to develop a structured questionnaire, which was distributed to a sample of construction practitioners, including architects, engineers, builders, and quantity surveyors. The Shapiro–Wilk test and the Kruskal–Wallis H test were used to assess the normality of data and to compare the differences between groups, respectively. The most striking finding from the analysis is a significant disconnect between awareness and adoption. While professionals in Ondo State (study site) are generally familiar with green building policies, implementation lags. This underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to close this gap and expedite the city’s transition towards sustainable construction practices. This research supports the achievement of several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), and Climate Action (SDG 13). By advancing green construction practices, this study contributes to these global objectives, highlighting their importance and applicability beyond the local context of Akure.

1. Introduction

The global construction industry plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change through the adoption of green building practices and sustainable policies. As both developed and developing countries grapple with the environmental impacts of rapid urbanization, construction practices have emerged as a focal point for achieving environmental sustainability [1,2]. In Nigeria, for example, recent political efforts, such as the establishment of the Presidential Committee on Climate Action and Green Economic Solutions, underscore the nation’s commitment to sustainable development and climate action [3]. Also, at the COP28 World Climate Action Summit, President Bola Tinubu emphasized Nigeria’s goal to become Africa’s green manufacturing hub, promoting environmental initiatives like the Great Green Wall project to combat desertification [4]. These initiatives signify a strategic shift towards a green economy, crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

However, despite these efforts, significant challenges hinder the transition of Nigeria’s construction industry towards sustainability. Awareness and enforcement of green construction policies remain inconsistent across the country, particularly in regions such as southwestern Nigeria, including Akure, Ondo State. Akure’s urbanization has been accompanied by challenges such as flooding and inadequate climate-resilient infrastructure, highlighting the critical need for robust green building policies [5,6]. Moreover, barriers such as limited regulatory frameworks, lack of financial incentives, and inadequate access to sustainable building materials hinder the widespread adoption of green construction practices [1]. These issues expose a critical gap in both policy enforcement and the practical implementation of sustainability strategies within the construction sector.

This study seeks to address the identified gap by investigating the current state of green construction policies in Akure, Ondo State. Specifically, the research will answer the following questions:

• What is the level of awareness and understanding of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure?
• To what extent have green construction policies been adopted and implemented in construction projects within Akure?
• What are the discrepancies between the awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure?
• What strategies can be identified for bridging the gap between awareness and implementation of green construction policies among construction professionals?

This study will focus on construction practitioners in Akure, including architects, engineers, builders, contractors, and project managers. These professionals play a crucial role in the design, planning, and implementation of construction projects and therefore have a significant influence on the adoption of green building practices. This study is novel in its focus on Akure, Ondo State, a rapidly growing urban center in Nigeria. Akure’s urban expansion, coupled with its vulnerability to climate-related challenges such as flooding, highlights the urgent need for climate-resilient and sustainable construction practices [4,5,7]. The novelty of this research also lies in its exploration of the disconnect between awareness and implementation of green construction policies in a southwestern Nigerian city. While this study focuses on Akure, the findings can provide insights applicable to similar urban centers across Nigeria, particularly those undergoing rapid development and facing environmental challenges. However, we acknowledge that variations may exist across different regions due to socio-economic, policy, and environmental differences. Future research could expand the scope to include multiple cities across Nigeria for a broader perspective. Nevertheless, the findings of this study will be valuable for policymakers, urban planners, and construction professionals seeking to bridge the gap between awareness and the actual application of green building policies, contributing to a more sustainable construction industry in Nigeria and similar contexts.

The findings will contribute directly to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the areas of Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), and Climate Action (SDG 13). Moreover, by proposing collaborative strategies for policymakers, industry professionals, and local communities, this study emphasizes the importance of Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17) in achieving sustainable construction practices. The full list of the SDGs are presented in

Table 1. Table of all 17 SDGs.

SDG Number	Sustainable Development Goal
SDG 1	No Poverty
SDG 2	Zero Hunger
SDG 3	Good Health and Well-being
SDG 4	Quality Education
SDG 5	Gender Equality
SDG 6	Clean Water and Sanitation
SDG 7	Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 8	Decent Work and Economic Growth
SDG 9	Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
SDG 10	Reduced Inequality
SDG 11	Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG 12	Responsible Consumption and Production
SDG 13	Climate Action
SDG 14	Life Below Water
SDG 15	Life on Land
SDG 16	Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
SDG 17	Partnerships for the Goals

. Overall, this study contributes to the global discourse on sustainable development and disaster resilience, offering key insights for local and international stakeholders committed to achieving these critical SDGs.

2. Literature Review

This section examines the situation of Akure, existing research on green construction practices, gaps in the existing literature, and the relationship between green construction and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

2.1. Contextualizing the Situation of Akure, Ondo State

While southwestern Nigeria, encompassing states like Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, and Ondo, experiences a predictable cycle of wet and dry seasons with a tropical climate [8], climate change has disrupted these patterns. These regions now face more frequent and intense rainfall events, leading to widespread and devastating floods that not only cause significant damage to infrastructure but also pose serious risks to public health and safety [5]. Akure, the capital of Ondo State, serves as a prime example of this growing threat. In 2019, intense flooding caused the Ogbese River to overflow its banks, wreaking havoc in the Ayede Ogbese area of the Akure North Local Government Area [7]. Also, major streets and neighborhoods across Akure were submerged in July of last year, with areas like Oja Oba, Ondo Road, Isikan, Oyemekun, Alagbaka, and Ijoka being particularly hard hit. According to ref. [6], several houses were completely submerged by the floodwaters and numerous families were displaced, resulting in extensive property damage and significant economic losses. This pattern of extreme weather events continued into 2024. The state capital experienced a harrowing episode earlier this year as heavy rains triggered severe flooding in the Oke-Ogba/Awule/Adebowale area [6]. The floodwaters ravaged homes and properties, displacing residents and causing millions of naira in damages [9]. These flooding events in Akure underscore the vulnerabilities in the city’s infrastructure and the pressing need for timely and responsive efforts to mitigate such risks. While improved drainage infrastructure plays a crucial role, a shift towards green construction policies and programs can be instrumental in mitigating the impacts of flooding and building a more resilient urban environment [10]. In the context of this study, green construction policies and programs refer to regulatory frameworks, incentives and initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable building practices.

2.2. Overview of Green Construction Policies

Having understood some of the flooding issues plaguing Akure, and indeed across the world, in the face of climate change, several green construction policies and programs have emerged. One such policy gaining momentum is building codes and standards which provide a framework for ensuring that buildings are safe, sustainable, and energy efficient [11]. The regulations often include guidelines on energy use, water conservation, indoor environmental quality, and the use of sustainable materials. Research has shown that stringent building codes can significantly reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. According to ref. [12], implementing energy-efficient building codes can reduce energy consumption in buildings by up to 30% compared to buildings without such standards. Green certification requirements, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), provide a standardized approach to measuring a building’s environmental performance. These certifications encourage builders and developers to adopt sustainable practices [13]. However, ref. [14] notes that the primary challenge with green certification requirements is the cost and complexity associated with obtaining certification. According to the study, small developers may find it difficult to meet the stringent criteria due to financial or technical constraints. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and recertification to ensure that buildings maintain their green status over time [15]. In Nigeria, the government has developed national standards and guidelines to encourage sustainable building practices. The Nigerian Building Code includes provisions on energy efficiency, water conservation, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the Energy Efficiency Building Code (EEBC), developed by the Federal Ministry of Power, Works, and Housing in collaboration with the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP), provides mandatory energy efficiency guidelines for residential, commercial, and public buildings. The Nigeria Green Building Council (NGBC) also promotes green certification frameworks that align with local environmental conditions and energy demands. Furthermore, regulatory bodies such as the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) set environmental compliance standards for construction activities to mitigate ecological degradation [5,6,16].

Zoning regulations and land use planning are also essential for promoting sustainable development and reducing the environmental impact of construction activities. According to ref. [17], these policies control the use of land in a way that supports green building practices, such as promoting higher-density developments, preserving green spaces, and reducing urban sprawl. The research conducted in ref. [18] found that cities with comprehensive land use planning and zoning regulations have lower per capita energy consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Also, the promotion of mixed-use developments and transit-oriented designs can significantly reduce the need for private vehicle use, further contributing to sustainability goals [19]. Nevertheless, implementing effective zoning regulations requires careful planning and collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, developers, and the community [17]. Likewise, forest protection and restoration initiatives, equally critical as they aim to preserve existing forests and restore degraded ones, are crucial for maintaining biodiversity, sequestering carbon, and providing sustainable construction materials [20]. However, the success of forest protection and restoration in developing countries hinges on tackling challenges like illegal logging, agricultural land conversion, and weak enforcement. As ref. [19] highlights, engaging local communities is crucial for long-term sustainability as this not only helps in preserving forests but also provides socio-economic benefits to the communities involved [16].

Streamlining the permitting process for green construction projects is another critical green construction policy. This can significantly reduce delays and costs associated with building approvals, encouraging developers to adopt sustainable practices by making the process easier and more cost-effective [18]. The main challenge in streamlining the permitting process is ensuring that the expedited procedures do not compromise the quality and safety of construction [14]. Therefore, adequate training and resources for permitting officials are necessary to maintain standards while facilitating faster approvals [15]. Similarly, public procurement streamlining, which involves simplifying and optimizing the processes through which government agencies purchase goods and services, can significantly enhance the adoption of green building practices [21]. Moreover, these policies often result in long-term cost savings for public agencies due to lower operational and maintenance costs [16]. Additionally, studies have indicated that international trade policies that reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers on green products can enhance the adoption of sustainable construction practices. For example, the authors of ref. [22] found that lowering trade barriers for renewable energy technologies led to increased deployment of these technologies worldwide. Similarly, trade policies that support the import of energy-efficient building materials can reduce the carbon footprint of construction projects [23]. Green mortgage programs further incentivize green construction by offering favorable financing options for energy-efficient and sustainable buildings [24]. These programs can include lower interest rates, higher loan amounts, and extended repayment terms, making it easier for homeowners and developers to invest in sustainable practices [25].

Furthermore, landscape restoration programs are essential for creating sustainable environments that support green construction practices [16]. These programs aim to rehabilitate degraded lands and ecosystems, improving biodiversity, water quality, and carbon sequestration. The authors of ref. [26] suggest that landscape restoration can also improve soil health and enhance water retention, contributing to more resilient ecosystems crucial for sustainable development. However, implementing these programs requires substantial investment, long-term commitment, and support of local communities. Thus, there is a need for comprehensive planning and coordination among various stakeholders to address the complex ecological, social, and economic factors involved in landscape restoration. In the same vein, climate change adaptation strategies proactively enhance the resilience of buildings and infrastructure to the escalating threats of climate change, including rising temperatures, extreme weather, and sea-level rise [27]. These forward-thinking approaches are critical for ensuring the long-term sustainability of construction projects. As expressed in ref. [28], every dollar invested in resilience and adaptation measures saves four dollars in future disaster recovery costs. Offering incentives for retrofitting existing buildings can significantly improve their energy efficiency and environmental performance, even for older structures. As ref. [12] found, such green construction programs can also enhance indoor air quality and occupant comfort, ultimately leading to higher property values and lower operating costs. Also, financial incentives and rebates can take various forms, including tax credits, grants, and low-interest loans, aimed at offsetting the higher initial costs associated with sustainable building practices [15].

Table 2. Summary of green construction policies and programs.

Green Construction Policies and Programs	Literature Sources
Biodiversity conservation laws	[14,15,25]
Building codes and standards	[15,18,21]
Carbon-pricing mechanisms	[18,21,27]
Climate change adaptation strategies	[12,15,25]
Community-based forestry management	[18,21,22]
Construction and demolition waste management	[12,18,27]
Financial incentives and rebates	[13,22,25]
Forest protection and restoration initiatives	[14,15,17]
Green certification requirements	[18,21,22]
Green mortgage programs	[12,25,27]
Incentives for retrofitting existing buildings	[15,20,28]
International trade policies	[14,15,27]
Landscape restoration programs	[18,25,27]
Permitting process streamlining	[12,18,22]
Protected areas’ designation	[20,25,27]
Public procurement streamlining	[13,14,15]
Renewable energy targets	[13,15,28]
Tax incentives and government subsidies	[12,13,22],
Timber-harvesting regulations	[13,15,20]
Zoning regulations and land use planning	[14,15,17]

(Source: tables created by authors).

provides a summary of the green construction policies and programs utilized for further analysis.

2.3. Gaps in the Existing Literature

While the adoption of green construction policies has been well-documented globally, few studies have examined the specific situation in Nigeria, particularly within cities like Akure. The existing research has often focused on general barriers to sustainable construction in developing countries, such as the lack of infrastructure, insufficient policy enforcement, and financial constraints [1,10]. However, regional variations in the awareness and adoption of green policies within Nigeria remain largely unexplored. Additionally, no studies have specifically addressed the challenges faced by construction professionals in Akure, a city that has experienced significant growth in construction activities but continues to grapple with issues like flooding and inadequate policy enforcement. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating the level of awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure, Ondo State. Unlike previous studies that have focused on broader national or global trends, this research will provide a localized analysis of the situation in Akure and propose actionable strategies for improving the adoption of sustainable construction practices in similar regions.

2.4. Green Construction and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serve as a global framework for addressing critical environmental, social, and economic challenges. Among the 17 goals, several are directly relevant to sustainable construction practices, particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). These goals emphasize the importance of adopting environmentally responsible practices, enhancing resilience against climate-related disasters, and fostering resource-efficient construction methodologies. Green construction policies, such as energy-efficient building codes, green certifications, and land use planning, align with the objectives of SDG 11 by promoting sustainable urban development and reducing environmental impacts. Also, the implementation of energy-efficient building codes can significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions, supporting the global climate action agenda of SDG 13. Similarly, the promotion of circular economy principles through the use of recycled materials and waste reduction in construction directly aligns with SDG 12, fostering responsible production and consumption patterns. Overall, this study contributes to the discourse on SDGs by exploring how green construction practices in Akure, Ondo State, can support the achievement of these global goals. It also aims to bridge the gap between global SDG priorities and their local application, providing insights into the specific challenges and opportunities for integrating sustainable development principles into Nigeria’s construction sector.

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Identification of Green Construction Policies and Programs

This study identified green construction policies and programs by examining scholarly articles across various academic databases such as ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Web of Science, Emerald Insight, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis Online, SAGE Journals, and Scopus. A systematic review of these databases was performed using a pre-defined search strategy to ensure transparency and replicability. To be considered for inclusion, the studies needed to focus on policies and programs that directly addressed environmental considerations throughout a building’s life cycle, as summarized in Table 2. The inclusion criteria were explicitly defined as policies or programs addressing at least one phase of a building’s life cycle (design, construction, or operation), explicitly aiming to reduce environmental impact, and documented in peer-reviewed or government publications.

3.2. Screening and Inclusion Criteria

To ensure the methodological rigor of this study, a three-tier screening process was employed:

• Initial title and abstract screening to exclude irrelevant studies.
• Full-text review to verify adherence to inclusion criteria.
• Data extraction, focusing on policy objectives, geographical context, and impact on environmental sustainability.

Exclusion criteria were also applied: policies or programs that did not have clear environmental objectives or were limited to non-construction sectors (e.g., transportation, manufacturing) were excluded. This study also ensured the inclusion of a balanced representation of policies from diverse geographical regions to provide a global perspective on green construction practices.

3.3. Search Strategy

A systematic search strategy was employed, utilizing specific keywords such as “green building policies”, “sustainable construction programs”, and “environmental design standards” in combination with Boolean operators across all databases.

3.4. Research Philosophy and Approach

A post-positivist philosophical stance informed the quantitative research approach. This approach was selected to assess both the awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

3.5. Survey Design and Sampling

A structured questionnaire survey was administered to construction professionals, including architects, builders, engineers, quantity surveyors, and project managers [29]. The inclusion criteria for respondents required that participants (1) be professionally certified by relevant bodies, (2) have at least three years of professional experience, and (3) possess knowledge of or exposure to sustainable construction practices. The exclusion criteria ruled out interns, trainees, and professionals operating outside Akure. This ensured that the respondents had adequate expertise and familiarity with green construction policies.

3.6. Sampling Method

Due to the decentralized nature of professional registration bodies and the difficulty in obtaining a complete and up-to-date list of professionals, a combination of purposive and snowball sampling was used. This sampling combination helped to identify and include participants based on their specific qualifications and experiences in the construction sector [30]. Purposive sampling targeted respondents with known expertise in green construction policies and programs, while the snowball sampling method relied on referrals from initial participants to expand the participant pool [31]. Efforts were made to ensure diversity among respondents, including professionals from various disciplines, such as architects, engineers, builders, and project managers, to avoid over-representation of any single group. To reach out to the respondents, a variety of methods were employed. These included direct invitations via email and personal visits to construction firms and professional organizations in Akure. Social media platforms such as LinkedIn were leveraged to contact and engage potential respondents. However, the purposive snowball sampling approach has some inherent limitations. First, purposive sampling, by design, focuses on selecting participants with specific knowledge or expertise, which may result in the exclusion of individuals with different perspectives or experiences that are also relevant to the study. This selective nature could lead to a sample that is not fully representative of the broader construction professional community. Despite this limitation, efforts were made to mitigate potential biases by diversifying the pool of respondents across different professional disciplines and ensuring a broad range of expertise within the construction sector. Nevertheless, the findings of this study should be interpreted with the understanding that these sampling methods may not have captured the full diversity of perspectives within the broader population of construction professionals in Akure.

3.7. Study Site Context

The study site is Akure, Ondo State, a region that has witnessed significant growth in construction activities in recent years. This surge has spurred an increased focus on sustainable building practices and environmental considerations, particularly in response to recent challenges like frequent flooding and the impacts of climate change in the region [32]. Consequently, the implementation of green construction policies is seen as critical not only for mitigating environmental degradation but also for ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience within the built environment.

3.8. Data Collection and Instrumentation

To assess the awareness and adoption levels of green construction policies and programs among construction professionals, a well-structured questionnaire was chosen to collect data from respondents. This decision was informed by several key advantages of questionnaires. Firstly, their standardized approach streamlines the data collection process, ensuring consistency in the information gathered from each participant [33]. Additionally, questionnaires can be administered to a large number of respondents relatively quickly and easily, making them a suitable choice for studies requiring a broad sample size. The opinions of respondents were measured using a Likert scale due to their ability to capture a range of viewpoints. This scale used a series of ordered response options, such as 1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = neutral, 4 = high, and 5 = very high. The numerical values assigned to each response option allowed for easy data analysis and the calculation of central tendencies and dispersion. Close-ended questionnaires were chosen for this study as they provided measurable and quantitative data, aligning well with the use of a Likert scale. The questionnaire itself was divided into three sections, as shown in Appendix A. The first section gathered demographic data about the respondents. The second section assessed the levels of awareness of the various green construction policies and programs, while the third section assessed the levels of adoption of these same policies and programs. To disseminate the questionnaires, Google Forms was employed due to its status as a free and user-friendly online tool. This platform also offers built-in data collection and analysis features [34].

3.9. Pilot Study

Before questionnaire dissemination, a pilot study was conducted to refine the instrument and ensure its clarity, validity, and reliability [35]. The pilot study involved administering the questionnaire to a sample of 12 industry professionals in Akure. These professionals included architects, builders, engineers, quantity surveyors, and project managers, all with proven expertise in sustainable construction practices. Their feedback was instrumental in ensuring the final version was clear, well-understood, and capable of generating accurate and reliable data. Feedback from the pilot study was specifically used to adjust unclear questions, add missing but relevant variables, and reduce redundancy. Several construction-related studies have also found pilot studies useful, such as refs. [3,36].

3.10. Data Analysis

The purposive snowball sampling approach yielded a sample of 224 construction professionals. Of these, 143 responded to the questionnaire, resulting in a 64% response rate. This response rate is considered satisfactory for studies in the construction field [37]. For data analysis, Cronbach’s alpha test was conducted to assess the internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire. According to ref. [38], Cronbach’s α provides a score between 0 and 1, with higher scores indicating greater internal consistency. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the background information of the respondents. The Shapiro–Wilk normality test was employed to assess whether the data on awareness and adoption levels of green construction policies followed a normal distribution [39]. The Kruskal–Wallis chi-square test was then used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the awareness and adoption levels of green construction policies and programs across different groups of respondents [40]. This non-parametric test was chosen because the data did not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as the normality of distribution. The Kruskal–Wallis test is ideal for comparing more than two independent groups when the dependent variable is ordinal or when the data are not normally distributed. Given that the awareness and adoption levels of green construction policies were measured on ordinal scales and the sample groups were independent, the Kruskal–Wallis test provided a robust method for assessing differences across these groups without assuming a normal distribution.

4. Results

4.1. Background Details of Respondents

The academic qualifications of the respondents varied significantly. A total of 17 respondents (11.9%) held an ordinary national diploma (OND), while 12 respondents (8.4%) had a higher national diploma (HND). The largest group of respondents, comprising 61 individuals (42.7%), held a bachelor’s degree (B. Tech/B. Sc). Additionally, 45 respondents (31.4%) had achieved a master’s degree (M. Tech/M.Sc.) and 8 respondents (5.6%) had attained a PhD. Architects constituted 23.1% of the sample, with 33 respondents, while builders made up 17.4%, with 25 respondents. Engineers were the largest professional group, comprising 30.1%, with 43 respondents. Project managers accounted for 15.4% of the sample, with 22 respondents. The years of experience among respondents also varied widely. There were 29 respondents (20.3%) with 1 to 5 years of experience and 15 respondents (10.5%) with 6 to 10 years of experience. The largest group, 42 respondents (29.4%), had 11 to 15 years of experience, while 39 respondents (27.3%) had 16 to 20 years of experience. Additionally, 18 respondents (12.5%) had over 20 years of experience. This suggests that the participants possessed the professional expertise and practical experience necessary to provide insights into the current state of awareness and adoption of green construction practices.

4.2. Level of Awareness of Green Construction Policies in the Construction Industry

Table 3. Level of awareness of green construction practices and programs.

Green Construction Practices and Programs	Architects		Quantity Surveyors		Engineers		Builders		Overall		Kruskal–Wallis
	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	χ2	Sig.
Building codes and standards	3.97	7	3.31	18	3.11	20	4.24	4	4.73	1	40.519	0.000 *
Financial incentives and rebates	3.88	11	4.29	4	4.02	10	4.19	5	4.69	2	20.081	0.000 *
Green certification requirements	4.24	4	3.81	13	4.00	11	4.11	9	4.53	3	5.663	0.129
Zoning regulations and land use planning	3.35	13	4.11	8	3.49	16	3.99	10	4.47	4	34.024	0.000 *
Forest protection and restoration initiatives	3.22	16	4.02	10	3.16	19	3.98	11	4.41	5	14.286	0.003 *
Community-based forestry management	3.96	8	3.18	20	4.36	2	3.78	16	4.37	6	5.545	0.136
Permitting process streamlining	4.35	3	4.60	2	3.25	17	3.82	15	4.29	7	0.168	0.919
Public procurement streamlining	3.93	9	3.28	19	3.81	14	3.84	14	4.21	8	1.147	0.564
International trade policies	4.93	1	3.45	16	4.23	3	4.14	7	4.18	10	5.551	0.062
Incentives for retrofitting existing buildings	3.93	9	4.88	1	3.22	18	3.87	13	4.18	10	0.878	0.645
Landscape restoration programs	3.13	17	4.09	9	4.04	9	4.25	3	4.18	10	1.699	0.482
Climate change adaptation strategies	2.70	20	3.34	17	3.59	15	3.69	18	4.12	12	0.533	0.766
Renewable energy targets	3.24	15	4.25	6	4.14	6	3.71	17	4.06	13	0.425	0.809
Biodiversity conservation laws	3.98	6	3.77	14	3.91	12	4.33	2	4.04	14	3.636	0.162
Green mortgage programs	3.52	12	4.15	7	4.19	4	4.15	6	4.03	15	10.545	0.004 *
Tax incentives and government subsidies	4.00	5	3.94	12	4.18	5	3.08	20	3.92	16	1.261	0.532
Timber-harvesting regulations	3.11	18	3.65	15	4.14	6	3.90	12	3.80	17	0.869	0.648
Protected areas’ designation	4.72	2	4.41	3	3.86	13	4.39	1	3.71	18	0.744	0.689
Construction and demolition waste management	3.33	14	4.27	5	4.14	6	3.54	19	3.31	19	4.474	0.109
Carbon-pricing mechanisms	3.09	19	4.00	11	4.54	1	4.13	8	3.14	20	2.225	0.329

* Significant at p < 0.05; χ² = chi-square (table created by authors).

illustrates the level of awareness of various green construction practices and programs among different professional groups—architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and builders—as well as the overall awareness. The findings reveal notable differences in awareness levels, with statistical significance indicated by the Kruskal–Wallis chi-square test. A Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.819 was obtained from the reliability statistics, indicating good internal consistency for the scale of items. The significance of these scale items was determined using a mean value threshold of 3.5. Therefore, scores of 3.5 or above indicate significant awareness of the policy or program. Conversely, scores below 3.5 suggest lower awareness, possibly indicating a need for further education or outreach efforts. This threshold for mean values has been used in similar studies, such as ref. [41]. Awareness was assessed with a five-point Likert scale, with 1 = very low awareness, 2 = low awareness, 3 = neutral, 4 = high awareness, and 5 = very high awareness. Table 3 also revealed that architects exhibit the highest awareness in areas such as international trade policies (Mean = 4.93, Rank = 1) and protected areas’ designation (Mean = 4.72, Rank = 2), while they show the lowest awareness in climate change adaptation strategies (Mean = 2.70, Rank = 20). This variability suggests that architects prioritize international and environmental policy knowledge over direct climate change adaptation strategies. Quantity surveyors demonstrate the highest awareness of incentives for retrofitting existing buildings (Mean = 4.88, Rank = 1) and permitting process streamlining (Mean = 4.60, Rank = 2). However, their awareness is significantly lower for community-based forestry management (Mean = 3.18, Rank = 20) and building codes and standards (Mean = 3.31, Rank = 18). This indicates a strong focus on financial and procedural incentives, but less so on community and regulatory practices. The rankings of items for engineers show their preference for economic and community-based practices over standard regulations and environmental protection, while builders appear to focus more on conservation laws and protected areas and less on financial incentives and waste management.

Overall, the highest levels of awareness across all groups are in building codes and standards (Mean = 4.73, Rank = 1), financial incentives and rebates (Mean = 4.69, Rank = 2), and green certification requirements (Mean = 4.53, Rank = 3). Statistical analysis reveals significant differences (p < 0.05) in awareness levels for several practices, including building codes and standards (χ² = 40.519, Sig. = 0.000), financial incentives and rebates (χ² = 20.081, Sig. = 0.000), zoning regulations and land use planning (χ² = 34.024, Sig. = 0.000), forest protection and restoration initiatives (χ² = 14.286, Sig. = 0.003), and green mortgage programs (χ² = 10.545, Sig. = 0.004). These differences highlight the varying levels of awareness and prioritization of green construction practices across professional groups. Most importantly, 18 out of the 20 policies and programs exhibited mean values above the 3.5 threshold, indicating a relatively high level of awareness across the board. This suggests that while there are differences in focus among the various professional groups, there is a general awareness and acknowledgment of the importance of green construction practices and programs. The consistent mean values above 3.5 underscore the growing recognition and integration of sustainable practices within the construction industry.

4.3. Level of Adoption of Green Construction Policies in the Construction Industry

Table 4. Level of usage of green construction practices and programs.

Green Construction Practices and Programs	Architects		Quantity Surveyors		Engineers		Builders		Overall		Kruskal–Wallis
	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	Mean	Rank	χ2	Sig.
Building codes and standards	3.68	1	3.55	3	3.15	10	3.54	4	3.60	1	3.522	0.532
Financial incentives and rebates	3.46	3	3.56	2	3.42	4	3.57	2	3.58	2	0.320	0.689
Green certification requirements	3.13	7	3.05	8	2.75	17	3.04	8	3.56	3	5.450	0.129
Zoning regulations and land use planning	3.24	5	2.85	10	3.30	7	2.86	10	3.55	4	1.670	0.310
Forest protection and restoration initiatives	2.60	15	2.90	9	2.88	15	2.91	9	3.53	5	1.220	0.706
Community-based forestry management	3.45	4	3.51	6	3.55	1	3.50	6	3.52	6	40.030	0.136
Permitting process streamlining	2.90	12	3.10	7	2.95	13	3.11	7	3.49	7	5.200	0.451
Public procurement streamlining	3.11	8	3.55	3	3.12	11	3.56	3	3.48	8	0.110	0.645
International trade policies	3.22	6	2.85	10	2.68	18	2.84	11	3.47	9	4.270	0.225
Incentives for retrofitting existing buildings	2.30	18	2.60	15	3.38	5	2.61	16	3.42	10	0.702	0.809
Landscape restoration programs	2.80	13	3.60	1	2.82	16	3.59	1	3.30	11	2.180	0.062
Climate change adaptation strategies	3.00	11	2.65	14	3.20	9	2.66	14	3.06	12	0.860	0.766
Renewable energy targets	3.52	2	2.50	18	2.60	19	2.49	19	2.87	13	1.332	0.482
Biodiversity conservation laws	2.40	17	3.55	3	3.48	3	3.53	5	2.78	14	14.000	0.162
Green mortgage programs	3.09	9	2.55	17	2.90	14	2.54	17	2.67	15	10.000	0.104
Tax incentives and government subsidies	2.20	19	2.45	20	3.27	8	2.44	20	2.63	16	0.958	0.564
Timber-harvesting regulations	2.50	16	2.80	12	2.50	20	2.79	12	2.62	17	20.033	0.109
Protected areas’ designation	2.70	14	2.60	15	3.33	6	2.62	15	2.55	18	34.000	0.919
Construction and demolition waste management	2.10	20	2.70	13	3.51	2	2.71	13	2.48	19	5.209	0.648
Carbon-pricing mechanisms	3.05	10	2.50	18	3.05	12	2.52	18	2.45	20	2.211	0.329

illustrates the levels of adoption of various green construction practices and programs among the different professional groups. A Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.913 was observed for this scale of items, indicating good internal consistency. Again, scores of 3.5 or above indicate significant adoption of the policy or program. On the other hand, scores below 3.5 suggest lower adoption, possibly indicating a need for further implementation efforts. Adoption was assessed with a five-point Likert scale, with 1 = very low adoption, 2 = low adoption, 3 = neutral, 4 = high adoption, and 5 = very high adoption. As shown in Table 4, quantity surveyors demonstrate the highest adoption in landscape restoration programs (Mean = 3.60, Rank = 1) and financial incentives and rebates (Mean = 3.56, Rank = 2). However, their adoption is significantly lower for tax incentives and government subsidies (Mean = 2.45, Rank = 20). This indicates a strong focus on procedural and financial incentives but less so on tax-related and carbon-pricing measures. Engineers report the highest adoption levels in community-based forestry management (Mean = 3.55, Rank = 1) and construction and demolition waste management (Mean = 3.51, Rank = 2), with the lowest adoption in timber-harvesting regulations (Mean = 2.50, Rank = 20). This suggests a preference for community-focused and waste management practices over timber and trade regulations. Architects exhibit the highest adoption levels in building codes and standards (Mean = 3.68, Rank = 1) and renewable energy targets (Mean = 3.52, Rank = 2), while builders have the highest adoption levels in landscape restoration programs (Mean = 3.59, Rank = 1) and public procurement streamlining (Mean = 3.56, Rank = 3).

Overall, the highest levels of adoption across all groups are in building codes and standards (Mean = 3.60, Rank = 1), financial incentives and rebates (Mean = 3.58, Rank = 2), and green certification requirements (Mean = 3.56, Rank = 3). Statistical analysis reveals no significant differences (p < 0.05) in adoption levels for most practices, indicating a relatively uniform level of adoption across different professional groups. Table 4 also reveals that just six policies or programs were above the 3.50 threshold set for significant adoption. These include building codes and standards, financial incentives and rebates, green certification requirements, community-based forestry management, landscape restoration programs, and public procurement streamlining. This highlights that while there is a relatively high awareness of these policies and programs, very few are adopted at a significant level across the industry. This disparity suggests that despite the general awareness, there are barriers to the widespread adoption of many green construction practices.

5. Mean Gap Analysis for Awareness Versus Adoption

Figure 1 presents a mean gap analysis of various green construction practices and programs, providing insights into the awareness and adoption patterns among respondents. Higher figures in the ‘mean gap’ trend indicate larger disparities between awareness and adoption for each respective practice or program. For example, initiatives like green mortgage programs (Mean gap = 1.36), tax incentives and government subsidies (Mean gap = 1.29), and biodiversity conservation laws (Mean gap = 1.26) show significant gaps between how well-known these practices are and how widely they are implemented. On the other hand, smaller figures in the ‘mean gap’ trend suggest that awareness and adoption are relatively closer and show narrower gaps, indicating that these practices are more closely aligned in terms of awareness and implementation. Overall, Figure 1 shows that there are notable discrepancies between perceived knowledge and actual implementation across a range of policies and programs. For instance, while awareness levels are generally high across the board, from building codes and financial incentives to green certification and zoning regulations, the adoption rates often lag. This suggests that while stakeholders are informed about these sustainable practices and policies, substantial challenges or barriers prevent widespread implementation. The most striking aspect is the significant gap observed in adoption for initiatives such as renewable energy targets, biodiversity conservation laws, and green mortgage programs, indicating areas where more focused efforts may be needed to translate awareness into action.

6. Discussions and Implications of the Findings

This study investigated both the awareness and implementation of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure, Nigeria. By analyzing not just how familiar professionals are with these policies, but also the extent to which they are applied in local projects, this research identified gaps between knowledge and action. In the findings from this study, 18 out of the 20 policies and programs exhibited high mean values, indicating a relatively high level of awareness across the board. This suggests that there is generally a strong foundation of knowledge regarding green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure. As highlighted by [3,42], developing countries are increasingly recognizing the environmental and economic benefits of sustainable construction practices. This broader societal shift can contribute to a growing interest and knowledge base among construction professionals. Also, several developing countries are now implementing stricter regulations and offering incentives to encourage green construction practices. Studies like refs. [10,43] suggest that these policies can raise awareness and nudge industry behavior towards more sustainable approaches. Increased media coverage of sustainability issues and discussions within the construction industry itself have been found to raise awareness among professionals, even in developing settings like Akure. For instance, the devastating floods that plagued the Ondo State capital this year in the Oke-Ogba/Awule/Adebowale area ravaged homes and properties, displacing residents and causing millions of naira in damages [6]. This event captured the attention of international media outlets and sparked local discussions about flood mitigation strategies and the importance of resilient construction practices.

Despite the general awareness of green policies and programs among construction professionals, the low rate of adoption indicates a disconnect between awareness and action. Table 4 revealed that as of the time of this study, only six policies or programs out of 20 had mean values signifying significant adoption. This significant gap between awareness and implementation underscores a serious issue, and several existing studies have explored the barriers contributing to this gap. For instance, the authors of ref. [44] underscore the lack of financial incentives as a serious impediment to widespread adoption. Their findings emphasize the need for stronger financial support mechanisms to encourage construction professionals to embrace green practices fully. Moreover, other studies, such as refs. [1,45], have identified regulatory complexities and a lack of clear standards as additional barriers hindering the adoption of sustainable construction practices. Addressing these barriers through targeted policy interventions, clearer regulatory frameworks, and enhanced financial incentives is crucial to bridging the gap between awareness and action in green construction initiatives. By doing so, stakeholders can facilitate a more effective transition towards sustainable building practices, ensuring environmental responsibility and long-term economic benefits.

Additionally, the fragmented nature of the construction industry itself poses a significant challenge. According to ref. [46], the lack of coordination and collaboration among different stakeholders often leads to disjointed efforts in implementing sustainable practices. Ref. [45] adds that without cohesive efforts and shared goals, achieving widespread adoption of green construction practices becomes increasingly difficult. Therefore, fostering a collaborative environment where all stakeholders are aligned and committed to sustainability goals is essential [3]. Furthermore, technological barriers can also hinder the adoption of green construction practices. According to ref. [47], the upfront costs associated with adopting new technologies for energy efficiency, waste management, and sustainable materials can be prohibitive for many stakeholders, particularly smaller firms or individual builders. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological advancements requires ongoing investment in research and development to keep up with emerging solutions that meet both environmental and economic objectives [3].

The significant gap between awareness and adoption has critical implications for the construction industry’s progress towards sustainability. While awareness provides a foundation for sustainable practices, the lack of adoption means that the benefits of green construction—such as reduced energy consumption, minimized waste, and enhanced environmental resilience—are not being realized to their full potential. This stagnation may exacerbate existing environmental challenges, such as flooding and resource depletion, which are already affecting cities like Akure. Economically, the low adoption rates of green policies could result in missed opportunities for cost savings and efficiency improvements in construction processes. For instance, failure to adopt energy-efficient technologies or waste management practices could lead to higher operational costs and inefficiencies in resource use. Socially, the gap may hinder the industry’s ability to build structures that enhance the quality of life for residents and provide resilience against climate-related disasters, such as flooding. Moreover, the disparity could harm the industry’s competitiveness in global markets, where sustainability standards are becoming increasingly stringent. Construction professionals in Akure and similar settings risk falling behind their peers in regions where green construction practices are widely adopted. This gap highlights the urgent need for strategic interventions to convert awareness into action. This is further discussed in Section 7. Without decisive action to close the gap, the construction industry’s transition to sustainability will remain slow and fragmented, undermining efforts to achieve environmental, social, and economic objectives in Akure and beyond.

7. Roadmap for Bridging the Awareness Versus Adoption Gap Observed in This Study

The findings presented in Table 4 highlight a significant gap between awareness and the adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure. While there is high awareness of these policies, the adoption rates are much lower, indicating that knowledge is not translating into action. This awareness–adoption gap can be attributed to several barriers identified in this study, such as financial constraints, regulatory complexity, and a lack of technical expertise.

Many construction professionals, particularly those working with small- to medium-sized firms, find the initial costs of adopting green construction technologies and materials prohibitive. That aligns with the findings of this study, where high upfront costs were cited as a significant deterrent despite strong awareness of green building practices. To overcome this barrier, financial incentives should be introduced. Drawing from the experiences of countries like Germany, China, and Singapore, Akure could implement government subsidies, tax breaks, grants, and low-interest loans specifically for green construction projects. These financial support mechanisms would significantly reduce the financial burden on construction professionals and encourage them to adopt sustainable practices, thus bridging the gap between awareness and adoption.

Another critical barrier is the complexity of the regulatory framework surrounding green construction. This study found that unclear standards and complicated building codes are major obstacles preventing the full implementation of green construction practices. To address this, it is important to streamline regulatory processes. This could involve reviewing and simplifying the green building codes and permitting procedures, making them more accessible to construction professionals. Clear, concise guidelines outlining green building requirements would also help stakeholders better understand and comply with the regulations, ultimately improving the adoption of sustainable construction practices.

In addition to financial and regulatory barriers, the lack of technical expertise among construction professionals is another challenge highlighted by this study. Although professionals may be aware of sustainable building methods, they often lack the skills necessary to implement these practices effectively. To address this, Akure should invest in specialized training programs that focus on green construction techniques. Collaboration with universities and technical institutions could help integrate sustainability into educational curricula and provide hands-on training in energy-efficient technologies, sustainable materials, and waste management practices. By equipping professionals with the necessary skills, these programs would enable them to transition from theoretical knowledge to practical application, fostering greater adoption of green construction practices.

Furthermore, the fragmented nature of the construction industry in Akure, as identified in this study, hampers coordinated efforts to promote sustainability. To overcome this challenge, it is crucial to promote collaboration among various stakeholders, including government bodies, industry associations, academia, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Public–private partnerships and multi-stakeholder initiatives can help pool resources, share best practices, and foster innovation in sustainable construction. By aligning efforts across different sectors, Akure can build a more cohesive strategy for implementing green construction practices and overcoming the fragmentation that currently exists in the industry.

While construction professionals in Akure are aware of the benefits of green construction, the general public may not fully understand its significance. To create broader support for sustainable building practices, sustained public awareness campaigns are necessary. Utilizing various media channels to highlight the environmental and economic advantages of green construction can raise the public consciousness and encourage a greater demand for sustainable buildings. Additionally, showcasing successful local green building projects can inspire others in the industry to follow suit and further accelerate the adoption of green practices.

Finally, it is essential to regularly monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies. Continuous assessment will provide valuable feedback on whether the proposed policies are successfully bridging the awareness–adoption gap. If necessary, adjustments can be made to improve their impact. By implementing these targeted policy recommendations and drawing from successful strategies employed in other countries, Akure can make significant progress towards achieving its sustainability goals in the construction sector. These five key strategies are shown in Figure 2.

8. Conclusions and Areas for Future Research

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure, Nigeria. This was achieved through a well-structured questionnaire that provided valuable insights into the current landscape of green construction practices in the region. The findings revealed a significant gap between awareness and implementation, with professionals generally aware of green building policies but not always translating that knowledge into practice. This highlights the need for a multi-layered approach to bridge this gap and accelerate the transition towards sustainable construction practices in Akure. Consequently, this study developed a roadmap that provides a strategic framework for stakeholders to enhance awareness and promote the widespread adoption of green construction policies. The roadmap emphasizes the importance of enhancing financial incentives to alleviate the upfront costs associated with green technologies. Streamlining regulatory frameworks is identified as pivotal in simplifying compliance and promoting clarity in green building standards. Furthermore, fostering stakeholder collaboration through partnerships aims to leverage collective expertise and drive innovation in sustainable construction practices. Investing in education and training programs is crucial for equipping construction professionals with the necessary skills to implement green building techniques effectively. Finally, sustaining public awareness through media campaigns and local project showcases aims to educate and inspire broader support for green initiatives within the community. This study supports the achievement of several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), and Climate Action (SDG 13). By advancing green construction practices, it contributes to creating resilient urban environments, promoting sustainable building methods, and addressing the impacts of climate change.

Practically speaking, this study holds significant value for construction stakeholders. By understanding the current state of green building practices and the identified gap between awareness and adoption, policymakers can refine existing green building policies to make them more accessible and impactful for construction professionals. The roadmap developed in this study offers a strategic framework for policymakers to develop targeted initiatives that bridge the awareness–adoption gap and accelerate the transition toward sustainable construction. Construction professionals can leverage the insights gained from this study to advocate for positive changes within the industry. The roadmap serves as a practical guide, equipping them with strategies to navigate the challenges identified in this study, such as financial hurdles, complex regulations, and knowledge gaps. By following these strategies, construction professionals can implement green building practices more effectively in their projects, contributing to a more sustainable construction sector in Akure. Educational institutions can utilize the findings of this study to tailor their curricula and better prepare future generations of construction professionals for the evolving landscape of sustainable building practices. Understanding the current knowledge gaps and industry needs allows these institutions to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement green construction techniques effectively. This will ensure a future workforce ready to contribute to a more sustainable built environment in Akure. Theoretically speaking, this study provides empirical evidence and insights into the awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in a region where limited studies exist. It contributes to the theoretical understanding of strategies that can boost the adoption of sustainable construction practices, offering a foundation for further research and policy development in similar contexts globally.

A few limitations are acknowledged in this study. Firstly, the research focuses exclusively on Akure, the capital of Ondo State in Nigeria, and does not capture the diversity of practices and challenges that may exist in other regions of Nigeria or in different countries with distinct socio-economic, regulatory, and cultural contexts. Therefore, generalizing the findings beyond Akure should be carried out cautiously, as conditions elsewhere may vary significantly. Future studies might want to explore a more diverse range of regions to capture a broader spectrum of varying contexts. Despite that geographical limitation, this study offers valuable contributions both internally and externally. Internally, it provides insights into the awareness and adoption of green construction policies among construction professionals in Akure, which is crucial for local policymakers, industry stakeholders and researchers aiming to enhance sustainable construction practices within the region. Externally, while caution is advised in generalizing the results, the study presents a methodological framework and findings that can serve as a reference for similar research in different locations. The identification of green construction policies and programs, along with the employed survey methodology, can be adapted to various socio-economic and regulatory contexts. Secondly, while the quantitative questionnaire provided structured data efficiently, future research could benefit from complementing it with qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, or case studies. These approaches could offer deeper insights into the underlying reasons behind the awareness–adoption gap. Also, this study primarily focused on the perceptions of construction professionals, potentially overlooking the perspectives of other key stakeholders such as policymakers, environmental advocates, or community members. Future research could benefit from a more comprehensive examination that includes diverse stakeholder groups to capture a broader range of insights and perspectives.