A Comparative Study on the Promoting Effects of Different Tourism Development Models on Rural Revitalization: Case Studies from Two Typical Villages in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Effect Analysis of Tourism in Promoting Rural Revitalization
3.1. The Economic Effects Generated by Tourism Development Can Promote the Revitalization of Rural Industries
3.2. The Environmental Effects Generated by Tourism Development Can Promote the Ecological Revitalization of Rural Areas
3.3. The Cultural Effects Generated by Tourism Development Can Promote the Cultural Revitalization of Rural Areas
3.4. The Talent Effect Generated by Tourism Development Can Promote the Revitalization of Rural Talent
3.5. The Management Effects Generated by Tourism Development Can Promote the Revitalization of Rural Organizations
4. Research Design
4.1. Case Study Introduction
4.1.1. Shibadong Village: A “Government-Led Model” with a Focus on Eco-Tourism and Red Tourism
4.1.2. Yuanjia Village: A “Government-Led Model” with a Focus on Eco-Tourism and Red Tourism
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Research Methodology
4.3.1. Weight Calculation
4.3.2. Effect Value Calculation
4.3.3. Evaluation Criteria
4.3.4. IPA Method
5. Results and Analysis
5.1. PA Results Analysis
5.1.1. Quadrant I (High Importance–High Satisfaction): The Area for Continued Improvement
5.1.2. Quadrant II (Low Importance–High Satisfaction): The Area for Steady Advancement
5.1.3. Quadrant III (Low Importance–Low Satisfaction): The Area for Active Expansion
5.1.4. Quadrant IV (High Importance–Low Satisfaction): The Area for Focused Improvement
5.2. Effect Difference Analysis
5.2.1. The Economic Effect Shows Extremely Significant Differences
5.2.2. The Environmental Effect Shows No Significant Difference
5.2.3. The Cultural Effect Shows Significant Differences
5.2.4. The Talent Effect Shows Extremely Significant Differences
5.2.5. The Management Effect Shows Extremely Significant Differences
5.3. The Mechanism of Impact of Rural Tourism Development Models on the Effect of Rural Revitalization
5.3.1. The Management Effect Shows Extremely Significant Differences
5.3.2. Community Status and Depth of Villager Participation
5.3.3. Government Role and Exogenous Dynamics
6. Conclusions and Discussion
6.1. Discussion
6.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First-Level Indicators (B) | Second-Level Indicators (C) | Source |
---|---|---|
Economic Effects (B1) | Increase in Resident Income (C1) | [46] |
Increase in Tourism Employment Opportunities (C2) | [36,76] | |
Extension of the Tourism Industry Chain (C3) | Reference 3.1 Analysis of economic effects | |
Improvement in the Conversion Rate of Tourism Resources (C4) | Reference 3.1 Analysis of economic effects | |
Reduction in Energy Consumption per Unit of Tourism Output (C5) | [46,77] | |
Upgrading and Transformation of Rural Industries (C6) | Reference 3.1 Analysis of economic effects | |
Optimization of Rural Industrial Structure (C7) | Reference 3.1 Analysis of economic effects | |
Environmental Effects (B2) | Continuous Improvement of the Ecological Environment (C8) | [45,53] |
Prominence of Rural Landscape Features (C9) | [76] | |
Reduction in Tourism Carbon Emissions (C10) | [78,79] | |
Continuous Improvement of the Living Environment (C11) | [80] | |
Increasing Improvement of Infrastructure (C12) | [49] | |
Cultural Effects (B3) | Enhancement of Villagers’ Cultural Literacy (C13) | [37,81] |
Strengthening of Villagers’ Cultural Confidence (C14) | Reference 3.3 Analysis of cultural effects | |
Elevation of Villagers’ Level of Civilization (C15) | [37,76] | |
Preservation, Inheritance, and Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage (C16) | Reference 3.3 Analysis of cultural effects | |
Increase in Rural Cultural and Recreational Resources and Facilities (C17) | [48,49] | |
Enhancement of Tourism Cultural Influence (C18) | Reference 3.3 Analysis of cultural effects | |
Talent Effects (B4) | Growth and Strengthening of Rural Professional Talent Teams (C19) | [37,45] |
Improvement of Quality in Rural Professional Talents (C20) | Reference 3.4 Analysis of talent effects | |
Returnees Actively Engaging in Entrepreneurship (C21) | [37] | |
Social Talents Actively Participating in Rural Construction (C2) | [37] | |
Management Effects (B5) | Strengthening Cohesion of Grassroots Party Organizations (C23) | Reference 3.3 Analysis of management effects |
Improvement in the Governance Level of Grassroots Organizations (C24) | [45] | |
Optimization of Grassroots Organizational Structure (C25) | [49] | |
Enhancement of Rural Organizational Degree (C26) | [37,45] | |
Strengthening of Villagers’ Voice in Tourism (C27) | [76] |
Case Study Site | Shibadong Village | Yuanjia Village |
---|---|---|
Development Entity | Government-Led | Community-Led |
Operating Entity | Local Tourism Companies, Tourism Cooperatives, and Villagers | Village Committee, Village Tourism Management Company, and Industry Associations |
Tourism Resources | Ecological Resources, Revolutionary Resources, Agritourism, and Ethnic Customs | Guanzhong Culture and Specialty Catering |
Advantage Differences |
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Revenue Distribution |
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Case Study Site | Shibadong Village | Yuanjia Village |
Research Timeline | 22 June 2023–25 June 2023 | 10 June 2023–13 June 2023 |
Research Methodology | Questionnaire Survey, Structured Interviews, Unstructured Interviews | |
Number of Questionnaires Distributed | 105 | 215 |
Number of Valid Questionnaires | 102 | 210 |
Questionnaire Response Rate | 97.14% | 97.67% |
Shibadong Village | Yuanjia Village | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient | 0.953 | 0.931 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | KMO Value | 0.851 | 0.865 |
χ2 approx | 2643.468 | 3260.589 | |
df | 351 | 351 | |
p Value | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Shibadong Village | Yuanjia Village | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey Items | Category of Options | Number of People | Proportion (%) | Number of People | Proportion (%) |
Gender | Men | 43 | 42.16% | 103 | 49.05% |
Women | 59 | 57.84% | 107 | 50.95% | |
Age | 22 years old and under | 7 | 6.86% | 12 | 5.71% |
23–35 years old | 48 | 47.06% | 85 | 40.48% | |
36–45 years old | 24 | 23.53% | 34 | 16.19% | |
46–60 years old | 21 | 20.59% | 52 | 24.76% | |
Over 60 years old | 2 | 1.96% | 27 | 12.86% | |
Educational Attainment | Junior high school and below | 40 | 39.22% | 58 | 27.62% |
High School/Technical Secondary School | 25 | 24.51% | 71 | 33.81% | |
junior colleges | 18 | 17.65% | 45 | 21.43% | |
undergraduate | 19 | 18.63% | 35 | 16.67% | |
Graduate student or above | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.48% | |
Residency (Local or Non-local) | Yes | 72 | 70.59% | 90 | 42.86% |
No | 30 | 29.41% | 120 | 57.14% | |
Annual Household Income | Less than CNY 30,000 | 24 | 23.53% | 31 | 14.76% |
CNY 30,000–50,000 | 36 | 35.29% | 60 | 28.57% | |
CNY 50,000–100,000 | 30 | 29.41% | 70 | 33.33% | |
CNY 100,000–150,000 | 8 | 7.84% | 31 | 14.76% | |
More than CNY 150,000 | 4 | 3.92% | 18 | 8.57% | |
Tourism relevance | Direct relevant | 60 | 58.82% | 132 | 62.86% |
Indirect relevant | 23 | 22.55% | 39 | 18.57% | |
irrelevant | 19 | 18.63% | 39 | 18.57% |
Shibadong Village | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
First-Level Indicators (B) | Relative Weights of First-Level Indicators | Second- Level Indicator (C) | Relative Weights of Second-Level Indicators | Original Entropy Weight Method |
Economic Effects (B1) | 0.4033 | (C1) | 0.0806 | 0.0271 |
(C2) | 0.178 | 0.0599 | ||
(C3) | 0.0875 | 0.0295 | ||
(C4) | 0.1255 | 0.0423 | ||
(C5) | 0.3539 | 0.1192 | ||
(C6) | 0.1099 | 0.037 | ||
(C7) | 0.0645 | 0.0217 | ||
Environmental Effects (B2) | 0.1496 | (C8) | 0.2147 | 0.0227 |
(C9) | 0.2246 | 0.0237 | ||
(C10) | 0.1997 | 0.0211 | ||
(C11) | 0.2281 | 0.0241 | ||
(C12) | 0.1329 | 0.014 | ||
Cultural Effects (B3) | 0.1464 | (C13) | 0.1523 | 0.0224 |
(C14) | 0.1446 | 0.0212 | ||
(C15) | 0.1165 | 0.0171 | ||
(C16) | 0.1577 | 0.0232 | ||
(C17) | 0.1891 | 0.0278 | ||
(C18) | 0.2398 | 0.0352 | ||
Talent Effects (B4) | 0.1619 | (C19) | 0.2536 | 0.044 |
(C20) | 0.265 | 0.046 | ||
(C21) | 0.2294 | 0.0398 | ||
(C22) | 0.2517 | 0.0437 | ||
Management Effects (B5) | 0.1388 | (C23) | 0.1518 | 0.0361 |
(C24) | 0.1641 | 0.039 | ||
(C25) | 0.135 | 0.0321 | ||
(C26) | 0.1842 | 0.0438 | ||
(C27) | 0.3649 | 0.0867 |
Yuanjia Village | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
First-Level Indicators (B) | Relative Weights of First-Level Indicators | Second- Level Indicator (C) | Relative Weights of Second-Level Indicators | Original Entropy Weight Method |
Economic Effects (B1) | 0.4033 | (C1) | 0.1992 | 0.0803 |
(C2) | 0.2101 | 0.0847 | ||
(C3) | 0.0986 | 0.0398 | ||
(C4) | 0.1981 | 0.0799 | ||
(C5) | 0.1127 | 0.0454 | ||
(C6) | 0.1066 | 0.043 | ||
(C7) | 0.0747 | 0.0301 | ||
Environmental Effects (B2) | 0.1496 | (C8) | 0.1658 | 0.0248 |
(C9) | 0.1776 | 0.0266 | ||
(C10) | 0.2941 | 0.044 | ||
(C11) | 0.178 | 0.0266 | ||
(C12) | 0.1846 | 0.0276 | ||
Cultural Effects (B3) | 0.1464 | (C13) | 0.153 | 0.0224 |
(C14) | 0.1201 | 0.0176 | ||
(C15) | 0.1465 | 0.0214 | ||
(C16) | 0.1674 | 0.0245 | ||
(C17) | 0.2538 | 0.0371 | ||
(C18) | 0.1593 | 0.0233 | ||
Talent Effects (B4) | 0.1619 | (C19) | 0.2361 | 0.0382 |
(C20) | 0.3016 | 0.0488 | ||
(C21) | 0.3017 | 0.0488 | ||
(C22) | 0.1606 | 0.0026 | ||
Management Effects (B5) | 0.1388 | (C23) | 0.1778 | 0.0274 |
(C24) | 0.1396 | 0.0194 | ||
(C25) | 0.203 | 0.0282 | ||
(C26) | 0.1745 | 0.0242 | ||
(C27) | 0.305 | 0.0423 |
First-Level Indicators (B) | Second-Level Indicators (C) | Effect Score | |
---|---|---|---|
The Effect of Shibadong Village Tourism in Promoting Rural Revitalization 0.55 Higher level | Economic Effects (B1) 0.4303 Moderate Level | (C1) | 0.51 |
(C2) | 0.4107 | ||
(C3) | 0.6123 | ||
(C4) | 0.5356 | ||
(C5) | 0.3499 | ||
(C6) | 0.4981 | ||
(C7) | 0.691 | ||
Environmental Effects (B2) 0.7274 Top level | (C8) | 0.7227 | |
(C9) | 0.7118 | ||
(C10) | 0.7027 | ||
(C11) | 0.6659 | ||
(C12) | 0.7649 | ||
Cultural Effects (B3) 0.6881 Top level | (C13) | 0.6858 | |
(C14) | 0.7264 | ||
(C15) | 0.7453 | ||
(C16) | 0.697 | ||
(C17) | 0.6865 | ||
(C18) | 0.5513 | ||
Talent Effects (B4) 0.5328 Higher level | (C19) | 0.5054 | |
(C20) | 0.533 | ||
(C21) | 0.5718 | ||
(C22) | 0.5124 | ||
Management Effects (B5) 0.552 Higher level | (C23) | 0.6134 | |
(C24) | 0.5769 | ||
(C25) | 0.6181 | ||
(C26) | 0.578 | ||
(C27) | 0.4759 |
First-Level Indicators (B) | Second-Level Indicators (C) | Effect Score | |
---|---|---|---|
The Effect of Yuanjia Village Tourism in Promoting Rural Revitalization 0.7059 Top level | Economic Effects (B1) 0.6316 Higher level | (C1) | 0.627 |
(C2) | 0.6516 | ||
(C3) | 0.7407 | ||
(C4) | 0.6609 | ||
(C5) | 0.7161 | ||
(C6) | 0.6372 | ||
(C7) | 0.7559 | ||
Environmental Effects (B2) 0.7165 Top level | (C8) | 0.7938 | |
(C9) | 0.6997 | ||
(C10) | 0.7206 | ||
(C11) | 0.7795 | ||
(C12) | 0.7829 | ||
Cultural Effects (B3) 0.7001 Top level | (C13) | 0.7829 | |
(C14) | 0.7564 | ||
(C15) | 0.7271 | ||
(C16) | 0.7895 | ||
(C17) | 0.7494 | ||
(C18) | 0.7479 | ||
Talent Effects (B4) 0.6783 Top level | (C19) | 0.6573 | |
(C20) | 0.71 | ||
(C21) | 0.7086 | ||
(C22) | 0.712 | ||
Management Effects (B5) 0.7076 Top level | (C23) | 0.7145 | |
(C24) | 0.7443 | ||
(C25) | 0.7026 | ||
(C26) | 0.7072 | ||
(C27) | 0.7385 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | Mean Difference | Standard Error | Difference 95% Confidence Interval | |||
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||||||
Economic Effects | Assumption of Equal Variances | 1.879 | 0.196 | −3.536 | 12 | 0.004 ** | −0.16883 | 0.04775 | −0.27286 | −0.06480 |
Assumption of Unequal Variances | −3.536 | 8.358 | 0.007 | −0.16883 | 0.04775 | −0.27806 | −0.05960 | |||
Environmental Effects | Assumption of Equal Variances | 1.024 | 0.341 | −1.686 | 8 | 0.130 | −0.04170 | 0.02474 | −0.09874 | 0.01534 |
Assumption of Unequal Variances | −1.686 | 7.789 | 0.131 | −0.04170 | 0.02474 | −0.09901 | 0.01561 | |||
Cultural Effects | Assumption of Equal Variances | 1.523 | 0.245 | −2.606 | 10 | 0.026 * | −0.07682 | 0.02947 | −0.14249 | −0.01114 |
Assumption of Unequal Variances | −2.606 | 6.159 | 0.039 | −0.07682 | 0.02947 | −0.14849 | −0.00515 | |||
Talent Effects | Assumption of Equal Variances | 0.034 | 0.861 | −8.339 | 6 | <0.001 *** | −0.16632 | 0.01995 | −0.21513 | −0.11752 |
Assumption of Unequal Variances | −8.339 | 5.917 | <0.001 | −0.16632 | 0.01995 | −0.21530 | −0.11735 | |||
Management Effects | Assumption of Equal Variances | 1.763 | 0.221 | −5.522 | 8 | <0.001 *** | −0.14896 | 0.02697 | −0.21116 | −0.08676 |
Assumption of Unequal Variances | −5.522 | 4.855 | 0.003 | −0.14896 | 0.02697 | −0.21893 | −0.07899 |
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Wang, H.; Lu, X. A Comparative Study on the Promoting Effects of Different Tourism Development Models on Rural Revitalization: Case Studies from Two Typical Villages in China. Sustainability 2025, 17, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020714
Wang H, Lu X. A Comparative Study on the Promoting Effects of Different Tourism Development Models on Rural Revitalization: Case Studies from Two Typical Villages in China. Sustainability. 2025; 17(2):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020714
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Huizhan, and Xinru Lu. 2025. "A Comparative Study on the Promoting Effects of Different Tourism Development Models on Rural Revitalization: Case Studies from Two Typical Villages in China" Sustainability 17, no. 2: 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020714
APA StyleWang, H., & Lu, X. (2025). A Comparative Study on the Promoting Effects of Different Tourism Development Models on Rural Revitalization: Case Studies from Two Typical Villages in China. Sustainability, 17(2), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020714