Technical and Economic Analysis of Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Public Lighting
2.1.1. Technical Standards
2.1.2. The Components of the Public Lighting System
2.1.3. Analysis of the Existing Situation
2.1.4. Selection of Lighting Classes
- Design speed for roads of technical class II: 50 km/h [49];
- Importance category: C [49];
- Road platform width: 7.00 m [49];
- Average distance between poles: 40.00 m;
- Maximum height for lighting fixture installation: 10.00 m;
- Number of lanes: 2;
- Distance from the curb: 3.00 ÷ 6.00 m;
- Pole placement: unilateral;
- Average reflection coefficient: 0.07—(corresponding to asphalt road R3).
- Design speed for roads of technical class IV: 40 km/h [49];
- Importance category: C [49];
- Road platform width: 5.50 m [49];
- Average distance between poles: 50.00 m;
- Maximum height for lighting fixture installation: 10.00 m;
- Number of lanes: 2;
- Distance from the curb: 1.00 ÷ 3.00 m;
- Pole placement: unilateral;
- Average reflection coefficient: 0.07—(corresponding to asphalt road R3).
- Design speed for roads of technical class IV: 30 km/h [49];
- Importance category: C [49];
- Road platform: 5.50 m wide [49];
- Average distance between poles: 50.00 m;
- Maximum height of the lighting fixture installation: 10.00 m;
- Number of traffic lanes: 2;
- Distance from the curb: 1.00 to 2.00 m;
- Placement of poles: unilateral;
- Average reflection coefficient: 0.07—(corresponding to asphalt road R3).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Calculation Summary
3.2. Analysis of Local Photovoltaic System for Street Lighting
3.3. Analysis of Central ON-GRID Photovoltaic System for Street Lighting
- Photovoltaic modules: composed of 144 monocrystalline photovoltaic cells and have a nominal unit power of 450 Wp. In the installation, 342 photovoltaic modules will be mounted to cover the electricity consumption of the analyzed public lighting;
- Power inverter: three-phase unidirectional with a nominal unit power of 60.00 kW (alternating current). Three-phase unidirectional power inverters will be installed in the system—three pieces;
- Mounting structure for photovoltaic modules: metal parts made of OL, sized and designed for the specific conditions of the project;
- Electrical panel: within the photovoltaic solar system, it provides switching devices and protective and/or measuring devices specific to photovoltaic systems. An electrical panel for the power plant will be installed in the system (TPV);
- Junction box for the PV arrays: a housing in which all the PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices are located. In the installation, 22 junction boxes for the PV arrays will be mounted;
- The electrical cable networks within the photovoltaic solar include the energy cables laid in metal conduits up to the connection of the photovoltaic electrical installation to the distribution network of the national energy system;
- Grounding system: conductors and components used to establish equipotential bonds between the metallic elements associated with the photovoltaic solar installation and the conductors and components connecting to the grounding electrode of the metallic elements related to the photovoltaic solar system;
- Low-voltage electrical installation: data cables and equipment associated with the remote monitoring of the installed power inverters and the control and monitoring system of the installed power inverter.
3.4. Analysis of Using Central HYBRID Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting
- Replacing the three ON-GRID inverters with three HYBRID inverters with the same technical specifications;
- Implementing an energy storage system composed of 50 B-BOX systems, each including one cabinet and two lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries with a battery management system (BMS) for use with an external inverter or charger;
- Extending the electrical network to connect public lamps to the solar energy source.
3.5. Analysis of Local Photovoltaic System for Street Lighting
3.5.1. Economic Viability Analysis
3.5.2. Calculation of Economic Efficiency
3.5.3. Quantitative and Percentage Reduction in Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.6. Analysis of Using Grid-Connected Central Photovoltaic System for Street Lighting
3.6.1. Economic Viability Analysis
3.6.2. Calculation of Economic Efficiency
3.6.3. Quantitative and Percentage Reduction in Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.7. Analysis of HYBRID Central Photovoltaic System for Street Lighting
3.7.1. Economic Viability Analysis
3.7.2. Calculation of Economic Efficiency
3.7.3. Quantitative and Percentage Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.8. Discussion
- -
- A ±20% variation in electricity price;
- -
- A ±10% variation in annual maintenance costs.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Acronyms | |
PNIESC | The Project of the National Integrated Plan in the Field of Energy and Climate Change |
EU | European Union |
LEA | Overhead Power Line |
VWS | Visual Weighted Score |
PV | Photovoltaic |
PVGIS | Photovoltaic Geographical Information System |
BMS | Building Management System |
UNI | Updated Net Income |
PBT | Payback Time |
DPBT | Discounted Payback Time |
GHG | Greenhouse Gas |
IRR | Internal Rate of Return |
UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply |
NVR | Network Video Recorder |
Parameters | |
Lm | Average luminance [cd/m2] |
Uo | General luminance uniformity coefficient |
Ul | Longitudinal luminance uniformity coefficient |
TI | Threshold increment |
REI | Lighting efficiency ratio |
S | Distance between poles [m] |
H | Mounting height [m] |
R | Clearance [m] |
A | Overhang (advancement) [m] |
Appendix A
Component | Parameter | Value | Quantity |
---|---|---|---|
Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel [55] | Nominal electrical power | 300 W | 2 pieces |
Nominal current | 9.17 A | ||
Short-circuit current | 9.78 A | ||
Nominal voltage | 32.70 V | ||
Open circuit voltage | 39.80 V | ||
Dimensions | 1.640 × 990 × 30 mm | ||
Solar regulator [56] | Maximum voltage | 100 V | 1 piece |
Maximum charging current | 15.00 A | ||
Low-voltage disconnect | 22.00 V | ||
Reconnect | 25.20 V | ||
Boost charging voltage | 28.80 V | ||
Overvoltage protection | Yes | ||
Reverse polarity protection | Yes | ||
Degree of protection | IP32 | ||
Size | 133.50 × 70 × 35 mm | ||
Weight | 165 g | ||
Gel solar battery [57] | Nominal voltage | 12 V | 2 pieces |
Capacity | 120 Ah | ||
Dimensions (L × l × h) | 410 × 175 × 227 mm | ||
Weight | 33.50 kg | ||
LED street lighting fixture [58] | Power | 60 W | 1 piece |
Nominal voltage | 24 V | ||
Degree of protection | IP65 | ||
LED type | multiled | ||
Auxiliary materials [47,59,60,61,62,63] | Battery box IP65, connectivity, protections, conductors, metal support, brackets, and OL-Zn collars | - | - |
Component | Parameter | Value | Quantity |
---|---|---|---|
Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel [55] | Nominal electrical power | 250 W | 2 pieces |
Nominal current | 9.33 A | ||
Short-circuit current | 9.87 A | ||
Nominal voltage | 26.80 V | ||
Open circuit voltage | 32.84 V | ||
Dimensions | 1.350 × 880 × 35 mm | ||
Solar regulator [56] | Maximum voltage | 75 V | 1 piece |
Maximum charging current | 10.00 A | ||
Low-voltage disconnect | 22.00 V | ||
Reconnect | 25.20 V | ||
Boost charging voltage | 28.80 V | ||
Overvoltage protection | Yes | ||
Reverse polarity protection | Yes | ||
Degree of protection | IP32 | ||
Size | 133.50 × 70 × 35 mm | ||
Weight | 165 g | ||
Gel solar battery [57] | Nominal voltage | 12 V | 2 pieces |
Capacity | 100 Ah | ||
Dimensions (L × l × h) | 330 × 171 × 224 mm | ||
Weight | 27.50 kg | ||
LED street lighting fixture [58] | Power | 50 W | 1 piece |
Nominal voltage | 24 V | ||
Degree of protection | IP65 | ||
LED type | multiled | ||
Auxiliary materials [47,59,60,61,62,63] | Battery box IP65, connectivity, protections, conductors, metal support, brackets, and OL-Zn collars | - | - |
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Road Class | Power of the Lighting Fixture [W] | Number of Lighting Fixtures | Installed Power [kW] |
---|---|---|---|
Technical class II (national road—M4) | 100 | 180 | 18.00 |
Technical class IV (communal road—M5) | 60 | 46 | 2.76 |
Technical class IV (local road—M6) | 50 | 500 | 25.00 |
TOTAL | 45.76 |
Estimation of the Energy Consumption of the Analyzed Public Lighting System. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Month | Operating Hours | Installed Power [kW] | Monthly Energy Consumption [kWh] |
January | 432.45 | 45.76 | 19,788.91 |
February | 346.36 | 45.76 | 15,849.43 |
March | 343.17 | 45.76 | 15,703.46 |
April | 279.00 | 45.76 | 12,767.04 |
May | 268.15 | 45.76 | 12,270.54 |
June | 219.00 | 45.76 | 10,021.44 |
July | 244.28 | 45.76 | 11,178.25 |
August | 279.00 | 45.76 | 12,767.04 |
September | 321.00 | 45.76 | 14,688.96 |
October | 358.67 | 45.76 | 16,412.74 |
November | 397.50 | 45.76 | 18,189.60 |
December | 389.05 | 45.76 | 17,802.93 |
Schedule for Switching On and Off Public Lighting, with Monthly Adjustment (Considering the Average Values) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Crt. | Month | Period | Zone 1 | |
Switch-On Time | Switch-Off Time | |||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
1 | January | 1–31 | 17:22 | 7:17 |
2 | February | 1–28 | 18:00 | 6:37 |
3 | March | 1–31 | 18:40 | 5:47 |
4 | April | 1–30 | 19:17 | 4:47 |
5 | May | 1–31 | 19:52 | 4:17 |
6 | June | 1–30 | 20:22 | 3:52 |
7 | July | 1–31 | 20:12 | 4:00 |
8 | August | 1–31 | 19:37 | 4:37 |
9 | September | 1–30 | 18:52 | 5:22 |
10 | October | 1–31 | 18:00 | 5:57 |
11 | November | 1–30 | 17:10 | 6:35 |
12 | December | 1–31 | 18:52 | 7:07 |
Parameter | Options | Evaluation Index VWS | Selected Criterion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Road | Communal Road | Local Road | |||
Velocity | Very high (V ≥ 100 km/h) | 2 | 0 | −1 | −1 |
High (70 < V < 100 km/h) | 1 | ||||
Moderate (40 < V < 70 km/h) | 0 | ||||
Low (V ≤ 40 km/h) | −1 | ||||
Traffic volume | High | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 |
Moderate | 0 | ||||
Low | −1 | ||||
Traffic composition | Mixed, with a high percentage of non-motorized vehicles | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mixt | 1 | ||||
Only motorized vehicles | 0 | ||||
Separation of traffic directions | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0 | ||||
Intersection density | High (>3/km) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Moderate (≤3/km) | 0 | ||||
Parked vehicles | Yes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
No | 0 | ||||
Ambient lighting | High | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
Moderate | 0 | ||||
Low | −1 | ||||
Navigation load | Poor | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Good | 0 | ||||
Very good | −1 | ||||
Sum of weighted values (VWS) | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
The lighting class number is calculated as follows: M = 6 − VWS | |||||
Resulting lighting class | M4 | M5 | M6 |
National Road—Lighting System Class M4 | |
---|---|
Characteristics | |
Distance between poles | 40.00 m |
Height of the light point | 9.00 m |
Bracket extension of the light point | 4.00 m |
Overhang (advancement) (A) | −2.00 m |
Bracket tilt | 15° |
Bracket length | 2.00 m |
Parameter | Calculated | Nominal |
---|---|---|
Lm | 0.76 cd/m2 | ≥0.75 cd/m2 |
Uo | 0.58 | ≥0.40 |
UI | 0.81 | ≥0.60 |
TI | 15% | ≥15% |
REI | 0.68 | ≥0.30 |
Communal Road—Lighting System Class M5 | |
---|---|
Parameter | |
Distance between poles | 50.00 m |
Height of the light point | 8.00 m |
Clearance (R) | 1.50 m |
Bracket extension of the light point | −0.50 m |
Bracket tilt | 15° |
Bracket length | 1.00 m |
Parameter | Calculated | Nominal |
---|---|---|
Lm | 0.51 cd/m2 | ≥0.50 cd/m2 |
Uo | 0.44 | ≥0.35 |
UI | 0.47 | ≥0.40 |
TI | 15% | ≥15% |
REI | 0.79 | ≥0.30 |
Local Road—Lighting System Class M6 | |
---|---|
Parameter | |
Distance between poles | 50.00 m |
Height of the light point | 8.00 m |
Clearance (R) | 0.80 m |
Bracket extension of the light point | 0.20 m |
Bracket tilt | 15° |
Bracket length | 1.00 m |
Parameter | Calculated | Nominal |
---|---|---|
Lm | 0.44 cd/m2 | ≥0.30 cd/m2 |
Uo | 0.44 | ≥0.35 |
UI | 0.45 | ≥0.40 |
TI | 12% | ≥20% |
REI | 0.72 | ≥0.30 |
Component | Parameter | Value | Quantity |
---|---|---|---|
Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel [33] | Nominal electrical power | 550 W | 2 pieces |
Nominal current | 13.20 A | ||
Short-circuit current | 14.00 A | ||
Nominal voltage | 41.70 V | ||
Open circuit voltage | 49.60 V | ||
Dimensions | 2.261 × 1134 × 30 mm | ||
Solar regulator [34] | Maximum voltage | 100 V | 1 piece |
Maximum charging current | 15.00 A | ||
Low-voltage disconnect | 22.00 V | ||
Reconnect | 25.20 V | ||
Boost charging voltage | 28.80 V | ||
Overvoltage protection | Yes | ||
Reverse polarity protection | Yes | ||
Degree of protection | IP32 | ||
Size | 133.50 × 70 × 35 mm | ||
Weight | 165 g | ||
Gel solar battery [35] | Nominal voltage | 12 V | 2 pieces |
Capacity | 150 Ah | ||
Dimensions (L × l × h) | 485 × 172 × 240 mm | ||
Weight | 44 kg | ||
LED street lighting fixture [36] | Power | 100 W | 1 piece |
Nominal voltage | 24 V | ||
Degree of protection | IP65 | ||
LED type | multiled | ||
Auxiliary materials [20,37] | Battery box IP65, connectivity, protections, conductors, metal support, brackets, and OL-Zn collars |
Description | Euro (Including VAT) | Pieces | Total Euro (Including VAT) |
---|---|---|---|
Obj. 1 Remove existing lighting fixtures | 25.85 | 726 | 18,763.42 |
1.1. Remove existing lighting fixtures | 25.85 | 726 | 18,763.42 |
Obj. 2 Autonomous photovoltaic pole—NR (M4) | 1854.41 | 180 | 333,793.64 |
2.1. Equipment | 1150.50 | 180 | 207,089.17 |
2.1.1. Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel 550 W | 157.79 | 360 | 56,803.54 |
2.1.2. Charge controllers 100 V 15 A | 73.34 | 180 | 13,201.93 |
2.1.3. Solar battery 12 V 150 Ah | 331.27 | 360 | 118,999.04 |
2.1.4. LED lighting fixture 24 V 100 W | 100.47 | 180 | 18,084.65 |
2.2. Street photovoltaic pole | 487.77 | 180 | 87,798.03 |
2.3. Installation of machinery/equipment | 216.15 | 180 | 38,906.45 |
Obj. 3 Autonomous photovoltaic pole—CR (M5) | 1453.80 | 46 | 66,874.69 |
3.1. Equipment | 752.46 | 46 | 34,613.41 |
3.1.1. Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel 300 W | 110.07 | 92 | 10,126.16 |
3.1.2. Charge controllers 100 V 15 A | 73.34 | 46 | 3373.83 |
3.1.3. Solar battery 12 V 120 Ah | 247.56 | 72 | 17,824.51 |
3.1.4. LED lighting fixture 24 V 60 W | 71.50 | 46 | 3288.91 |
3.2. Street photovoltaic pole | 485.18 | 46 | 22,318.52 |
3.3. Installation of machinery/equipment | 216.15 | 46 | 9942.76 |
Obj. 4 Autonomous photovoltaic pole—LR (M6) | 1352.20 | 500 | 676,098.15 |
4.1. Equipment | 650.87 | 500 | 325,432.06 |
4.1.1. Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel 250 W | 110.32 | 1000 | 110,319.80 |
4.1.2. Charge controllers 75 V 10 A | 73.34 | 500 | 36,672.04 |
4.1.3. Solar battery 12 V 100 Ah | 158.65 | 1000 | 158,646.74 |
4.1.4 LED lighting fixture 24 V 60 W | 39.59 | 500 | 19,793.48 |
4.2. Street photovoltaic pole | 485.18 | 500 | 242,592.63 |
4.3. Installation of machinery/equipment | 216.15 | 500 | 108,073.46 |
TOTAL | 1750.92 | 726 | 1,271,170.15 |
TOTAL C + I | 777.22 | 726 | 564,263.86 |
Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Total investment value | EUR | 1,271,170.15 |
Maintenance costs | EUR | 729,290.55 |
The value of the economy per year | EUR | 91,173.99 |
Net Present Income (NPI) | EUR | −176,980.80 |
Discount rate | % | 5 |
Lifespan of the solution | YEARS | 20 |
Payback Time (PBT) | YEARS | 13.94 |
Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) | YEARS | 21.94 |
Internal rate of return (IRR) | % | −13.92 |
Description | Total Euro (Including VAT) |
---|---|
Obj. 1 Utilities | 87,076.34 |
1.1. Electric connection | 79,719.02 |
1.2. Telecommunications—data voice | 7357.32 |
Obj. 2 Land development | 79,695.46 |
2.1. Removal of the topsoil layer (2.448 m2) | 7965.32 |
2.2. Fencing (203.00 m, with a 4.00 m vehicle access gate and a 1.00 m pedestrian access gate) | 30,164.68 |
2.3. Foundations for lighting poles | 4920.10 |
2.4. Container platforms for personnel and transformer station | 16,058.21 |
2.5. Access road made of stone (40.00 m) | 20,587.14 |
Obj. 3 Photovoltaic power plant 153,90 kWp | 373,524.51 |
3.1. Foundations for metal supports | 58,907.70 |
3.2. Supports for photovoltaic panels | 122,241.18 |
3.3. Wiring and accessories | 101,313.45 |
3.4. Grounding | 21,204.10 |
3.5. Junction boxes for PV (22 pieces) | 32,711.14 |
3.6. Photovoltaic power plant panel board | 14,479.95 |
3.7. Earthworks | 16,217.02 |
3.8. Lighting poles (6 pieces) | 4641.87 |
3.9. Transport | 1808.09 |
Obj. 4 Video surveillance subsystem | 14,747.55 |
4.1. Earthworks | 6105.62 |
4.2. Trenches and cables | 3110.25 |
4.3. Equipment | 4232.23 |
4.4. Transport | 1299.46 |
Obj. 5 Installation of machines/equipment | 150,156.38 |
5.1. Equipment | 129,768.38 |
5.1.1. Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel 450 W (342 pieces) | 103,015.46 |
5.1.2. 60 kW three-phase grid-connected inverter (3 pieces) | 21,422.51 |
5.1.3. UPS 3000 VA 2U RACK | 2377.98 |
5.1.4. Outdoor video surveillance camera (12 pieces) | 1017.56 |
5.1.5. NVR 32 CH | 703.30 |
5.1.6. Street lighting fixture LED 80 W | 1231.57 |
5.2. Installation of machinery/equipment | 20,388.01 |
TOTAL | 773,977.22 |
TOTAL C + I | 611,300.46 |
Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Total investment value | EUR | 773,977.22 |
Maintenance costs | EUR | 75,943.55 |
Annual savings value | EUR | 91,140.36 |
Net Present Income (NPI) | EUR | 972,886.48 |
Discount rate | % | 5 |
Lifespan of the solution | YEARS | 20 |
Payback Time (PBT) | YEARS | 8.49 |
Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) | YEARS | 9.33 |
Internal rate of return (IRR) | % | 125.70 |
Description | Total Euro (Including VAT) |
---|---|
Obj. 1 Utilities—similar to grid-connected PV system | 87,076.34 |
Obj. 2 Land development—similar to grid-connected PV system | 79,695.46 |
Obj. 3 Photovoltaic power plant 153.90 kWp | 422,934.97 |
3.1.–3.9. Similar to grid-connected PV system | 373,524.51 |
3.10. Concrete platforms and containers (energy storage system) | 49,410.46 |
Obj. 4 Video surveillance subsystem | 14,747.55 |
Obj. 5 Installation of machines/equipment | 586,878.97 |
5.1. Equipment | 530,978.10 |
5.1.1. Monocrystalline photovoltaic panel 450 W (342 pieces) | 103,015.46 |
5.1.2. 60 kW three-phase grid-connected inverter (3 pieces) | 56,923.80 |
5.1.3. UPS 3000 VA 2U RACK | 2377.98 |
5.1.4. Outdoor video surveillance camera (12 pieces) | 1017.56 |
5.1.5. NVR 32 CH | 703.30 |
5.1.6. Street lighting fixture LED 80 W | 1231.57 |
5.1.7. Lithium-ion battery storage system B-BOX 13.80 kW (50 pieces) | 365,708.44 |
5.2. Installation of machinery/equipment | 55,900.87 |
TOTAL | 1,574,660.16 |
TOTAL C + I | 938,978.40 |
Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Total investment value | EUR | 1,574,660.16 |
Maintenance costs | EUR | 949,388.73 |
Annual savings value | EUR | 91,140.36 |
Net Present Income (NPI) | EUR | −701,241.65 |
Discount rate | % | 5 |
Lifespan of the solution | YEARS | 20 |
Payback Time (PBT) | YEARS | 17.28 |
Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) | YEARS | 27.69 |
Internal rate of return (IRR) | % | −44.53 |
Scenario | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Favorable scenario | 2,502,428 | 8,873,577 | −327,061 |
Unfavorable scenario | −773,708 | 4,298,485 | −3,163,473 |
Aspect | Autonomous PV Poles | ON-GRID PV Power Plant | HYBRID PV System (PV + Battery + Grid Backup) |
---|---|---|---|
Strengths | - Full energy independence - Modular and easy to deploy - No grid connection required | - Lower cost per kWh at scale - Economically efficient for large deployments - Easier to monitor and maintain | - Combines autonomy and efficiency - Provides backup during grid outages - High resilience and flexibility |
Weaknesses | - Limited storage capacity - Sensitive to adverse weather - Higher unit cost | - Fully dependent on grid availability - Requires centralized space - Potential distribution losses | - Higher upfront cost (PV + battery) - More complex to manage - Needs dual maintenance |
Opportunities | - Suitable for remote/off-grid areas - Can be integrated into smart city projects - Easy to scale gradually | - Surplus energy can be fed into the grid - Eligible for support schemes (e.g., feed-in tariff, net metering) - Ideal for urban municipalities | - Suitable for unstable grid regions - Can participate in demand–response programs - Scalable and future-proof |
Threats | - Battery aging and degradation - Blackout risk in poor solar conditions - Legal risk in case of failures | - Vulnerable to energy price fluctuations - Regulatory risk regarding grid injection - May face grid capacity limits | - Higher long-term costs (battery replacement) - Risk of over-engineering for small applications - More points of failure |
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hudișteanu, V.-S.; Nica, I.; Verdeș, M.; Hudișteanu, I.; Cherecheș, N.-C.; Țurcanu, F.-E.; Gherasim, I.; Galatanu, C.-D. Technical and Economic Analysis of Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting. Sustainability 2025, 17, 7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167179
Hudișteanu V-S, Nica I, Verdeș M, Hudișteanu I, Cherecheș N-C, Țurcanu F-E, Gherasim I, Galatanu C-D. Technical and Economic Analysis of Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting. Sustainability. 2025; 17(16):7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167179
Chicago/Turabian StyleHudișteanu, Valeriu-Sebastian, Ionuț Nica, Marina Verdeș, Iuliana Hudișteanu, Nelu-Cristian Cherecheș, Florin-Emilian Țurcanu, Iulian Gherasim, and Catalin-Daniel Galatanu. 2025. "Technical and Economic Analysis of Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting" Sustainability 17, no. 16: 7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167179
APA StyleHudișteanu, V.-S., Nica, I., Verdeș, M., Hudișteanu, I., Cherecheș, N.-C., Țurcanu, F.-E., Gherasim, I., & Galatanu, C.-D. (2025). Technical and Economic Analysis of Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems for Street Lighting. Sustainability, 17(16), 7179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167179