Exploring the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart City Evolution: A Literature-Based Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Smart City Concept
2.2. Industry 4.0 Concept
2.3. Implementing Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart Cities
3. Research Methodology
- —
- The red cluster focuses on issues such as smart cities, digitalisation, sustainability and the circular economy, suggesting a strong interest among researchers in aspects of sustainable development and the digital transformation of urban environments;
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- The green cluster focuses on technologies related to security and privacy, such as blockchain technology, cyber security, cloud computing and machine learning;
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- The blue cluster covers topics related to the future of industry and communication technology, including industry 5.0, 5G, 6G and artificial intelligence;
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- The orange cluster represents the Internet of Things and related communication technologies, such as LoRaWAN and LPWAN;
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- The purple cluster contains keywords related to advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence, including deep learning, computer vision and digital twins.
4. Research Results
- Integration of IoT and smart city technologies: research focuses on the deployment of IoT technologies in urban environments to enhance connectivity and data-driven management of city services.
- Smart Mobility and transportation systems: this involves the development of intelligent transportation systems that utilize advanced technologies for traffic management and enhanced public transportation.
- Smart Infrastructure and building management: topics here cover the development of smart buildings and infrastructure that leverage digital technologies for better resource management and operational efficiency.
- Public participation and governance: this area explores how digital platforms and tools can enhance citizen engagement and governance transparency in smart cities.
- Data security and privacy: addressing the challenges related to securing the vast amounts of data generated by smart city technologies and ensuring privacy protections for individuals.
- Economic development through smart technologies: investigating how Industry 4.0 technologies can be leveraged to drive economic growth, attract investment, and improve city competitiveness.
- Sustainable urban development: this includes the use of smart technologies for sustainable planning, which often intersects with environmental goals like reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Create open urban data platforms that enable access to a wide range of information in real time while ensuring user security and privacy.
- Establish a clear ethical and regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence in urban services. This is particularly important in areas such as urban monitoring, traffic management, and service personalisation.
- Investing in digital education for residents and public administration employees to combat digital exclusion and enable equal and effective use of new technologies.
- Supporting public–private partnerships to enable the development and integration of innovative solutions into existing urban infrastructure.
- Promoting interoperability between smart city systems to enable the smooth exchange of data between different platforms and institutions and improve the efficiency of city management.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Technology | Description of Using Technology in the Area of Smart City |
---|---|
Internet of Things | The IoT helps decision makers and city managers to collect and analyse large amounts of data in order to project and implement the best practices to ‘regenerate’ the urban metabolism in a smart city context. Protection and resource conservation are typically environmental objectives. At the same time, prosperity and continuity in urban contexts are two economic goals, and social wellbeing and equity principle complete the characterisation of sustainability [35]. |
AI and machine learning | The modern phenomenon in AI has transformed innovative solutions and improved city external attacks against serious security threats [36]. The aspects such as smart adaptive advertising, smart travel experience, smart power grid, renewable energy and optimization, disaster prevention, smart agriculture, smart health, smart security and surveillance can be achieved if proper implementation of AI and IOT is introduced in smart city development program [37]. The proposed research on fairness-driven link scheduling for heterogeneous gateways in IIoT networks using digital twin technology and machine learning techniques has significant implications for the field of industrial automation and smart cities. The use of digital twin technology and machine learning in link scheduling ensures efficient data transmission and resource protection in IIoT networks [38]. |
Digital Twins | Digital Twin coupled with IoT data can augment the efficient planning of the smart city and execution of its building by supplementing financial progress, effectual administration of resources, lessening of environmental impression and escalate the complete worth of a resident’s life. The digital twin prototypical can aid city organizers and legislators in the smart city planning by retrieving the visions from numerous sensor networks and smart systems. The information received from the digital twins supports them in reaching well-versed choices concerning the future as well [39]. |
Big Data | Availability of a large number of data sources indicates importance of big data in supporting the smart city applications and services [40]. Analysis of big data sets particularly useful for areas such as smart transportation, smart governance, smart grid, smart healthcare [41]. |
Blockchain | Blockchain may be used to solve problems in transactions, supply chain management, workforce management, and legal difficulties. Blockchain technology can improve vehicle and passenger tracking, as well as the payment of transportation fees effectively [42]. |
Cloud computing | Big data and cloud computing are currently considered as key enablers that can lead to the building of the future industrial ecosystem by interlinking the cyber and physical worlds. The main reason is that these are able to manage the variety, velocity, volume and criticality of data that the industrial environment generates by means of highly distributed and scalable architectures that can be dynamically dimensioned to process workloads in real time [43]. |
Cyber-physical systems | Cyberphysical Systems are intelligently networked systems with sensors, instilled processors, and actuators installed within them that identify and interact with real-world aspects and human end-users; CPS support real-time, ensure quality and extent of performance within safety-oriented applications, especially in the smart city model [44]. |
Robots and drones | Drones have a great ability to assist in the planning of urban communities to rapidly transform the lives of their inhabitants for the better [45]. |
Augmented Reality | AR is a useful visualization technique and can be used in many domains such as medical, robotics, military, navigation, traveling, education, entertainment, marketing, tourism, urban planning, manufacturing, product assembly and repair, architecture, etc. Smart cities use ICT for enriching the quality and performance of mobile devices in the city, where AR can provide new solutions to various domains of a smart city [46]. |
Industry 4.0 Tools in Smart Cities | Smart Mobility | Smart Economy | Smart People | Smart Environment | Smart Living | Smart Governance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet of Things | 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 32, 34, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 60, 72 | 1, 8, 17, 26, 29, 36, 42, 60 | 4, 8, 17, 30, 42, 50, 62, 79 | 8, 21, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 49, 54, 66, 73, 75, 76, 55 | 8, 11, 36, 64, 68, 77 | 8, 10, 13, 38, 39, 74 |
Artificial Intelligence and machine learning | 4, 5, 18, 19, 25, 28, 32, 44, 45, 48, 53, 65, 71, 78 | 26, 28, 78 | 4, 25, 78 | 26, 28, 33, 35, 39, 75, 78, 55 | 61, 68, 78 | 39, 56, 78 |
Digital Twins | 46, 57, 71, 78 | 78 | 78 | 69, 78 | 16, 59, 78 | 10, 16, 78 |
Big data | 7, 43, 45 | 36 | 37 | 36, 64 | 7, 10, 31, 74 | |
Blockchain | 6, 22, 23, 51, 60 | 58, 60 | 79 | 35, 66 | 67 | |
Cloud computing | 6, 15 | 42 | 42 | 42 | ||
Fog computing | 3, 49 | 49 | 14 | |||
CPS | 8, 51 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Robots, drones, autonomous vehicle | 2, 19, 25, 48, 52 | 42 | 25, 42 | 42, 63 | ||
Augmented reality | 62, 70 |
Smart City Area | Industry 4.0 Tools Used in Key Areas of Smart Cities | Authors |
---|---|---|
Smart mobility | Internet of Things (IoT), big data systems and mobility are some of the services programmers of smart cities. Smart parking is the crucial parts of smart city. Connected automobile with its advanced technology reduces the chances of accident and help drivers save time and gasoline in their limits. More urban ourplanet becomes, smarter the cities have to be. | Rastogi et al., 2022 [49] |
Integrating blockchain technology and the IoT into city transportation systems will undoubtedly have many benefits. These benefits cover a widerange of data sharing and tracking to smart city residents’ transparency and privacy. | Abbas et al., 2021 [50] | |
Smart environment | The applications of IT software, AI and automation of one or more stages in the urban greenery management and development contributes to freeing human labor, increasing the storage capacity and the ability to enhance the integrated information processing between urban greenery and related fields. | Tuan, 2021 [51] |
IoT improves and simplifies our lives in numerous ways to protect our environment, and society by sensing and cooperatively communicating over the internet. Finding suitable and efficient techniques for greening IoT is required to improve our quality and sustainability of resources. | Alsamhi et al., 2021 [52] | |
Digitally twinning the development process of smart energy systems for futuristic smart cities is essential for various benefits in the areas of operation and maintenance. | Musti and Tomar, 2023 [53] | |
Smart economy | A cloud-based continuum generative design with integrated hybrid additive subtractive manufacturing concept can provide a unique digital manufacturing system which is accessible from any IoT device | Dilibal et al., 2021 [54] |
Smart people | The human resources are an important aspect of Industry 4.0 implementation. Although the introduction of automation, digitisation and CPS, the humans remain an important constituent part for planning, designing and implementing modern production systems and factories. A scarcity of skilled labour forces will be experienced by many industrial sectors. Especially, SMEs have great difficulties in finding highly educated employees. However, considering the increasing trend of urbanisation, factories close to metropolitan areas bear enormous advantages. One of these advantages is to address the lack of qualified labour-forces. | Matt et al., 2020 [55] |
The application of technology enabled solution in Industry 4.0 is estimated to rise and benefit a wide range of sectors. The result analysis indicates that the use of advance technology enhances and optimizes various HRM sectors to thrive in the digitization era for IOT smart cities. | Vijh et al., 2023 [56] | |
Society 5.0 is a super-intelligent society in which emerging advanced technologies are integrated with industry and social life to solve numerous societal concerns and inhabitants’ lives will be more pleasant and sustainable. It envisions a society where everyone enjoys life to the fullest. The purpose of economic growth and technological development is not for the welfare of a select few, but to create prosperity for everyone. In the emerging technologies, the 5G-IoT is a potential contender, which plays a crucial role for Society 5.0 such as for facultative distribution of required resources across the inhabitant and identifying resources that are in excess supply, pooling information on wastage with its supply on demand. The societal concerns are global challenges therefore; the Society 5.0 does not serve the needs of one country alone. | Ferreira et al., 2022 [57] | |
The town of Riihimäki [in Finland] has invested heavily in educational robotics activities, ranging from nurseries and elementary schools, to university level and lifelong learning for adults, integrating this with the needs of various sectors, including industry, health care, education, and traffic. | Ruohomaa et al., 2019 [58] | |
Smart living | The intelligent street landscape construction can ensure the rational resource allocation and construction efficiency through the in-depth survey of on-site environmental factors (e.g., soil quality, hydrological conditions, wind force, atmospheric pressure) using the sensing and RFID systems of IoT technology and the corresponding construction schemes and regulation. | Li et al., 2021 [59] |
The development of new monitoring technologies with reasonable processing power and affordable prices has the potential to transform the way we perceive our environment and detect critical events, potentially saving lives and reducing properties damages. Together with the maturation of communication protocols and the Internet of Things paradigm, the resulting scenario is fertile for the adoption of new services to improve our quality of life. In this scenario, with most people living in urban areas and with the proliferation of large cities around the world, the development of emergency alerting systems has become even more relevant, as critical events have the potential to affect a great number of people. | Costa et al., 2020 [60] | |
Smart governance | Open (government) data provide access to create added value in Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0, also known as the super-smart society, and support the idea of greater openness and accountability in business and administration governance | Nikiforova, 2021 [61] |
Public services should be administered using innovative AI technologies and e-governance in convenient modes to eliminate the barriers between stakeholders and city governments, while state officials can still sustain the model for better support. | Bokhari and Myeong, 2023 [62] |
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Boichuk, N.; Pisz, I.; Bruska, A.; Kauf, S.; Wyrwich-Płotka, S. Exploring the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart City Evolution: A Literature-Based Study. Sustainability 2025, 17, 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157024
Boichuk N, Pisz I, Bruska A, Kauf S, Wyrwich-Płotka S. Exploring the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart City Evolution: A Literature-Based Study. Sustainability. 2025; 17(15):7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157024
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoichuk, Nataliia, Iwona Pisz, Anna Bruska, Sabina Kauf, and Sabina Wyrwich-Płotka. 2025. "Exploring the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart City Evolution: A Literature-Based Study" Sustainability 17, no. 15: 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157024
APA StyleBoichuk, N., Pisz, I., Bruska, A., Kauf, S., & Wyrwich-Płotka, S. (2025). Exploring the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Smart City Evolution: A Literature-Based Study. Sustainability, 17(15), 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157024