Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Cultural Landscape Zoning of Traditional Villages in North Henan Province
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Regional Overview and Data Sources
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. Nearest Neighbor Index
2.2.2. Imbalance Index
2.2.3. Geographic Concentration Index
2.2.4. Kernel Density Analysis
2.2.5. K-Means Clustering Algorithm
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Traditional Villages in Northern Henan
3.1.1. Types of Spatial Distribution
3.1.2. Uniformity of Spatial Distribution
3.1.3. Spatial Distribution Pattern
3.2. Traditional Villages in Northern Henan Clustering Zoning
3.2.1. Extraction of Cultural Factors and Indicator System
3.2.2. K-Means Cluster Analysis
3.2.3. Correlation Analysis of Cultural Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. The Stone Masonry Building Culture Area Along the Taihang Mountains
4.2. The Brick and Stone Mixed Building Culture Area in the Low Hills of the Taihang Mountains
4.3. The Brick and Wood Building Culture Area in the North China Plain
4.4. The Raw Soil Building Culture Area in the Transition Zone of the Loess Plateau
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Cultural Factor | Indicator Properties |
---|---|---|
environment | topography and geomorphology (TG) | 1 = plains, 2 = low hills, 3 = mountains (mountain basins, river valleys, valley terraces, mountain slope), 4 = Loess Plateau |
altitude and elevation (AE) | 1 = AE ≤ 200 m, 2 = 200 < AE ≤ 500 m, 3 = 500 < AE ≤ 800 m, 4 = AE > 800 m | |
river class (RC) | 1 = class I river, 2 = class II river, 3 = class III river, 4 = class IV river, 5 = class V river, 6 = class VI river | |
river relationship (RR) | 1 = next to the river: ≤1.5 km from class I II river, ≤1.0 km from class III IV river; ≤0.5 km from class V VI river 2 = near the river: 1.5 km < from class I II river ≤ 3 km, 1.0 km < from class III IV river ≤ 2.5 km; 0.5 km < from class V VI river ≤ 2.0 km 3 = far from river: >3 km from class I II river, >2.5 km from class III IV river; >2 km from class V VI river | |
village form | village scale (VS) | 1 = VS ≤ 10 ha, 2= 10 < VS ≤ 30 ha, 3 = 30 < VS ≤ 50 ha, 4 = 50 < VS ≤ 70 ha, 5 = VS >70 ha |
morphological layout (ML) | clustered (1 = row and column of clusters, 2 = compact clusters, 3 = dispersed clusters, 4 = fingerprints), striped (5 = unidirectional strips, 6 = multidirectional strips, 7 = circular strips), scattered (8 = free scattering, 9 = linear scattering) | |
village orientation (VO) | 1 = sitting north to south (including sitting northeast to southwest and northwest to southeast), 2 = sitting south to north (including sitting southeast to northwest and southwest to northeast), 3 = sitting east to west, 4 = sitting west to east, 5 = multifacing | |
street layout (SL) | uniaxial (1 = horizontal extension, 2 = vertical lift), multiaxial (3 = multiaxial parallel, 4 = multiaxial convergence, 5 = cross intersection), regular network (6 = orthogonal network, 7 = radial network), irregular network (8 = freely extending, 9 = organic growth) | |
folk architecture | courtyard form (CF) | 1 = “one”-type, “L”-type, 2 = triple courtyard, 3 = quadruple courtyard, 4 = multiple courtyards, cross courtyards, 5 = kiln house courtyard |
building materials (BM) | 1 = earth and wood, 2 = stone and wood, 3 = brick and wood, 4 = mixed brick and stone, 5 = brick and earth, mixed earth and stone | |
roof shape (RS) | 1 = hanging mountain tile surface, 2 = hard mountain back tile surface, 3 = flat roof house, 4 = hoard roof house, 5 = slate surface, 6 = hard mountain combined tile surface | |
structural system (SS) | 1 = wood frame, 2 = wall, 3 = wood frame stone wall mix, 4 = wood frame arch coupon mix | |
social cultural | dialectal family (DF) | 1 = shansi dialect hanxin area, 2 = zhongyuan dialect zhengkai area, 3 = zhongyuan dialect luosong area, 4 = zhongyuan dialect yanhe area |
foundation age (FA) | 1 = Pre-Tang, 2 = Tang, 3 = Song, 4 = Yuan, 5 = Ming, 6 = Qing | |
traditional industry function (IF) | 1 = agricultural, 2 = forestry and pastoralism, 3 = military defense, 4 = transportation and trade, 5 = political and cultural, 6 = composite |
Village Name | TG | AE | RC | RR | VS | ML | VO | SL | CF | BM | RS | SS | DF | FA | IF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuyang Village | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Ren Village | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
Chaoyang Village | 3 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Caomiao Village | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
Nanjie Village | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Dahu Village | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
Feiquan Village | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 6 |
Wenpo Village | 3 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 |
Zhengchang Village | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Beizhu Village | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Shuangmiao Village | 3 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Mogou Village | 4 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Duan Village | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Liyu Village | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
Pingdian Village | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
Dache Village | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 |
Danguai Village | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Wanglou Village | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
Shuangfang Village | 4 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Zhanghe Village | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
Cultural Factor | Clustering Category Variance (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | F | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | Cluster 6 | |||
TG | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.94 ± 0.41 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 3.26 ± 0.49 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 910.886 | 0.000 ** |
RC | 4.00 ± 1.38 | 5.24 ± 0.55 | 4.91 ± 1.06 | 4.84 ± 1.01 | 4.58 ± 1.16 | 4.57 ± 1.09 | 8.677 | 0.000 ** |
RR | 2.03 ± 0.78 | 2.38 ± 0.82 | 1.99 ± 0.84 | 2.26 ± 0.81 | 2.07 ± 0.83 | 1.98 ± 0.85 | 1.539 | 0.177 |
AE | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.21 ± 0.69 | 2.30 ± 0.73 | 1.21 ± 0.42 | 1.84 ± 0.53 | 1.48 ± 0.50 | 123.444 | 0.000 ** |
VS | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.21 ± 1.61 | 3.86 ± 1.63 | 1.42 ± 1.26 | 1.33 ± 0.94 | 1.77 ± 1.50 | 57.044 | 0.000 ** |
ML | 3.40 ± 1.22 | 1.32 ± 0.53 | 1.53 ± 0.65 | 2.95 ± 1.31 | 2.37 ± 1.29 | 2.61 ± 1.08 | 35.744 | 0.000 ** |
VO | 1.40 ± 0.77 | 3.03 ± 1.82 | 6.10 ± 1.60 | 2.26 ± 1.69 | 2.07 ± 1.39 | 2.74 ± 1.74 | 95.048 | 0.000 ** |
SL | 5.88 ± 1.65 | 7.68 ± 1.47 | 2.64 ± 2.23 | 5.11 ± 1.33 | 6.51 ± 2.41 | 5.70 ± 2.51 | 37.928 | 0.000 ** |
CS | 3.40 ± 0.49 | 1.12 ± 0.33 | 1.19 ± 0.39 | 3.89 ± 0.99 | 2.33 ± 1.13 | 2.25 ± 0.54 | 153.054 | 0.000 ** |
BM | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 2.17 ± 0.70 | 5.00 ± 0.00 | 1.72 ± 0.45 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 424.230 | 0.000 ** |
RS | 3.62 ± 1.97 | 3.88 ± 1.23 | 2.79 ± 1.23 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.95 ± 0.87 | 2.75 ± 0.43 | 21.324 | 0.000 ** |
SS | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 2.06 ± 0.41 | 2.26 ± 1.52 | 2.07 ± 0.80 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 127.352 | 0.000 ** |
DF | 1.71 ± 0.84 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.26 ± 0.99 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 39.137 | 0.000 ** |
FA | 4.35 ± 1.50 | 4.88 ± 1.07 | 4.31 ± 1.74 | 3.84 ± 1.74 | 4.00 ± 1.81 | 4.13 ± 1.77 | 1.608 | 0.158 |
IF | 2.62 ± 2.02 | 2.03 ± 0.94 | 2.16 ± 1.16 | 2.21 ± 1.96 | 2.47 ± 1.86 | 2.67 ± 2.08 | 1.198 | 0.310 |
Cultural Factor | TG | AE | RC | VS | ML | VO | SL | CF | BM | RS | SS | DF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG | Pearson relevance | 1 | |||||||||||
p (salience) | - | ||||||||||||
AE | Pearson relevance | 0.531 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | - | |||||||||||
RC | Pearson relevance | 0.276 ** | 0.312 ** | 1 | |||||||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | ||||||||||
VS | Pearson relevance | −0.422 ** | −0.524 ** | −0.220 ** | 1 | ||||||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | |||||||||
ML | Pearson relevance | 0.393 ** | 0.425 ** | 0.150 ** | −0.452 ** | 1 | |||||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.000 | - | ||||||||
VO | Pearson relevance | 0.367 ** | 0.488 ** | 0.132 * | −0.408 ** | 0.622 ** | 1 | ||||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | |||||||
SL | Pearson relevance | −0.123 * | −0.051 | −0.036 | 0.223 ** | −0.428 ** | −0.205 ** | 1 | |||||
p (salience) | 0.026 | 0.357 | 0.512 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | ||||||
CF | Pearson relevance | −0.410 ** | −0.635 ** | −0.260 ** | 0.596 ** | −0.503 ** | −0.521 ** | 0.134 * | 1 | ||||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | - | |||||
BM | Pearson relevance | −0.292 ** | −0.476 ** | −0.082 | 0.296 ** | −0.234 ** | −0.263 ** | 0.033 | 0.413 ** | 1 | |||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.140 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.557 | 0.000 | - | ||||
RS | Pearson relevance | −0.378 ** | 0.053 | −0.140 * | 0.251 ** | −0.085 | 0.010 | 0.059 | 0.102 | −0.064 | 1 | ||
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.340 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.124 | 0.858 | 0.290 | 0.065 | 0.246 | - | |||
SS | Pearson relevance | 0.404 ** | 0.269 ** | 0.194 ** | −0.292 ** | 0.329 ** | 0.231 ** | −0.088 | −0.161 ** | 0.276 ** | −0.199 ** | 1 | |
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.111 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | ||
DF | Pearson relevance | −0.226 ** | −0.326 ** | −0.165 ** | 0.168 ** | −0.202 ** | −0.237 ** | 0.038 | 0.468 ** | 0.291 ** | −0.121 * | −0.211 ** | 1 |
p (salience) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.497 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.000 | - |
Main Cultural Landscape | (a) The Stone Masonry Building Culture Area Along the Taihang Mountains | (b) The Brick and Stone Mixed Building Culture Area in the Low Hills of the Taihang Mountains | (c) The Brick and Wood Building Culture Area in the North China Plain | (d) The Raw Soil Building Culture Area in the Transition Zone of the Loess Plateau | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
topography and geomorphology | mountains | low hills | plains | Loess Plateau | |||
building materials | |||||||
stone, wood | mixed brick, stone and wood | green brick, wood | raw earth, wood | ||||
courtyard system | “one”-type, “L”-type | triple courtyard, quadruple courtyard | quadruple courtyard, multiple courtyards, cross courtyards | triple courtyard, kiln house courtyard | |||
“one”-type “L”-type | triple courtyard | quadruple courtyard | multiple courtyards | cross courtyards | kiln house courtyard | ||
structural system | |||||||
wall | wood frame stone wall mix | wood frame | wood frame (same as above), arch coupon | ||||
roof shape | |||||||
hard mountain back tile surface (coexistence type) | hanging mountain tile surface | ||||||
slate surface | hoard roof house | flat roof house | hard mountain combined tile surface | roof of a kiln | |||
morphological layout | compact clusters, striped | compact clusters, striped | row and column of clusters, fingerprints | row and column of clusters, striped | |||
compact clusters | striped | row and column | fingerprints | ||||
of clusters | |||||||
typical village | Huanghou Village, Pingdingyao Village | Feiquan Village, Dahu Village | Danguai Village, Yuyang Village | Shuangfang Village, Mogou Village |
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Mao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, C.; Cai, M.; Ge, Y. Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Cultural Landscape Zoning of Traditional Villages in North Henan Province. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5254. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125254
Mao Y, Zhang Z, Sun C, Cai M, Ge Y. Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Cultural Landscape Zoning of Traditional Villages in North Henan Province. Sustainability. 2025; 17(12):5254. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125254
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Yalong, Zihao Zhang, Chang Sun, Minjun Cai, and Yipeng Ge. 2025. "Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Cultural Landscape Zoning of Traditional Villages in North Henan Province" Sustainability 17, no. 12: 5254. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125254
APA StyleMao, Y., Zhang, Z., Sun, C., Cai, M., & Ge, Y. (2025). Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Cultural Landscape Zoning of Traditional Villages in North Henan Province. Sustainability, 17(12), 5254. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125254