Climate Change Awareness and Pro-Environmental Intentions in Sports Fans: Applying the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Sustainable Spectating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1. Awareness of the Conequences of Climate Change and Pro-Environmetal Behavior
2.2. Theory of Planned Behavior and Pro-Environmental Behavior
2.3. Extended Theory of Planned Behavior and Awareness of Climate Change
2.4. The Current Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants and Procedures
3.2. Measurements
3.2.1. Awareness of Climate Change
3.2.2. Theory of Planned Behavior Constructs
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. CFA for the Measurement Model
4.2. Mediation Analyses for the Research Model
4.2.1. Testing the Direct Effect
4.2.2. Testing the Indirect Effect
5. Discussion
5.1. Academic Contributions
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey Items
Variables | Content of Items |
Demographics | Gender; Male/Female/Prefer not to say |
Birth; 2000s/1990s/1980s/1970s/1960s/1950s/1940s | |
Ethnicity; Asian or Pacific Islander/Black or African American/Hispanic or Latino/Native American or American Indian/Other/white | |
Primary sports attended; MLB/MLS/NBA/NFL/NHL/Others(describe) | |
Frequency of spectating; At least once a day/week/month/year | |
Awareness of the consequences of Climate Change (ACC) | Climate change is a serious problem for me and my family. |
Climate change will threaten jobs for people like me. | |
Climate change will deteriorate our quality of life. | |
The effects of climate change on public health are worse than we realize. | |
Over the next several decades, thousands of species could become extinct due to the effects of climate change. | |
Claims that current levels of pollution are changing earth’s climate are exaggerated. (R) | |
Attitude (ATT) | What do you think about reducing single-use plastic when you visit sports events? (1) Bad–(6) Good |
(1) undesirable–(6) desirable | |
(1) unenjoyable–(6) enjoyable | |
(1) foolish–(6) wise | |
(1) unfavorable–(6) favorable | |
(1) unpleasant–(6) pleasant | |
Subjective Norm (SN) | Most people who are important to me would want me to reduce single-use plastic when visiting sports events. |
Most people who are important to me would think I should reduce single-use plastic when visiting sports events. | |
Other spectators seem to be responsible for reducing single-use plastic. | |
Other spectators would expect me to reduce single-use plastic | |
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) | Whether or not I try to reduce single-use plastic when visiting sports events is completely up to me. |
I have resources, time, and opportunities to try to reduce single-use plastic when you visit sports events. | |
I am confident that if I want, I can try to reduce single-use plastic when visiting sports events. | |
I feel in complete control over whether I will reduce single-use plastic. | |
Behavioral Intention (INT) | When I visit as a sports spectator, I intend to find alternatives instead of using single-use plastic items. |
When I visit as a sports spectator, I am willing to persuade other individuals to reduce using single-use plastic. | |
When I visit as a sports spectator, I intend to educate my relatives about the way of reducing single-use plastic. | |
I am willing to switch to using plastic-free accessories and tools. |
Appendix B. Measurement Items with Descriptive Statistics, Factor Loadings, and Cronbach’s Alpha Values (n = 431)
Variables | Item No. | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading | α |
Awareness of the consequences of Climate Change (ACC) | 1 | 4.52 | 1.404 | −0.836 | −0.099 | 0.766 | 0.873 |
2 | 2.81 | 1.766 | 0.587 | −1.012 | - | ||
3 | 4.93 | 1.378 | −1.436 | 1.300 | 0.817 | ||
4 | 5.03 | 1.303 | −1.432 | 1.394 | 0.899 | ||
5 | 5.04 | 1.248 | −1.417 | 1.588 | 0.741 | ||
6 * | 4.91 | 1.474 | −1.362 | 0.782 | 0.610 | ||
Attitude (ATT) | 1 | 5.24 | 1.238 | −1.878 | 2.973 | 0.671 | 0.885 |
2 | 5.26 | 1.111 | −1.763 | 2.869 | 0.846 | ||
3 | 4.63 | 1.234 | −0.586 | −0.329 | 0.731 | ||
4 | 5.42 | 0.968 | −2.041 | 4.613 | - | ||
5 | 5.33 | 1.058 | −1.995 | 4.133 | 0.839 | ||
6 | 4.90 | 1.197 | −1.030 | 0.554 | 0.839 | ||
Subjective Norm (SN) | 1 | 4.58 | 1.291 | −0.691 | −0.202 | 0.916 | 0.833 |
2 | 4.57 | 1.353 | −0.726 | −0.253 | 0.933 | ||
3 | 3.60 | 1.467 | −0.002 | −0.926 | - | ||
4 | 3.63 | 1.452 | −0.022 | −0.857 | 0.570 | ||
Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) | 1 | 4.57 | 1.437 | −0.887 | −0.102 | 0.689 | 0.881 |
2 | 4.63 | 1.386 | −0.897 | −0.076 | 0.848 | ||
3 | 4.87 | 1.269 | −1.064 | 0.372 | 0.863 | ||
4 | 4.44 | 1.502 | −0.655 | −0.692 | 0.829 | ||
Behavioral Intention (INT) | 1 | 4.17 | 1.506 | −0.520 | −0.686 | 0.795 | 0.851 |
2 | 3.71 | 1.642 | −0.135 | −1.129 | 0.834 | ||
3 | 3.83 | 1.671 | −0.310 | −1.076 | 0.904 | ||
4 | 5.19 | 1.085 | −1.610 | 2.696 | 0.559 | ||
* Revers coded. |
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Demographics | Categories | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 243 | 56.4 |
Female | 182 | 42.3 | |
Prefer not to say | 6 | 1.3 | |
Birth | 2000s | 63 | 14.6 |
1990s | 156 | 36.2 | |
1980s | 124 | 28.8 | |
1970s | 57 | 13.2 | |
1960s | 24 | 5.6 | |
1950s | 6 | 1.4 | |
1940s | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ethnicity | Asian/Pacific Islander | 66 | 15.3 |
Black or African American | 22 | 5.1 | |
Hispanic or Latino | 51 | 11.8 | |
Native American or American Indian | 3 | 0.7 | |
Other | 14 | 3.3 | |
White | 275 | 63.8 | |
Frequency of spectating | At least once a year | 264 | 61.3 |
At least once a month | 114 | 26.5 | |
At least once a week | 48 | 11.1 | |
At least once a day | 5 | 1.2 | |
Primary sports attended | MLB | 121 | 28.1 |
MLS | 23 | 5.3 | |
NBA | 65 | 15.1 | |
NFL | 172 | 39.9 | |
NHL | 30 | 6.9 | |
Others | 20 | 4.6 |
Variables | ACC | ATT | SN | PBC | INT | α | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACC | 4.88 (1.10) | - | - | - | - | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.59 |
ATT | 0.49 ** | 5.07 (0.96) | - | - | - | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.62 |
SN | 0.33 ** | 0.48 ** | 4.25 (1.18) | - | - | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.67 |
PBC | 0.13 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.27 ** | 4.62 (1.20) | - | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.65 |
INT | 0.47 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.31 ** | 4.22 (1.24) | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.61 |
MSV | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.36 | - | - | - |
ASV | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.23 | - | - | - |
Path | B | β | SE | t | Model-Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACC → ATT | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 11.91 *** | R2 = 0.24, F(1, 429) = 141.87 *** |
ACC → SN | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 7.23 *** | R2 = 0.10, F(1, 429) = 52.37 *** |
ACC → PBC | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 2.84 ** | R2 = 0.01, F(1, 429) = 8.08 ** |
ACC → INT | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 6.00 *** | R2 = 0.49, F(4, 426) = 103.35 *** |
ATT → INT | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 3.97 *** | |
SN → INT | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.04 | 10.06 *** | |
PBC → INT | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 3.46 *** |
Path | B | Boot SE | Bootstrapping 95% C.I. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Significance | |||
ACC → ATT → INT | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.16 | Sig. |
ACC → SN → INT | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.20 | Sig. |
ACC → PBC → INT | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | Not sig. |
total | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.34 | Sig. |
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Hwang, S.; Lee, J.; Jang, D. Climate Change Awareness and Pro-Environmental Intentions in Sports Fans: Applying the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Sustainable Spectating. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083246
Hwang S, Lee J, Jang D. Climate Change Awareness and Pro-Environmental Intentions in Sports Fans: Applying the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Sustainable Spectating. Sustainability. 2024; 16(8):3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083246
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Soowoong, Jiho Lee, and Dojin Jang. 2024. "Climate Change Awareness and Pro-Environmental Intentions in Sports Fans: Applying the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Sustainable Spectating" Sustainability 16, no. 8: 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083246