Involving Rural Youth in Agroecological Nature-Positive Farming and Culinary Agri-Ecotourism for Sustainable Development: The Indian Scenario

Abstract

Industrial food systems produce most of the food that we consume globally today. But many observers acknowledge that industrial agriculture cannot be sustained in the long run. As such, agroecological practices that encourage sustainable farming practices with a focus on local markets and the local economy are being promoted more and more to change the way food systems work. The current research examines how rural youth can best be involved in food system transformation as a potential agent of change. The research considers the potential of payments for environmental services (PESs) in the study area. The economic potential of gastronomic agri-ecotourism in various traditional agricultural landscapes of different agroecosystems of India has also been investigated. Gastronomic agri-ecotourism has the potential to provide economic benefits to traditional agricultural landscapes and agroecosystems while also promoting sustainable tourism practices. The results of an exploratory study on rural youth participation in nature-friendly agroecological regenerative farming and culinary agri-ecotourism initiatives are presented in this paper in an effort to increase the sustainability of conventional farming and food systems. This study, which was carried out in four different agroecological settings in India, sheds light on the opportunities and problems faced by rural youth, as well as their motivations.

1. Introduction

Global agriculture experienced significant change since the 1950s. Governments and international financial organizations pushed for a switch to crop varieties that provided larger yields, but only with assistance from the large-scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides [1]. The green revolution, a common name for this transformation, changed agriculture from a system of food production that followed the cycles of nature to one that had significant detrimental impacts on the environment and human health [2]. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides reduce soil nutrients and make us more dependent on fossil fuels for farming.

Seldom has recent research examined the pre-green revolution agrarian history and the elements that contributed to the acceptance of the “productivity-oriented” green revolution [3]. It is nearly impossible to give up the concept and practice of “increasing the production” of all agricultural sectors at the expense of the environment, economy, ecology, nutrition, diversity, etc., according to some, who characterize the green revolution model of agricultural development as a tragedy [4]. India, a nation with a long history of millet and paddy farming, established a new agricultural growth plan that focused mostly on wheat. To the detriment of the environment and the socio-economic system, the multi-crop model that exists in many agroecological systems has been disregarded in favor of a monocrop model. The green revolution raised agricultural productivity globally by planting mostly high-yielding rice and wheat varieties that depended on the use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, irrigation, and better farming equipment. The late 1960s marked the start of India’s green revolution. Its achievement allowed the nation to become food self-sufficient in less than a decade. The blind dedication to increasing food production and taking into consideration trade-offs or synergies with other outcomes is being challenged by India’s ability to envision alternative futures that meet the needs of farmers, society, and the environment [3]. India has to import fuel for irrigation pumps and tractors and rock phosphate for fertilizers in order to continue being self-sufficient in two staples, rice and wheat. Reliance on these non-renewable and quickly diminishing energy and mineral sources also made agriculture an industry that contributes to climate change through carbon emissions. The nation’s vulnerability did not change; it only changed to a different set of interests. This has led to the emergence of deeper ecological and existential issues [4].

The dynamic concept of agroecology has gained popularity in the domains of politics, agriculture, and research in recent years. Agroecology could contribute to the transformation of food systems. Through the integration of ecological concepts into agriculture, agroecological systems guarantee the regenerative utilization of natural resources and tackle the demand for socially equitable food systems, allowing individuals to have a say in the food they consume, its production, and its location [5,6]. Agroecology’s focus has expanded in recent decades to encompass all aspects of agricultural and food systems, rather than just fields and farms. It encompasses a social movement, a body of behaviors, and a science. It embraces a science, a set of practices, and a social movement. All of the ecological, social, technological, and economic sciences are now included in this transdisciplinary field. Nowadays, consumers are more aware of the origins of their food, its nutritional content, and the production methods used. They are prepared to pay a premium for a higher-quality product [7]. Industrial and traditional farming represent two different and competing visions for what the food system could look like. Farmers at any scale can, however, integrate more agroecological practices into their work [8].

The objective of agroecological practices is to enhance the diversity, resilience, and productivity of agroecosystems while minimizing the reliance on purchased inputs, such as fossil fuels and agrochemicals. Agroecological practices aim to utilize, protect, and improve biological and ecological processes in agricultural production. Farming systems that adopt agroecological techniques benefit from diversification, mixed farming, intercropping, cultivar mixtures, habitat management strategies for crop-associated biodiversity, biological pest control, better soil structure and health, biological nitrogen fixation, and the recycling of nutrients, energy, and waste [9,10]. Sustainable food systems (SFS) that embrace agroecological approaches recognize the value of local knowledge, the participatory process in creating knowledge and practice through experience, the application of scientific principles, and the need to address social disparities [5]. These approaches prioritize natural operations, restrict the reliance on natural processes, limit the use of external inputs, and highlight the importance of closed cycles with the least possible adverse impacts. This shift has significant consequences for the organization of research, learning, and outreach activities.

An agroecological approach to SFS acknowledges that agri-food and socio-ecological systems are deeply connected, spanning from food production to consumption and all the activities in between. Food security and nutrition should be addressed through a comprehensive integration of agroecological science, practices, and a social movement centered on agroecology. There has been a notable lack of research funding dedicated to examining the comparative yields and effectiveness of agroecological practices relative to other methods. This includes investigations into how agroecology can be connected to public policy, the economic and social ramifications of implementing agroecological strategies, and the degree to which these practices enhance resilience to climate change [11].

Agroecology has developed since the 1980s as a significant area of scientific inquiry, a set of agricultural practices, and a global movement [12,13]. The discipline challenges the logic of conventional, chemical agriculture by understanding farms as ecosystems and working with natural processes to produce food [14].

A decade ago, agroecology was seldom acknowledged outside of academic circles. Today, it is at the forefront of conversations around the world regarding the food system, the environment, and development [7,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. It represents an innovative and cohesive approach for transforming food systems in a manner that benefits farmers, society, and the environment [22]. A comprehensive understanding of agroecosystems promotes coevolution at both the ecological and social levels in terms of structure and function.

Both traditional smallholder and conventional industrial farming systems can move towards agroecology. The industrial approach can also be agroecological, and agroecology can help in all farming systems, not just the small farms. Agroecology is a model that can help farmers transition away from harmful practices in agriculture [16]. Critically, a widespread shift towards agroecology demands that we also center farmer leadership in shaping food and farming policies. In the traditional production landscapes of India, the system of growing locally adapted seeds using ecological methods is still largely practiced. Therefore, reverting to agroecology-based farming is possible and is a key to cultivating a resilient food system [6].

The traditional farming system in India is largely biodiverse—a key to food system resilience under agroecology. Biodiverse farms have better resilience to climate change impacts or pest resistance and better prospects for ongoing adaptation to changing conditions on our farms [6].

Furthermore, the structural reform of agriculture in India has been found to be unsustainable [23]. Over the past several decades, the intensification of inputs has dramatically improved crop yield, ensuring the security of the cereal supply and keeping ample buffer stockpiles for emergency situations. The excessive use of inputs and the resulting environmental challenges have intensified the trade-off between the objectives of enhancing productivity and fostering sustainability and resilience. A novel framework grounded in agroecological principles has been suggested to safeguard to ensure the long-term viability of India’s agriculture sector and economy [23].

To attain a swift transition in the immediate future while ensuring a sustainable solution over the long term, the development of payments for ecosystem services (PESs) is also required. Farmers need to have sufficient incentives to conserve the environment. For instance, the price of agricultural products from regions where farmers conserve water and safeguard soil and biodiversity should be greater. This approach will significantly reduce the real cost of producing food while simultaneously preserving natural resources [24,25]. In essence, a revitalized agricultural sector will foster a robust rural economy, thereby alleviating the pressure on rural–urban migration. The numerous challenges confronting the world regarding food security, energy sustainability, climate change, and employment generation could be significantly mitigated by transitioning agricultural practices and their socio-economic impacts towards agroecology.

Globally, the average age of farmers is rising, presenting a challenge for the future viability of agriculture as a dynamic sector. Agriculture can yield beneficial outcomes in many countries; however, it often fails to appeal to the younger generation [26]. Farmers around the world regularly face challenges such as climate change, access to education, and limited access to land, marketing, finance and technology, all of which hinder productivity and income generation. Most smallholder farmers live in poverty, running crop and livestock farms that are not as productive as they could be. They are missing out on crucial opportunities to contribute to their larger food systems, despite the fact that agriculture is so prevalent and provides a living for 80% of the world’s rural poor, according to the World Bank [27].

Youth can significantly contribute to agriculture by enhancing food production, transforming local food systems, and fostering economic development that can elevate entire communities from poverty [28,29]. A significant majority of the young people are residing in rural areas with substantial agroecological potential, and expanding the agricultural sector has been shown to increase the incomes of poor families two to four times more effectively than other industries [26]. The youth unemployment rate across the globe presently is three times greater than that of adults, as indicated by a 2021 study conducted by the Food and Agricultural Organization. Furthermore, two-thirds of young individuals worldwide are either unemployed or engaged in precarious, low-wage jobs [30].

A 2017 report of HLPE [31] introduced the conceptual framework aimed at elucidating the role of young people as change agents in the transformation of food systems. To formulate recommendations aimed at enhancing youth engagement in food systems and advancing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, along with the broader 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the report examined particular policy domains, including employment, resources, knowledge, and innovations.

In the present research, we explore the potential of smallholder traditional farming and gainfully employing rural youth in farming and food system transformation. We specifically explore how rural youth can best be engaged in nature-positive regenerative production practices and be economically compensated for the ecosystem services they generate. The study highlights the importance of sustainable and inclusive education within food systems, aiming to equip young individuals for careers and involvement in food-related activities. Contemporary educators are tasked with tackling intricate challenges related to ecological sustainability and livelihoods. Furthermore, they must navigate the evolving landscape of food systems, including the impacts of digitization and entrepreneurship, which pose challenges to traditional educational models that typically emphasize a narrow set of objectives [32]. Reviving traditional agriculture through culinary agri-ecotourism will also be explored in India’s rural agricultural production landscapes. These new opportunities can build on shared economies with host families (homestays) or farms (farmstays). Culinary tourism offers a gateway into a destination’s cuisine, flavor, and food culture. The tourism sector of the country is now acknowledging its potential beyond its abundant culture and heritage, actively embracing culinary travel as a dynamic and appealing option for numerous affluent travelers.

The proposed activities in the present research were undertaken in four unique agroecosystems: hills and mountains; a hot, arid desert; the central plateau; and the northeastern region. Each one of these has its own distinctive crops and related diversity that are adapted to various farming practices, weather patterns, and socio-economic systems. Working on these diverse ecosystems will therefore aid in the development of models that can be replicated and expanded to other locations around the nation and the world.

The hill and mountain agroecosystems of Uttarakhand state in northwestern India are characterized by a temperate climate and subsistence farming. Agriculture is mainly rainfed, except in some river valleys, and the majority of the native crops are grown during the rainy season. The hot, arid deserts of Rajasthan state in western India are characterized by low water availability, poor soil health, and frequent droughts. Farming is mainly subsistence. Farming is the backbone of the central plateau regions of Madhya Pradesh state’s economy, with the state contributing significantly to the country’s food grain, pulse, and oil seed production. The climate is mainly subtropical. The tropical monsoon climate of Assam state in northeastern India is characterized by high rainfall, high humidity, and a range of temperatures. A variety of crops are grown besides tea, jute, spices, and tubers. All the above four agroecosystems have rich food culture and traditions besides ecotourism/agro-ecotourism potential, with rich and unique flora and fauna.

2. Materials and Methods

The present study was part of the project “Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity conservation and utilization in the agricultural sector to ensure ecosystem services and reduce vulnerability”, implemented by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and executed in India by Bioversity International and the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) from 2016 to 2023. It was conducted in four distinct and contrasting agroecosystems and regions in India: hills and mountains; a hot, arid desert, the central plateau, and the northeastern region. The study sites were the core villages under the project: the Uttarakhand hills (northwestern Himalayas); parts of rural Jodhpur in western Rajasthan (hot, arid desert); parts of the tribal Umaria district in Madhya Pradesh (central plateau); and parts of Assam-Jorhat and Golaghat (northeastern region) (Figure 1). The climate of the Uttarakhand hills is temperate, marked by seasonal variations in temperature but also affected by tropical monsoons. Rajasthan’s western region is barren and dry, the desert regions typically have frigid winters and scorching, dry summers. The central plateau region in Madhya Pradesh is subtropical, with a mean minimum temperature of 10 °C and mean maximum temperature of 25 °C. The climate of Assam is typically a ‘tropical monsoon rainforest climate’, with high levels of humidity and heavy rainfall.

In the year 2022, data were collected through focus group discussion (FGD) meetings conducted in each of the four agroecosystems. Information was obtained from two core villages within each agroecosystem. The FGD meetings, organized in the respective study villages, addressed various topics, including the dynamics of the local agri-food system, the extent of food insecurity, rural youth migration, the challenges faced by the food system, and the potential for engaging rural youth in its transformation. Additionally, discussions encompassed elements of community-based agri-ecotourism and homestay culinary tourism aimed at enhancing rural youth employability and supporting their livelihoods. Approximately 10 to 15 household members from each village took part in the discussion sessions. The participants comprised both younger and older farmers, as well as men and women. On average, one day was dedicated to engaging with the participants in a village setting. Following the focus group discussion (FGD), informal interactions were conducted with around 50 households in the studied villages to further validate the information regarding food insecurity and other variables related to the agri-food system. The selection of FGD participants was carried out in collaboration with local village leaders, extension workers, and occasionally local non-governmental organizations based on their expertise in traditional crops, farming practices, community food security, and their willingness to engage in the discussions.

Contributions from members of the focus group discussions (FGDs) representing participating households, along with the personal observations of researchers, were utilized to record information regarding agricultural practices within various traditional agroecosystems. This documentation also explored opportunities for involving rural youth in the transformation of farming and food systems. Additionally, insights were gathered on other factors, such as the mechanisms for implementing payment for ecosystem services (PES) initiatives and the potential for agri-ecotourism.

A group of eight to ten college-educated young individuals, comprising both genders, contributed further insights tailored to the youth demographic. These included their career aspirations and the factors drawn from a predetermined list that contribute to the declining interest among young people in the agricultural sector.

The research also documented the importance of food system education and rural youth’s knowledge of the negative effects of conventional industrial farming on food systems. The village youth also discussed ways traditional farming can be made intellectually satisfying and economically rewarding, the importance of their involvement in community-level natural resource management, and the modalities of payment for ecosystem services (PES) they provide to their potential users.

Separate informal meetings with visitors were held at various ecotourism and nature heritage sites and places of architectural and cultural significance in the respective agroecosystems. The interests articulated by tourists were carefully considered in the evaluation of the potential for establishing various agri-ecotourism clusters as exemplary models. Personal interviews and information interactions were conducted with domestic and international tourists. The researchers examined the possibilities of integrating culinary travel experiences into the tourism sector, the potential for food creolization to enrich and diversify the local food culture, and the practicality of providing homestay cooking classes.

The present research objective was to carry out an exploratory survey using qualitative responses. Therefore, a statistical evaluation of the data collected through FGD interviews was unnecessary. For quantitative data gathered in the form of percentages, original values without transformation and normality tests are presented.

3. Results

3.1. The Current State of Household Food Insecurity, with Information on Traditional Farming and Rural Youth in Different Agroecosystems

We observed that current hill and arid agroecosystems are relatively more food insecure. The farming households are either buying food from the market or are dependent on food transfers from public programs in the form of food subsidies and food aid (

Table 1. Current scenario of rural food insecurity in different agroecosystems.

Food Insecurity Variables	Households (%)
	Hills and Mountains	Arid	Central Plateau	Northeastern
Food self-reliant (subsistence production)	40	60	80	75
2. Buying food from a market	30	20	10	10
3. Dependency on transfers from public programs (food subsidies and food aid)	30	20	10	15

Samples were taken from about 50 randomly selected households each in the core study villages of different agroecosystems.

).

Table 2. Demographic and socio-economic variables characterizing rural youth in different agroecosystems.

Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables Characterizing Rural Youth	Hills and Mountains	Arid	Central Plateau	Northeastern
Average age of farmers	54	50	51	48
Rural youth population (15–24 years; %)	26	22	24	22
Migrant youth engaged in off-farm employment (unorganized sectors; %)	55	50	45	45
Youth not engaged in education, employment, or training (NEET; %)	22	18	16	16
Willingness of youth to choose farming as career while at school (%)	4	5	7	5
Youth reporting on role models, if any, for farming as a future career (%)	1	2	2	2
Household cash income from non-farm sources (remittances/wage income; %)	60	45	40	42

Samples were taken from about 50 randomly selected households each in the core study villages of different agroecosystems.

presents demographic characteristics and the socio-economic status of rural youth in the agroecosystems. The average age of farmers is about 50 years. Rural youth (15–24 years old) constitute more than 20 percent of the rural population, of which about 50 percent are working as migrant workers in unorganized sectors. These rural youth contribute to household cash income from non-farm sources. An estimated 18 percent of rural youth fall into the category of not being engaged in education, employment, or training, commonly known as NEET, and consequently do not contribute to the national economy. Additionally, only about five percent of youth express an interest in pursuing a career in agriculture while still in school.

The general farming scenario in the four different agroecosystems is presented in

Table 3. Farming scenarios in different traditional agroecosystems and possibilities of engaging rural youth in farming and food system transformation.

Food Insecurity Variables	Households (%)
Levels of monoculture and uniformity in crop production	In traditional production landscapes, we recorded a 20% loss of species diversity and a 10% loss of within-species diversity over time and space. Farmers’ traditional varieties continue to occupy about 70% of the cultivated land. However, in all agroecosystems, some farmers have switched from staple crops to cash crops in recent years.
Use of purchased inputs such as seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, etc.	About 90% of the traditional production landscapes are rainfed. Rain-fed agroecosystems often face uncertainty and a risk of crop failure. As such, farmers spend less on purchased inputs, especially seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. Farmers are increasingly dependent on locally available resources and crop polyculture.
State of crop–livestock mixed farming	Livestock are an integral part of traditional farming landscapes and contribute substantially to household cash income. This financial support is essential for the preservation of more sustainable agricultural practices. However, except for hill farming, in all other agroecosystems, farmers have limited reliance on draught power for different farming operations. The main livestock species are buffalos, sheep, and goats in arid agroecosystems; cattle in the central plateau region; pigs in the north-eastern region (Assam); and cattle, goats, and sheep in hill and mountain agroecosystems.
Climate change impact on farming	The frequency of climate shocks, particularly recurrent droughts and floods, has increased in recent decades. Climate impacts are more pronounced for wild agricultural species, and their gradual disappearance limits their use in traditional farming systems as part of the farmers’ dietary diversity.
Current food production and cultural identity are compromised	The decline of indigenous crops poses a significant risk to food sovereignty and undermines communities’ capacity to access culturally relevant food at equitable prices. In nearly all agroecosystems, the diminished production and consumption of native nutritious plant species negatively impacts human health.
State of age-old traditional wisdom	The traditional experiential information possessed by elderly farmers was documented. Minimum tillage, crop polyculture, crop rotation, intercropping with legumes, and cover crops are considered sustainable. Agroforestry is also traditionally practiced to diversify and maintain sustainable production.
State of management of common property resources (CPRs)	CPRs in different forms (community land surrounding farming landscapes, community grazing grounds, water resources, forestry resources, etc.) are declining fast and are often poorly managed. Rural youth can be gainfully employed in the sustainable management of CPRs as a livelihood support strategy. In most agroecosystems, community-managed forests under joint forest management (JFM) were found to perform better than state-managed forests. Sustainable management of CPRs provides an argument for community payments for ecosystem services (PESs) as incentives for rural youth.
Agri-ecotourism and culinary tourism possibilities	All agroecosystems have the potential for ecotourism, which can be easily combined with rural agriculture. Agri-ecotourism and culinary homestay tourism can provide ample employment and livelihoods for rural youth.

Information derived from the authors’ observations and inputs from fifty randomly selected participating FGD households in each of the core study villages from different agroecosystems.

. Despite some loss of diversity over time, all traditional agroecosystems maintain substantial crop species diversity and within-species landrace diversity. In the face of climate change impacts and the risk of crop failure, farmers are relying more on locally sourced inputs. Livestock play a crucial role in agricultural production and significantly enhance the household cash economy. Inadequate management of common property resources (CPRs) is negatively impacting the practice of mixed farming involving crops and livestock across nearly all agroecosystems. The agri-ecotourism potential exists in almost all agroecosystems, with great potential for culinary homestays to enhance employment and livelihood security for rural youth.

The primary obstacles to engaging rural youth in the transformation of farming and food systems are outlined in

Table 4. Addressing the key challenges associated with engaging rural youth in the transformation of farming and food systems.

Key Challenges	Description
Insufficient access to education, information, and knowledge	Most young people in rural areas choose agriculture as their least favorite occupation, as it is not very profitable, and they lack the knowledge of scientific methods of farming. For the agricultural sector to be successful, it needs skilled young people who are willing to dedicate themselves to farming. A key issue is the aging of farmers and the declining interest in farming among rural youth.
Limited access to land, market, and financial resources	Small (less than 2 ha) and highly fragmented landholdings, underdeveloped local markets, and a lack of financial resources and credit all exacerbate problems with rural young peoples’ employability and livelihood security in agricultural and food systems.
Climate impacts and risks involved in the agriculture sector	Traditional farming is often not economically rewarding enough to attract rural youth into farming because of the associated climate risks (drought, flooding, etc.). Agriculture, especially for rainfed crops, is burdened with uncertainties of the monsoon rains and markets, making it one of the riskiest professions. Most older farmers do not want their children to be involved in agriculture.
Limited involvement of youth in policy dialogue	The involvement of youth is essential in the transformation of the food system. They need a platform where their opinions on issues that directly impact them may be heard. This can be done by involving young people in the evaluation of new policy options, as well as in the examination of current policies.

Information derived from the authors’ observations and inputs from fifty randomly selected participating FGD households in each of the core study villages from different agroecosystems.

. The critical challenges that must be addressed to enhance the participation of rural youth in this transformation include inadequate access to education, information, and knowledge; restricted access to land, markets, and financial resources; the effects of climate change and associated risks within the agricultural sector; and the minimal participation of youth in policy discussions.

3.2. Potential Pathways for Youth Engagement and Food System Transformation

3.2.1. Possible Actions for Involving Rural Youth in Farming

The possible actions to involve rural youth are discussed below.

Improve agriculture’s image: Farming is frequently portrayed as an antiquated, unproductive, and labor-intensive activity. However, young people can be made aware that it is possible to have a sustainable livelihood in agriculture and augment farm income through increased market engagement, innovation, and farming. Social media and information technology have the potential to enhance the public’s perception of agriculture by facilitating the sharing of knowledge and experiences between youth and young farmers. The broader society needs to learn and understand the importance of traditional farming for better nutrition, health, and the overall wellbeing of the environment.

Add agriculture to the school curricula: Modules on farming, from crop production through commercialization, and the benefits of sustainable farming on the overall environment may be taught in primary and secondary schools. This might encourage young people to consider a career in agriculture. Urban attraction and a belief that agriculture is non-profitable lead rural youth to choose employment in urban areas.

Strengthen higher education in agriculture: Teaching materials in agriculture need to be linked to sustainability in farming and food systems: regenerative, biodiverse production systems; organic farming practices; a circular and solidarity economy; culinary agri-ecotourism; indigenous food sovereignty; and facilitating innovation. The subjects discussed hold significant importance for a dynamic and varied agricultural sector, particularly in the realms of agribusiness and entrepreneurship. In addition to technical expertise, it is essential that higher education emphasizes the development of management, decision-making, communication, and leadership skills. Reforms in agricultural tertiary education must be tailored to the needs of young individuals, necessitating their active participation.

Facilitate access to land and credit: Land is frequently limited and challenging for young individuals to obtain, and without collateral, securing loans for land purchases becomes problematic. There is a pressing need for innovative financing solutions tailored to agriculture and small enterprises. For instance, soft loans could be extended to youth who present creative proposals in the fields of agriculture or microfinance. In situations where land access poses a challenge in conventional production environments, the concept of collective farming through farmer cooperatives could be considered. Such cooperatives are likely to have enhanced opportunities for mobilizing financial resources or accessing credit facilities.

Make agriculture more profitable: Biodiverse organic farming in all traditional production landscapes will have better profitability when linked to localized marketing. To achieve profitability in agriculture, it is essential to lower the expenses associated with farming and business operations while simultaneously enhancing productivity. Small farms can also be highly productive with locally available resources and inputs, adopting an agroecological approach.

Empower youth: To empower young individuals to revolutionize agriculture, it is essential to tackle the obstacles that hinder their participation, including access to land and financial resources. National policies concerning agriculture and food security must recognize and confront the challenges faced by the youth by incorporating them as key stakeholders in policy dialogues at both local and national levels. This can be achieved through their involvement in local development meetings, advisory groups, or various boards and committees.

Greater public investment in agriculture: Young individuals often perceive agriculture as a sector that has been largely overlooked by the government, leading to the perception that farming is outdated. While investment in agriculture has the potential to significantly alleviate rural poverty, public spending in this area continues to be insufficient. It is essential to implement regional and national programs, alongside public investments, to address these challenges effectively.

3.2.2. Potential for Organic Farming in India

Agriculture in traditional agroecosystems is mostly organic, with minimal use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. Institutional support for organic farming is required, as it may take 2–3 years to convert a conventional farm to a certified organic farm. The conversion period may be reduced in regions where farmers have not used inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. Once a certificate is issued, the status of food commodities grown organically increases demand in local, regional, national, and even international markets.

The potential for organic farming in the hill agroecosystems of Uttarakhand and Assam, in the northeast region, is high. The very low consumption of fertilizers and pesticides in the region suggests that these states are “naturally organic”. Farmers in these areas often use organic fertilizers because they contain nutrients that are readily available on their farms. The prospects for organic farming in different agroecosystems are listed in

Table 5. Prospects for organic farming in different agroecosystems.

Agroecosystem	Organic Farming Potential
Hills and mountains (Uttarakhand)	Traditional farming is organic by default. Conversion to full organic farming is a huge possibility. Millets, including finger millet and barnyard millet; pulses, soybean, horse gram, and raj mash; ginger; several medicinal and aromatic herbs, etc., are the organic food commodities in great demand.
Arid (Rajasthan)	Rajasthan has erratic and low rainfall, and as a risk-aversion strategy, there is limited use of purchased inputs such as seed, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides. In traditional farming landscapes, conversion to organic agriculture is a strong possibility. Organically grown seed spices—coriander, cumin, fenugreek, and ajwain (carom); psyllium husk; sesame; henna; and the local pulses moth ban and pigeon pea—are in great demand.
Central plateau (Madhya Pradesh)	Madhya Pradesh tops the list in terms of India’s organic farming area. The organic agricultural products of Madhya Pradesh, such as basmati rice, cotton, and wheat (the Sharbati variety), are in high demand and even have significant export potential.
NE Region (Assam)	Low use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides will help in the rapid conversion of farming landscapes to organic farming. Rice, ginger, turmeric, black pepper, oranges, and pineapple are among the organic products that are in great demand.

Information derived from the authors’ observations and inputs from fifty randomly selected participating FGD households in each of the core study villages from different agroecosystems.

.

3.2.3. Involving Rural Youth in the Renewal and Better Management of CPRs

CPRs are natural resources that are not owned by any specific individual. Rather, such resources belong to a community or group as a whole for common use. In all agroecosystems, rural landscapes, community-managed forests, rangelands, and water resources make up the CPRs. Such resources play important roles in the local economy. They are especially important to the livelihoods of the rural poor, who cannot afford to own such resources privately. Traditional agriculture in rural areas is inseparable from the long-term management of CPRs. CPRs are livestock feed sources such as rangelands, agroforestry species, wild plant food sources, fuels, and sources of drinking and irrigation water. Increasing urbanization, population growth, rural-to-urban migration, climate change, and environmental degradation are all reducing the coverage and quality of existing CPRs. Currently, not all CPRs are well managed, making sustainable management a priority. A collective action of the concerned states and local communities can be planned for sustainable management of CPRs, which will benefit local communities by giving them more control over their own CPRs.

We found many rural poor and landless people who are directly dependent on CPRs. Sustainable management of these CPRs is therefore necessary to achieve the SDGs. However, questions arise regarding the effectiveness of these CPR management systems in meeting and maintaining the needs of the poor. The commonly accepted concept of CPRs can be said to be different from the concept of CPRs associated with rural agroecosystems. CPRs are generally viewed as resources owned by a group of people according to their own customary laws that they have followed in their natural environment since ancient times. Therefore, there are only two types of ownership of natural resources state property and private property. Moreover, an analysis of the state’s role in managing these resources reveals that the state does not manage them sustainably. There are increasing signs of depletion of natural resources and commercialization for the sole purpose of economic gain. Indigenous communities, who need these resources and also have basic subsistence rights, are increasingly being displaced, leaving them without access to the natural resources required for their basic livelihoods.

Furthermore, the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program serves as a significant avenue for generating supplementary income and employment opportunities for rural youth, thus necessitating its enhancement. While the JFM program primarily emphasizes immediate benefits for the community, it is essential to recognize that empowering local populations through income-generating initiatives is a key objective. However, equal attention must be directed toward the creation and maintenance of rural assets to ensure sustainable and long-term advantages for impoverished rural households. As organizations focused on community leadership and support recognize community forestry as a catalyst for local development, this research underscores the necessity of involving local youth to grasp their interests and perspectives. This engagement is essential for identifying effective and significant methods to empower them as active participants in their communities and territories. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) movement has achieved considerable success across various agroecosystems. Madhya Pradesh stands out as a leader in the implementation of JFM, with other states such as Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, and Assam also showing significant potential.

3.2.4. Possible PES Incentives for Rural Youth Involved in Community-Level Natural Resource Management Interventions

Some possible payment for ecosystem services (PES) incentives to rural youth engaged in the agroecological transformation of food systems that can be suitably compensated in lieu of their involvement in community level natural resource management interventions are presented in

Table 6. Potential PES incentives for rural youth engaged in agriculture and the transformation of the food system.

Possible PES Incentives for Rural Youth
1.	Price premium for organically or agroecologically sourced food	Farmers should receive a price premium for organically grown native farmer varieties and other local food commodities. As many of the traditional production landscapes are organic by default, the conversion to certified organic is a strong possibility. There is a need to take advantage of this opportunity by arranging a market for these products at premium prices, both for the domestic and export markets.
2.	Subsidized credit to rural youth	Rural youths are given easy access to subsidized credit by state cooperative banks and other government organizations, freeing them from the clutches of local moneylenders. Credit is a crucial component of the development of the agricultural sector’s infrastructure and working capital.
3.	Provision of localized marketing	Infrastructure development for the localized marketing of native food commodities, including infrastructure for food processing, will aid in job creation and benefit the community’s economy. Infrastructure development for cold storage facilities for perishable food resources will minimize food waste at the community level.
4.	Direct cash transfers to the bank accounts of the rural youth	The state ought to facilitate electronic cash transfers directly into the bank accounts of young individuals engaged in biodiversity conservation, the management of CPRs, and community-based forestry management. These cash transfers can be implemented in accordance with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
5.	Provision of crop insurance in view of climate change impacts	The public and private sector should provide crop insurance as an institutional safeguard against the risk of crop failure due to climate change impacts at the local level.
6.	Promoting the conservation of wild plant food resources	Incentives should be established for the conservation of local wild economic species and promoting their potential use in agricultural systems at a premium price.
7.	Promoting agri-ecotourism and culinary homestays	Support for culinary agri-ecotourism and the enhancement of infrastructure for visitor accommodations such as homestays or farm stays, along with the promotion of skill development for rural youth in the hospitality sector are needed.
8.	Development of cottage industries at the community level	State officials should promote the development of cottage industries by establishing women’s self-help groups at the village level, particularly in the areas of carpet weaving, handloom, tailoring, embroidery, knitting, and other handicrafts. Young people should be given access to skill development programs and discounted raw materials, depending on their needs.

Information derived from the authors’ observations and inputs from fifty randomly selected participating FGD households in each of the core study villages from different agroecosystems.

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3.2.5. Potential for Involving Rural Youth in Agri-Ecotourism and Culinary Homestays/Farmstays

There is enough scope for ecotourism in all agroecosystems. The network of ecosites and protected areas in various agroecosystems is listed in

Table 7. Number of ecosites and the protected area networks in different agroecosystems.

Ecosite/Protected Area	Hills and Mountains (Uttarakhand)	Arid (Rajasthan)	Central Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)	Northeastern (Assam)
Biosphere reserves	1 *	-	3 *	2
World heritage sites **	2	8	3	2
Wetlands (Ramsar site)	1	2	4	1
Wildlife sanctuaries	7	26	31	17
National parks	6	3	12	5
Tiger reserves	3	3	6	4

* The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere (MAB) world network of biosphere reserves. ** The natural areas in some agroecosystems are also included in world heritage sites.

. When tourism is built around traditional agricultural settings, there is enormous potential for agri-ecotourism.

Table 8. Main features and benefits of agri-ecotourism.

Characteristics	Description
Main features of agri-ecotourism	Agri-ecotourism—the synergy between tourism and agriculture—is a vital component of environmentally and socially responsible tourism. Offers dedicated nature-lovers an opportunity to experience enchanting and authentic contact with rural life, taste authentic local food, explore various farming activities, and learn about historical means of agriculture. Agri-ecotourism is getting up close and personal with indigenous peoples whose agricultural and pastoral activities are components of their cultural identity and common knowledge. A form of travel where rural culture is used to attract visitors. Homestays and farmstays are now viewed as possible sources of revenue and employment. Agri-ecotourism helps to bring tourism efforts to rural communities.
Benefits of an agri-ecotourism and culinary homestay	Guests share space with the host family, and the host–guest interaction benefits both. Visitors learn about the local culture and traditions, local history, and the local way of life. Educational benefits: learning about traditional farming systems in their entirety and nature-positive production practices, including organic farming. The guests’ appreciation for the peasant family will boost their confidence, which will help preserve the agricultural heritage. In addition, community-focused farms may find agri-ecotourism an attractive option because it provides more job opportunities for local youth and revitalizes rural economies. The opportunity to learn about a new language. The opportunity for guests to taste locally grown organic food and learn about the local cuisine and recipes. The opportunity for guests to take part in local events and celebrations. The opportunity for visitors to undertake guided tours to nearby ecotourism sites or protected areas with the help of a host family. Homestays in rural farming landscapes are always economical for guests.

lists key characteristics and advantages of agri-ecotourism. Rural agricultural communities in various agroecosystems would benefit from tourism initiatives brought about by agri-ecotourism. These initiatives supply rural youth with productive employment in a revived rural economy.

The methods for locating agri-ecotourism clusters in various agroecosystems and enhancing rural youth’s potential to advance agri-ecotourism and culinary homestay tourism efforts are listed in

Table 9. Identification and planning of agri-ecotourism clusters and capacity building of rural youth.

Important Areas	Actions Needed
Identification of clusters (destinations)	Identifying natural farming clusters of about 8–10 villages each near famous ecotourism site or protected area in different agroecosystems. The criteria for identifying clusters will be as follows: Unique semi-natural agricultural landscapes with prospects for organic farming and abundant biodiversity around. Landscapes with a diversity of ethnicity, local crafts, culinary traditions, culture, and heritage. The willingness of the farming community to participate in agri-ecotourism initiatives. Prospects for developing homestays for visitors as a livelihood strategy (shared economy) for farmer households. The process of identification of agri-ecotourism clusters should be broad-based, involving stakeholders from local farming communities, government, industry, civil society organizations, and local businesses. Local entrepreneurs who support home or farmstays, local craft stores, and other tourism products and experiences will also need to be consulted.
Agri-ecotourism homestay plan for the cluster	The destination homestay management plan may include the following components: Provide at least one room in each farmer’s home with an adjoining bathroom and other basic amenities for the guests’ comfort. Provision of safe drinking water and sanitation. Providing digital infrastructure for internet connectivity. To ensure the safety of visitors, particularly in terms of health and hygiene. Provide authentic traditional cuisines and effective food interactions between the host and the guest. Integration of various state and national government capacity-building programs into agritourism destinations. Participation of rural youths in farm tours and guided excursions to local ecosites and protected areas.
Capacity building of rural youth	The rural youth will need assistance in the following important areas through local, regional, state, and national resource centers: Understanding organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices. Building and maintaining community heritage structures. Knowledge of basic hygiene and service standards in homestays or farmstays. Authentic local cuisines in homestays and at farm-gate restaurants. Selling and marketing indigenous artisanal products and processed foods. Environmental impact assessments. Sustainability of the destination cluster.
Design of a model cluster	At the designated location, the terrain should be delineated for the subsequent specific purposes as follows: Prime agricultural land can be utilized to cultivate a range of native crops, thereby preserving both high levels of species diversity and within-species diversity, in accordance with traditional practices. Integrate suitable agroforestry species into the agricultural landscape. Incorporate livestock, including cattle, goats, buffalos, and poultry, to illustrate a conventional mixed-farming system that combines crop cultivation with livestock rearing in traditional agricultural practices. Establish a garden dedicated to cultivating local medicinal and aromatic herbs. Construct multiple substantial rainwater harvesting tanks with an aggregate water storage capacity ranging from approximately 200,000 to 300,000 L, intended for use as essential irrigation in rainfed agricultural practices. Demonstration of fish farming in multi-use reservoirs or rice farming systems in northeastern tropical agroecosystems (Assam). Revitalizing the inadequate CPRs adjacent to the farms through the cultivation of region-specific native wild economic species, along with various forestry and agroforestry species.

Information derived from the authors’ observations and inputs from fifty randomly selected participating FGD households in each of the core study villages from different agroecosystems.

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An agri-ecotourism destination can serve as a platform for an educational initiative that emphasizes a sustainable farming and food system model rooted in agroecology, while also informing visitors about indigenous food sovereignty. This area may be referred to as “organic villages”, where the agricultural products are expected to achieve premium prices in both local and distant markets.

4. Discussion

4.1. Involving Rural Youth in Nature-Positive Regenerative Agroecological Farming

Agroecological approaches to natural or organic farming can be observed in many parts of India as the norm in various traditional agricultural landscapes. However, scaling up these initiatives across the national agricultural sector requires a system-wide approach. The evidence suggests that small farms exhibit greater productivity and adaptability to change. Consequently, the transition towards an agroecological approach to agriculture acknowledges that India’s prevalence of small land holdings should not be perceived as a disadvantage. Rather, policymakers ought to leverage this situation as a valuable opportunity [23]. Importantly, agroecology also has strong political and social dimensions that emphasize the rights of farmers, access to seeds, and the well-being of communities, which ultimately guarantee food sovereignty.

The current industrial food system is also largely profit-oriented, often achieved through low-wage jobs and the exploitation of farm workers, who bear the true cost of production. The systems justifies the enormous power of corporations over politics. The repercussions encompass deforestation, the establishment of monocultures, a decline in biodiversity, adverse effects on the climate, diminished welfare for both humans and animals, as well as the displacement or appropriation of land that forces small-scale farmers, landless laborers, and peasants into increasingly precarious living conditions [1]. Global experience shows that transitioning to healthier and more equitable farming systems involves changes in land rights, food equity, agricultural subsidies, methods, techniques, and purpose in farming. Farming systems require a transition from uniformity to diversity, necessitating a fundamental change from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems [33].

Agriculture’s increasing reach significantly contributes to habitat destruction; therefore, it is essential to prevent the conversion of wild lands into agricultural land in order to preserve biodiversity [34]. Farmers and researchers are integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific findings to cultivate food in a manner that leverages biodiversity, maximizing the benefits provided by nature. This approach, referred to as agroecology, underpins regenerative agriculture, which aims to enhance rather than exhaust vital natural resources, including fertile soil and water [35].

The implementation of agroecology, a significant shift from conventional industrial agriculture, is not a novel concept. Many of these practices are derived from the traditional methods employed by indigenous communities globally, who have developed intricate agroecological systems that coexist harmoniously with the natural environment. Agroecology has the potential to enhance the sustainability of agricultural practices and protect biodiversity globally. The observation that 80% of the world’s biodiversity is preserved on lands overseen by indigenous communities underscores the significant promise of agroecology [8,36].

Generational change is a problem in global agriculture that has, up until recently, been disregarded in both studies and policy discussions [37]. Many agricultural communities are experiencing an aging demographic, with a significant number of farmers lacking successors. It is generally acknowledged that young individuals show little interest in pursuing careers in agriculture, even in the face of elevated youth unemployment rates in rural regions [38].

A new generation of young men and women is emerging and possesses a higher level of formal education compared to that of their parents in the majority of rural regions worldwide. The majority of educated young people want to work in white-collar professions, and the goals they set for their jobs are often irrational. Thinking about young people and agriculture highlights important issues regarding the future of rural young people in general and agriculture specifically, which is at a crossroads [39]. Policy discussions and research must thoroughly examine the challenges faced by young individuals in establishing farms. It is essential to take into account the practicalities of sustainable agricultural futures and whether young people have the necessary opportunities to pursue this vision. Young farmers need to see concrete examples of how to adopt inventive, intelligent, and creative production methods that lead to significant impacts.

A vigilant and cautious attitude towards young people as potential agents of change is recommended [29]. Significant obstacles to enhancing the involvement of rural youth in the agricultural sector, along with strategies to address these challenges, are effectively emphasized [28]. In the context of traditional agroecosystems, there is a need to improve access to education for rural youth, especially young rural women, and to include agricultural knowledge more generally in rural education.

Farmland must be pooled for collective or shared management by farmer cooperatives to obtain economies of scale where land is a constraint, especially in mountain farming. Young people should be encouraged to start informal savings clubs and agricultural cooperatives in this regard. The limited market access for young people is another significant issue. No profitable and sustainable agricultural endeavor can be undertaken without such access. Young women in rural areas confront additional challenges in accessing markets since cultural norms may restrict their freedom of movement. Young people may find it simpler to enter markets if they have better access to education, training, and market information. Niche markets offer particularly valuable opportunities for emerging farmers.

The intricate and multifaceted needs of young individuals frequently remain unaddressed due to insufficient participation in policy discussions. Often, policies overlook the diversity among youth or fail to provide adequate support. It is essential for young people to possess the necessary skills and capabilities to unite and ensure their perspectives are acknowledged in addressing various challenges. Furthermore, it is imperative for policy-makers to engage young individuals actively in the political decision-making process.

By tackling the issues previously mentioned, the involvement of young people in agriculture is expected to increase, thereby unlocking the significant untapped potential of this large and expanding demographic. Enhancing the engagement of youth in agriculture, particularly in developing nations such as India, could play a crucial role in alleviating rural poverty for both young individuals and adults [28]. These challenges are complex and interconnected, but with a growing world population and declining agricultural productivity growth, young people must play a central role in ensuring a food secure future. A coordinated response to increase youth involvement in agriculture is more important than ever.

Rural youth who are not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) pose a significant concern within traditional agricultural settings. It is essential for them to secure meaningful employment as part of the transformation of food systems. The share of NEET youth rose to 23.3% in 2020 (the most recent year for which global estimates are available), up 1.5 percentage points from the previous year and a level not seen in at least 15 years. Young people in this group are particularly vulnerable to the deterioration of labor market opportunities and outcomes over time [30].

Agriculture serves as a fundamental pillar of the economy in numerous regions, contributing more than 25% to the GDP of certain developing nations. Involving youth in agriculture—an accessible, affordable, and essential growth sector—strengthens local food systems, feeds communities, and provides gainful employment opportunities for the world’s booming youth population. Despite its challenges, agriculture remains the largest platform for job creation [26].

In India, the COVID-19 pandemic had a particularly severe impact on young individuals and women, who faced a higher likelihood of job loss. However, the agricultural sector demonstrated relative stability, accommodating 42% of construction workers and 40% of those employed in health and education who were displaced from their positions during the early stages of the pandemic [40,41]. The COVID-19 pandemic also impacted food systems, increasing hunger for up to 161 million people globally [42].

As demonstrated by public employment initiatives with an emphasis on agriculture and food systems, sustainable investment can yield large returns. Since its conception, the renowned and innovative Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Government of India, 2005) and its related program, MGNREGA, which has been in place since 2006, have helped to create jobs, maintain incomes, and promote sustainability. Its objective was to develop pioneering initiatives for agriculture and natural resources. It is also acknowledged for its broader contributions to improving labor markets and self-determination, including the tacit maintenance of minimum wage levels in rural areas. Investment in the construction of rural infrastructure through public works has helped boost agricultural productivity, income, and food security [43].

Formal food system education programs often follow a linear causality model that focuses on a limited set of goals (agricultural yield, micronutrient intake, return on investment, etc.) [32]. However, educators should also consider other key areas such as environmental sustainability, food security, food sovereignty, emerging food system changes such as digitalization, and entrepreneurship as they prepare young people for food-related initiatives and careers. Training programs must be developed to focus on the new competencies, attitudes, and skills necessary for taking coordinated actions to tackle the intricate and interconnected challenges present in food systems [44]. These programs should seek learning outcomes such as system thinking, critical thinking, hands-on skills, collaboration, and communication skills [45].

Ageing farmers, the next generation of current farmers leaving the profession [46], the large number of farmers quitting farming every day [47] for better jobs elsewhere, the small fraction of rural youth aspiring to work in farming [48], and the lack of role models for farming-related jobs are the pressing concerns that need to be addressed through appropriate policies. Agriculture needs to be intellectually satisfying and economically rewarding for young people to join or stay in the profession [49]. Numerous opportunities exist for young entrepreneurs in rural areas. If educated youth opt to reside in villages and initiate innovative agricultural initiatives that leverage both scientific knowledge and social insights, our unexploited demographic advantage will become our most significant asset.

Transforming food and farming systems must be led by today’s youth [31]. Global inequality persists and deepens, raising concerns about a youth employment crisis inside and outside the agriculture and food system. This vulnerability significantly affects the fulfillment of human rights related to food, employment, a healthy environment, and overall well-being, impacting not only youth but all generations [50].

The HLPE report [31] evaluates the prospects and obstacles related to youth involvement and employment within food systems, emphasizing the critical need to realign social and economic practices towards a well-being economy. The concept of ‘well-being’ encompasses a comprehensive perspective that questions conventional methods of economic growth, acknowledging that the transitions and participation of youth in food systems are influenced by a variety of intersecting factors and systemic limitations.

A fundamental aspect of regenerative agriculture involves the establishment of productive agroecosystems that do not rely on chemicals. Leveraging biodiversity is essential, and partitioning extensive monoculture fields with a limited number of additional species can yield considerable advantages for both flora and fauna. Another method that fosters biodiverse agroecosystems is agroforestry, a traditional and indigenous approach to land management that integrates woody plants within agricultural crops and pastures. The roots of trees enhance soil fertility by contributing carbon and mitigating erosion; in comparison to conventional monoculture practices, certain agroforestry systems can boost crop yields by as much as 40% [51].

The role of livestock in agroecological systems is frequently significant. Animals in agroecological systems use fewer resources than their farm counterparts because they eat crop residues and other materials that could otherwise be discarded. High crop productivity and fertile soils are encouraged by the effective natural fertilizer made from animal manure. This method of grazing livestock has been used by indigenous peoples all over the world to manage their grasslands and increase productivity. Adopting these systems today can benefit wild grassland biodiversity. Farm biodiversity is also enhanced by gentle grazing. A variety of plants can flourish in well-managed pastures because grazing animals can mow the grass and stir up the soil with their hooves [36]. For the same reasons that maintaining crop diversity is crucial, so too is maintaining genetic diversity in livestock. Farmers can earn additional revenue by incorporating animals into our agroecological system, particularly in low-income areas. Maintaining more sustainable farms requires this financial boost [36].

Wildlife can flourish in rich, low-chemical habitats that are produced by biodiverse agroecosystems. Crop fields and native grassland planting strips are integrated in wild biodiversity usage systems on farms. These produce hay for cattle, enhance the soil, and draw pollinators. In addition to having far lower fertilizer runoff and soil erosion, farms with prairie strips can sustain three times as many different insect and bird species than farms without them, leaving a smaller environmental impact [52]. Protecting the cultivation of several crop and livestock species is crucial, as is utilizing the advantages of biodiversity to establish and preserve healthy and productive agroecosystems. These include the involvement of farmers, gardeners, and food consumers worldwide in addition to seed banks and gene banks.

The Slow Food movement advocates for a philosophy of “eat and save” in relation to biodiversity. It encourages farmers to continue cultivating diverse crops, while chefs and activists are establishing new markets by highlighting unique local cuisines [53]. Organizations like the Seed Savers Exchange play a crucial role in this effort by maintaining seed banks and extensive live plant collections across the country, safeguarding over 25,000 traditional vegetable and crop varieties in their gardens, thereby fostering connections among individual gardeners [54]. The expansion of a network of producers dedicated to preserving rare varieties ensures protection against potential loss.

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) countries have great potential for organic farming [55]. However, despite the growing demand for local organic products in domestic and international markets, the promotion of organic farming in HKH has been driven by the recognition of organic products, technical and financial services, quality performance, and political support. We face many challenges due to inadequate marketing and marketing mechanisms. Therefore, stakeholders should develop appropriate institutional mechanisms and innovative project and program management structures, improve the local capacity to meet the needs of organic producers, and engage all participants to ensure the sustainability of organic farming. It is important to stimulate people’s interest. To achieve these goals, we will increase our knowledge and understanding of organic farming systems, promote marketing mechanisms for our products in the mountain context, and develop strategies to foster partnerships that promote gender-responsive organic farming [55].

Humanity is actively working towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the year 2030 [56]. Nevertheless, without advancements in the CPRs, the attainment of these goals remains a distant aspiration. The ongoing utilization of CPRs is essential not only for sustainability but also for the elimination of poverty. The SDGs are nothing less than a combination of 17 goals that all humanity should achieve within 15 years to ensure sustainable development. One thing is clear: achieving these goals requires sustainable management of natural resources. CPRs are an important combination of such resources, and even community engagement traces back to the sustainable management of those resources.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India represents a strategy and initiative established under the National Forest Policy of 1988. This program involves state forest departments collaborating with local communities residing in and around forest areas to safeguard and oversee forest resources, while also equitably distributing the associated costs and benefits [57,58]. Communities establish a Joint Forest Management (JFM) Committee to safeguard and oversee the management of adjacent forests, following locally developed by-laws and plans. Members of the JFM community possess the authority to regulate forest usage and can prohibit access to non-members. They enjoy direct access and control over the utilization and commercialization of the majority of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and receive a portion of the revenue generated from timber, along with other non-material advantages derived from local ecosystem services. The advantages associated with these initiatives may encompass water replenishment, pollination, and wildlife habitats, among others. Therefore, the engagement of communities in the conservation of forests and wildlife is of utmost importance. Indian Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs are distinguished by their collaborative approach; they differ from other community management strategies and represent a hybrid of both top–down and bottom-–up methodologies [59].

Altering the global food system is essential for tackling some of the most significant challenges faced by humanity, such as climate change, the decline of biodiversity, food insecurity, and the potential for future pandemics. The existing food system contributes to one-third of greenhouse gas emissions, accounts for 80% of deforestation, is responsible for 70% of the loss of terrestrial biodiversity, and is linked to zoonotic diseases, including Ebola, SARS, and COVID-19 [60].

The current food system fails to provide adequate nourishment for all individuals globally and exerts significant pressure on the environment. Consequently, reforming the food system is crucial for reversing the loss of biodiversity and achieving the SDGs. Addressing the carrying capacities of the planet and its ecosystems is imperative to fulfill the food and nutritional requirements of both present and future generations [61].

A fundamental transformation is required to attain environmentally sustainable large-scale production, shifting from a focus on maximizing output at the cost of ecological health to an agricultural approach that fosters biodiversity. The protection of remaining natural habitats, particularly indigenous areas, against conversion to agriculture is of utmost importance in landscapes made up primarily of intact natural ecosystems. Land used for food production must be managed so that agriculture improves the diversity of life on Earth and the functions of its ecosystems, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and boosts climate change resistance. To promote sustainable food production, abandoned or degraded agricultural land must be restored to its natural ecosystem. Agricultural systems situated within multifunctional landscapes contribute to biodiversity by offering habitat and corridor functions, while also promoting climate resilience and improving ecosystem services. These are in addition to their roles in providing food, feed, and fuel as evidenced by research, data, and global experiences. Agroecological methods provide strategies for managing agriculture in a way that protects the environment, boosts biodiversity, and restores ecosystem functionality in weakened systems. For large-scale, nature-friendly production, 10 agroecological principles [16] can be utilized at the farm, landscape, and food system levels.

At present, approximately 52% of the global agricultural land is experiencing moderate to severe degradation. The decline in productive land, combined with a rising demand for food, are the primary factors contributing to the loss of 80% of natural habitats [62]. To sustain the future of food systems and thus human life, farmers around the world must promote a shift to landscape-regenerating farming practices. The Food and Land Use Coalition’s “Growing Better” [63] report provides scientific and economic evidence for key significant changes to our food system that could help control climate change by 2030, protect biodiversity, and ensure healthier diets for all, dramatically improving food security and creating more inclusive rural economies [63]. The need for the far-reaching transformation of agricultural systems is clear, and nature-based solutions can play a key role in a sustainable food future.

The concepts of “regenerative agriculture” and “nature-based solutions” are increasingly becoming significant in policy discussions and financial investments associated with food systems. Prominent global policy events, including the UN Food Systems Summit and the UN Conference on Climate and Biodiversity, have recently employed these terms interchangeably with sustainable development [64]. These concepts contribute to a broad array of terms and ideas that purport to offer sustainable solutions for food systems, such as agroecology, climate-smart agriculture, sustainable intensification, conservation agriculture, zero-carbon agriculture, permaculture, biodynamic farming, and holistic resource management, among others.

Key policy support initiatives for organic or agroecological food system transitions are presented in

Table 10. Key policy initiatives supporting the agroecological food system transition.

Thematic Areas *	Key Policy Initiatives that Support Agroecological Transitions
Producer-oriented policies	Enabling small-scale, female, and minority farmers to obtain long-term, affordable financing for environmentally friendly farming methods, especially when switching to agroecological methods. Acknowledge and uphold the rights and independence of farmers in relation to traditional, local, and indigenous seeds and breeds. Create a long-term, community-based program that encourages the use of multi-agricultural techniques on farms and in rural areas to maintain or enhance soil health and biodiversity (agriculture).
Consumer-oriented policies	Establish food subsidy programs that buy wholesome, fresh, nutrient-dense, in-season, and locally sourced sustainably produced food. Offer financial assistance to food banks, soup kitchens, and community restaurants that provide nutritious, fresh, seasonal, and locally sourced meals. Develop and implement educational programs aimed at individuals of all ages to raise awareness about the significance and implications of maintaining healthy diets and food environments. Encourage the creation of labels to facilitate consumer choice. Implement regulations to control food environments in areas populated by vulnerable groups, such as establishing zoning laws that restrict the availability of junk food near educational institutions.
Market- and food-environment-oriented policies	Procure wholesome, locally sourced, sustainably produced food for public institutions. Develop standards and classifications for the nutritional quality, sources, and farming practices of food products that align with environmental, nutritional, health, and other social equity standards across the entire value chain. Promote the development of markets for products generated through agroecological practices. Develop markets for investing in ecosystem services from agriculture. Promote the establishment of more concise value chains to enhance the connection between producers and consumers.
Macro and trade-oriented policies	Enforce import limitations to food safety, alongside standards for environmental, social, and equity certifications. Strive for consistent and equitable economic development that alleviates poverty and allows a greater number of consumers to seek and afford healthier, more nutritious food options. Allocate adequate public funding to facilitate the necessary transitions within the agricultural and food sectors. Dedicate efforts to diversifying agricultural fields, landscapes, and dietary options by incorporating a wider range of crop and livestock species and varieties.
Cross-cutting-oriented policies	Formulate sector-specific and interdisciplinary policies, strategies, and legislation that explicitly and comprehensively address agroecology. Expand agricultural research and development initiatives to encompass agroecological subjects, gather pertinent national data, and promote the dissemination of knowledge related to agroecology. Improve agricultural innovation systems to foster greater participation and inclusivity. Establish or reinforce the integration of agroecology within undergraduate and postgraduate university programs and curricula.

* Adopted from Place et al. (2022) [65].

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The concept of payments for ecosystem services (PESs) is also needed to achieve both short-term rapid transitions and long-term permanent solutions. Farmers must have sufficient incentives to protect the environment. Produce should be more expensive in areas where farmers are conserving water and protecting soil and biodiversity. This approach markedly lowers the actual expenses associated with food production while simultaneously preserving natural resources. In essence, a robust rural economy can be achieved by rejuvenating agriculture, thereby alleviating the strain of migration from rural areas to urban centers [66]. Numerous global challenges related to food, energy, climate, and employment could be significantly mitigated if we acknowledged the socio-economic benefits of transitioning from traditional agricultural methods to agroecology. The social, environmental, economic, and cultural dimensions of the environmental services provided by farmers and agricultural communities are often inadequately represented in PES initiatives. To ensure that farmers continue to be involved in the conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity, we have described some of the crucial points that policymakers should take into account in this research (Table 6). PES is an approach aimed at managing natural resources and managing ecosystems, where users compensate managers of ecosystem services. PES offers numerous benefits in promoting awareness of its connections to human well-being, including poverty alleviation and ecosystem services. However, it faces significant challenges, particularly in developing nations such as India [25]. Here, we emphasize compensating youth involved in agroecological food system transitions in lieu of their engagement in CPR management and JFM interventions through PES incentives.

4.2. Involving Rural Youth in Culinary Agri-Ecotourism and Rural Development

Agri-ecotourism represents a mutually beneficial relationship between agriculture and tourism, wherein farmers and their farms play a crucial role in fostering development and enhancing the vitality of rural economies. This form of tourism capitalizes on the rural culture to attract visitors. Its importance has grown as a viable source of income and job opportunities. Agri-ecotourism significantly promotes the creation of market niches centered around unique culinary and dietary experiences for travelers and consumers, which are derived from traditional crops. Additionally, it offers innovative educational opportunities through exposure to diverse agricultural production systems. This approach embodies a type of tourism that is both environmentally and socially responsible, merging the realms of tourism and agriculture.

Engaging with indigenous communities whose agricultural and pastoral practices are integral to their cultural heritage and traditional knowledge is essential for agri-ecotourism. The role of traditional cuisine is crucial in this context, as it is believed that savoring and recalling authentic local dishes is a fundamental aspect of an eco-friendly holiday experience. It is anticipated that enhancing the involvement of young people in agri-ecotourism, particularly by transforming homestays into income-generating opportunities, will bolster their employment prospects. Furthermore, community-based ecotourism or agri-ecotourism, which provides a sustainable and locally managed livelihood strategy, is more likely to benefit the local population, particularly rural youth.

Remote regions in various studied agroecosystems are increasingly recognized as prime holiday destinations, attracting individuals from around the globe who seek unique travel experiences that blend natural beauty with cultural and architectural appreciation. Worldwide, the trend of local communities offering homestays is gaining momentum as a sustainable tourism practice. This initiative aims to safeguard natural environments and wildlife, provide authentic tourist experiences that honor and preserve heritage and culture, and generate socio-economic advantages for communities by creating employment opportunities, thereby enhancing the positive impacts of tourism while mitigating its adverse effects [67].

Homestays ought to provide an emphasis on cultural customs and foster a sincere interest and commitment among the local populace [68]. Homestays are designed to draw travelers who fit a specific demographic and value authentic experiences [69,70]. Women are being encouraged to build homestay tourism businesses and traditional food outlets as part of the Self-Employed Women’s Association’s economic and rural development initiatives [71].

Gastronomy is one of the factors leading to new concepts of cultural heritage and cultural tourism, driven by rising lifestyle trends that emphasize well-being, authenticity, respect for the environment, and the need to have quality experiences. Tourists are progressively pursuing culinary experiences that emphasize the local heritage and culture, while also contributing to the preservation of traditional agricultural practices and cultural legacies [72,73].

Gastronomy serves as a significant tourism asset, appreciated not only for its intrinsic qualities but also for its potential to foster rural development. Culinary tourism can enhance local income streams and elevate the financial well-being and employment opportunities for young workers in the community, particularly women. Food also plays a key role in the “think global, act local” debate. Some shoppers want to support local businesses and protect the environment by avoiding food that has been shipped long distances [74].

It is thus not unexpected that an increasing number of travel enthusiasts are emerging globally. As indicated in Godrej’s recent Food Trends report, 87.1% of food experts anticipate that individuals will engage in more travel to explore culinary cultures and cuisines in the years ahead [75]. Acknowledging its potential beyond its abundant culture and heritage, India’s tourism sector is now seizing the opportunity presented by culinary travel.

5. Conclusions

Our exploratory research found that traditional farming landscapes have consistently used diversified, closed-loop, subsistence-oriented production methods. The rural economy’s foundation has always been agriculture, which also provides a way of life and a means of subsistence for local populations.

Rural youth, who were once the primary labor force in various agricultural activities just a few decades ago, are now hesitant to engage in low-yield farming. Consequently, the responsibility of managing farms in the agroecosystems we examined often falls to women and older individuals. These groups encounter considerable obstacles in obtaining resources that could enhance their productivity. A crucial challenge for the coming decades will be to tackle these constraints by promoting more inclusive rural transformations and reconfiguring rural-urban connections.

In this exploratory research, we examined methods to engage young individuals from rural regions in the transformation of the food system. Strengthening local food production and consumption yields various beneficial impacts on the economy, society, and environment, while also promoting the health and well-being of local communities. It is essential for policymakers, planners, and other stakeholders to recognize the adverse consequences of existing food systems, as young people have a significant interest in these systems.

Improving rural youth’s access to education and including agricultural knowledge more broadly in rural education are necessary in the context of traditional agroecosystems, particularly for young rural women. However, as they prepare students for food-related initiatives and careers, educators must consider other crucial areas like environmental sustainability, food security, food sovereignty, emerging food system changes like digitalization, and entrepreneurship.

In most of the agroecosystems being researched here, agroecological methods such as natural or organic farming are largely prevalent. However, a system-wide strategy is needed to scale up these initiatives across all agroecosystems. Policymakers should try to take advantage of this opportunity not just for a paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to nature-positive farming strategies but also include youth in their discussions to ensure the continuity of engagement in the farming process. Youth participation in biodiverse production systems, organic farming, and community-level common property resource (CPR) management can be a basis for payment for ecosystem services (PESs).

The social, environmental, economic, and cultural dimensions of the environmental services rendered by farmers and agricultural communities are frequently inadequately represented in payment for ecosystem services (PES) initiatives. In this study, we have identified several critical considerations for policymakers to ensure the continued engagement of farmers in the conservation and utilization of agricultural biodiversity. It is essential to assist farmers in sustaining agriculture as their primary income source, rather than transitioning to alternative livelihoods. This necessitates the implementation of incentive mechanisms for farmers, alongside the backing of policymakers. Given the significance of the services offered by agroecosystems, it is imperative for relevant states to allocate resources towards the conservation of biodiversity within production landscapes.

In addition, there exists significant potential for the advancement of community-oriented ecotourism and agri-ecotourism across all agroecosystems. The popularity of homestays is on the rise among tourists who appreciate nature. It is essential to motivate rural youth to develop specialized skills in hospitality and tourism, with a particular emphasis on agri-ecotourism.

We conclude that agriculture remains the backbone of the economy in all agroecosystems. Engaging youth in agriculture, an accessible, affordable, and essential growth sector, strengthens local food systems, nourishes communities, and provides profitable employment opportunities for booming rural youth. Despite its challenges, agriculture remains the largest platform for job creation. Enhanced organic or agroecological food production is likely to result in higher consumption levels when marketed locally. This approach will also contribute significantly to food and nutrition security while improving the employability of rural youth associated with the food system. Innovation plays a crucial role in providing opportunities for rural youth to act as agents of change, particularly as traditional sectors like agriculture and tourism become more efficient. Promoting entrepreneurship within food systems necessitates institutional innovations that focus on the education and training of young individuals in rural areas.