The Impact of Social Environment Perception on Relative Deprivation among Residents in Rural Tourism Destinations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Research Hypotheses
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Site
3.2. Research Method
3.3. Scale Evaluation
4. Results
4.1. Villagers’ Social Backgrounds and Tourism Participation
4.2. The Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Social Environment and Relative Deprivation Perception
4.3. The Influence of Perceived Social Environment on Relative Deprivation
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Measurement Items | Standardized Factor Loading | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experience of discrimination α = 0.761 | Sometimes I feel like the rest of the village looks down on me | 0.711 | 0.5186 | 0.7636 |
Sometimes I feel like the people at the travel company look down on me | 0.707 | |||
Sometimes I feel like tourists look down on me | 0.742 | |||
Feelings of inequality α = 0.649 | I feel unequal between me and other residents | 0.759 | 0.515 | 0.7608 |
I feel unequal with tourists | 0.691 | |||
I do not feel equal with the tour company | 0.701 | |||
Group identity α = 0.852 | I am proud to be a member of the village | 0.802 | 0.6596 | 0.8532 |
I have a sense of belonging to the village | 0.835 | |||
I have the same values as other residents in the village | 0.799 | |||
Social support α = 0.653 | The national policy motivates me to work in the tourism industry to a certain extent | 0.680 | 0.4768 | 0.7224 |
My family supports me in the tourism industry | 0.856 | |||
My friends support me in the tourism industry | 0.485 | |||
Environmental facilities α = 0.809 | The living environment of the residents is getting better and better after the development of tourism | 0.737 | 0.5587 | 0.8273 |
Transportation and road construction have been greatly improved after the development of tourism | 0.440 | |||
Housing construction has become better and better after the development of tourism | 0.886 | |||
The construction of social and public service facilities has become more and more perfect after the development of tourism | 0.865 |
Variable | Experience of Discrimination | Feelings of Inequality | Group Identity | Social Support | Environmental Facilities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experience of discrimination | 0.720 | ||||
Feelings of inequality | 0.031 *** | 0.718 | |||
Group identity | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.812 | ||
Social support | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.031 *** | 0.691 | |
Environmental facilities | 0.017 *** | 0.019 | 0.020 *** | 0.017 *** | 0.747 |
Indicator | X2/df | RMSEA | CFI | RFI | IFI | PNFI | PCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 2.308 | 0.083 | 0.888 | 0.903 | 0.891 | 0.557 | 0.564 |
Category | Characteristics | Frequency | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 109 | 53.69 |
Female | 94 | 46.31 | |
Age | 18–30 | 6 | 2.96 |
31–45 | 71 | 34.98 | |
46–69 | 106 | 52.22 | |
Above 70 | 20 | 9.85 | |
Educational level | Elementary school and below | 34 | 16.75 |
Junior high school | 118 | 58.13 | |
High school or junior college | 42 | 20.69 | |
Undergraduate and above | 9 | 4.43 | |
Annual income | Less than 10,000 RMB | 2 | 0.99 |
10,001–30,000 RMB | 5 | 2.46 | |
30,001–50,000 RMB | 54 | 26.60 | |
50,001–70,000 RMB | 99 | 48.77 | |
Above 70,000 RMB | 43 | 21.18 | |
Share of tourism income | Less than 10% | 14 | 6.90 |
10–40% | 63 | 31.03 | |
40–70% | 73 | 35.96 | |
Greater than 70% | 53 | 26.11 |
Variable | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual emotional relative deprivation | 2.6003 + 0.47092 | 2.7401 + 0.45174 | −2.150 | 0.033 |
Group emotional relative deprivation | 2.9656 + 0.48766 | 3.1516 + 0.49625 | −2.688 | 0.008 |
Variable | Age | Mean | Standard Deviation | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feelings of inequality | 18–30 | 1.7778 | 1.04704 | 2.657 | 0.050 |
31–45 | 1.9718 | 0.60355 | |||
46–69 | 2.2327 | 0.71739 | |||
Above 70 | 1.9833 | 0.82699 | |||
18–30 | 3.1778 | 0.77936 | |||
Group identity | 31–45 | 3.2723 | 0.67919 | 7.081 | 0.000 |
46–69 | 3.5943 | 0.54044 | |||
Above 70 | 3.8500 | 0.47726 | |||
18–30 | 3.5476 | 0.56725 | |||
Individual emotional relative deprivation | 31–45 | 2.7062 | 0.37322 | 19.940 | 0.000 |
46–69 | 2.5148 | 0.42501 | |||
Above 70 | 3.0500 | 0.42549 |
Indicator | CMIN/df | RMSEA | GFI | IFI | TLI | PCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criteria | <1.5 | <0.03 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.8 |
Value | 1.422 | 0.029 | 0.919 | 0.977 | 0.974 | 0.883 |
Research Hypothesis | Standardized Path Coefficients | SE | CR | p | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual cognitive relative deprivation → Individual emotional relative deprivation | 0.546 | 0.412 | 1.325 | *** | Support |
Group cognitive relative deprivation → Group emotional relative deprivation | 0.661 | 0.547 | 1.208 | *** | Support |
Discrimination experience → Individual cognitive relative deprivation | 0.079 | 0.055 | 1.436 | * | Support |
Discrimination experience → Individual emotional relative deprivation | 0.103 | 0.085 | 1.212 | * | Support |
Discrimination experience → Group cognitive relative deprivation | 0.602 | 0.233 | 2.583 | ** | Support |
Discrimination experience → Group emotional relative deprivation | 0.934 | 0.293 | 3.187 | *** | Support |
Feelings of inequality → Individual cognitive relative deprivation | 0.008 | 0.045 | 0.178 | * | Support |
Feelings of inequality → Individual emotional relative deprivation | 0.161 | 0.088 | 1.829 | * | Support |
Feelings of inequality → Group cognitive relative deprivation | 0.154 | 0.212 | 0.726 | * | Support |
Feelings of inequality → Group emotional relative deprivation | 0.522 | 0.272 | 1.919 | * | Support |
Group identity → Individual cognitive relative deprivation | 0.110 | 0.050 | 2.200 | * | Support |
Group identity → Individual emotional relative deprivation | 0.070 | 0.061 | 1.147 | * | Support |
Group identity → Group cognitive relative deprivation | 0.464 | 0.162 | 2.864 | * | Support |
Group identity → Group emotional relative deprivation | 0.604 | 0.196 | 3.081 | * | Support |
Social support → Individual cognitive relative deprivation | −0.397 | 0.169 | −2.349 | * | Support |
Social support → Individual emotional relative deprivation | −0.457 | 0.178 | −2.567 | ** | Support |
Social support → Group cognitive relative deprivation | −0.829 | 0.521 | −1.591 | *** | Support |
Social support → Group emotional relative deprivation | −0.974 | 0.575 | −1.693 | *** | Support |
Environmental facilities → Individual cognitive relative deprivation | −0.046 | 0.042 | −1.095 | 0.253 | Not Supported |
Environmental facility → Individual emotional relative deprivation | −0.054 | 0.070 | −0.771 | ** | Support |
Environmental facility → Group cognitive relative deprivation | −0.105 | 0.171 | −0.614 | 0.540 | Not Supported |
Environmental facility → Group emotional relative deprivation | −0.046 | 0.210 | −0.219 | ** | Support |
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Wu, M.; Yan, Y.; Kong, D. The Impact of Social Environment Perception on Relative Deprivation among Residents in Rural Tourism Destinations. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208937
Wu M, Yan Y, Kong D. The Impact of Social Environment Perception on Relative Deprivation among Residents in Rural Tourism Destinations. Sustainability. 2024; 16(20):8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208937
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Mengxue, Yan Yan, and Deyi Kong. 2024. "The Impact of Social Environment Perception on Relative Deprivation among Residents in Rural Tourism Destinations" Sustainability 16, no. 20: 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208937
APA StyleWu, M., Yan, Y., & Kong, D. (2024). The Impact of Social Environment Perception on Relative Deprivation among Residents in Rural Tourism Destinations. Sustainability, 16(20), 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208937