Factors Determining the Acceptance of E-Wallet among Gen Z from the Lens of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
2.2. Self-Efficacy
2.3. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
2.4. Justification for Integrating SDT, Self-Efficacy, and TAM into Extended TAM
3. Methodology
3.1. Samples
3.2. Instrument
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Findings
4.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
4.2. Measurement Model
4.3. Structural Model
4.4. Mediation Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Contributions
6. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Item | Questionnaire Item | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
IM | IM1 | Because I think that using e-wallet is interesting | [136] |
IM3 | Because using e-wallet is fun | ||
IM4 | Because I feel good when using e-wallet | ||
IR | IR1 | Because I am using e-wallet for my own good | [136] |
IR2 | Because I think using e-wallet is good for me | ||
IR3 | Using e-wallet is my personal decision | ||
ER | ER1 | Because I am supposed to use e-wallet | [136] |
ER2 | Because using e-wallet is something that I have to do | ||
ER4 | Because I feel that I have to do it | ||
Amotivation | A1 | There may be good reasons to use e-wallet, but personally, I don’t see any | [136] |
A2 | I do use e-wallet, but I am not sure if it is worth it | ||
A3 | I don’t know, I don’t see what using e-wallet brings me | ||
SE | SE1 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if no one is there to assist me by demonstrating how to use it. | [90] |
SE3 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if I had only the mobile application manual as reference | ||
SE4 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself | ||
SE5 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if I could be assisted if I had problem using it | ||
SE6 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if someone else had help me get started | ||
SE7 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if I have time to interact with it | ||
SE8 | I could complete the e-wallet-related task if I had previously performed a nearly identical task | ||
DMSE | DMSE1 | I am competent at using digital devices such as computer, laptop, smartphone, and tablet | [91] |
DMSE2 | I am competent at using digital devices that I am less familiar with | ||
DMSE3 | If my friends or relatives wish to purchase digital devices such as a computer, laptop, smartphone, or tablet, I am able to advise them | ||
DMSE5 | If there is a problem with a digital device, I think I can solve it. | ||
DMSE6 | If my friends or relatives have a problem with a digital device, I can help them. | ||
PU | PU1 | Using e-wallet enables me to complete my daily routine more quickly | [81] |
PU2 | Using e-wallet would improve my daily life performance | ||
PU3 | Using e-wallet would increase my productivity | ||
PU4 | Using e-wallet would enhance my effectiveness of my daily life | ||
PU5 | Using e-wallet would make it easier for me to perform my daily task and process | ||
PU6 | Overall, I feel e-wallet is beneficial | ||
PEU | PEU1 | Learning to use e-wallet would be easy for me | [81] |
PEU2 | My interaction with e-wallet would be clear and understandable | ||
PEU3 | It would be easy for me to become skillful at using e-wallet | ||
PEU4 | I would find e-wallet to be flexible to interact with | ||
PEU5 | I would find it easy to get e-wallet to do what I want it to do | ||
PEU6 | I would find e-wallet easy to use | ||
BI | BI1 | I intend to use e-wallet in the future | [137,138] |
BI2 | If I have access to e-wallet, I intend to use it | ||
BI3 | I intend to use e-wallet in the future for daily purposes | ||
BI4 | Assuming I have access to e-wallet, I intend to use it | ||
BI5 | I will frequently use e-wallet in the future | ||
BI7 | I would like to use many different forms of e-wallet for learning in the future | ||
BI8 | It is worth to use e-wallet | ||
BI9 | In the future, I intend to use e-wallet | ||
AT | AT1 | I am enthusiastic about using the e-wallet in my daily life | [137,138,139] |
AT2 | I think it is a good idea to use the e-wallet for my daily life usage | ||
AT3 | I like to use e-wallet | ||
AT5 | I am looking forward to use e-wallet |
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Age (Years Old) | Frequency, f | Percent, % |
---|---|---|
19 | 5 | 2.1 |
20 | 23 | 9.9 |
21 | 64 | 27.5 |
22 | 62 | 26.6 |
23 | 46 | 19.7 |
24 | 22 | 9.4 |
25 and older (maximum 28) | 11 | 4.7 |
Theory/Model | Fit Indices | Variable | Item | Loading, λ | CR | AVE | Cronbach’s Alpha, α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDT | χ2 = 171.368 df = 48.000 χ2/df = 3.570 CFI = 0.929 TLI = 0.903 SRMR = 0.063 | IM | IM1 IM2 IM3 IM4 | 0.78 - 0.82 0.76 | 0.827 | 0.614 | 0.827 |
IR | IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 | 0.75 0.71 0.73 - | 0.776 | 0.537 | 0.769 | ||
ER | ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 | 0.81 0.86 - 0.79 | 0.863 | 0.678 | 0.859 | ||
A | A1 A2 A3 A4 | 0.72 0.86 0.78 - | 0.828 | 0.617 | 0.825 | ||
Self–Efficacy | χ2 = 172.996 df = 53.000 χ2/df = 3.264 CFI = 0.938 TLI = 0.922 SRMR = 0.066 | SE | SE1 SE2 SE3 SE4 SE5 SE6 SE7 SE8 SE9 | 0.74 - 0.81 0.80 0.75 0.85 0.80 0.87 - | 0.927 | 0.647 | 0.927 |
DMSE | DMSE1 DMSE2 DMSE3 DMSE4 DMSE5 DMSE6 | 0.73 0.71 0.81 - 0.82 0.85 | 0.890 | 0.618 | 0.887 | ||
TAM | χ2 = 708.577 df = 246.000 χ2/df = 2.880 CFI = 0.937 TLI = 0.930 SRMR = 0.030 | PU | PU1 PU2 PU3 PU4 PU5 PU6 | 0.87 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.92 0.87 | 0.954 | 0.778 | 0.954 |
PEU | PEU1 PEU2 PEU3 PEU4 PEU5 PEU6 | 0.91 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.87 0.89 | 0.964 | 0.817 | 0.963 | ||
BI | BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6 BI7 BI8 BI9 | 0.87 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 - 0.88 0.90 0.91 | 0.973 | 0.818 | 0.973 | ||
AT | AT1 AT2 AT3 AT4 A55 | 0.88 0.91 0.84 - 0.71 | 0.905 | 0.706 | 0.894 |
IM | IR | ER | A | SE | DMSE | PU | PEU | BI | AT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IM | ||||||||||
IR | 1.007 | |||||||||
ER | 0.903 | 1.073 | ||||||||
A | 0.222 | 0.135 | 0.051 | |||||||
SE | 0.641 | 0.755 | 0.742 | 0.077 | ||||||
DMSE | 0.547 | 0.591 | 0.621 | 0.254 | 0.657 | |||||
PU | 0.696 | 0.832 | 0.832 | 0.033 | 0.857 | 0.691 | ||||
PEU | 0.662 | 0.785 | 0.784 | 0.043 | 0.856 | 0.676 | 0.888 | |||
BI | 0.656 | 0.788 | 0.824 | 0.057 | 0.772 | 0.632 | 0.889 | 0.869 | ||
AT | 0.644 | 0.833 | 0.836 | 0.029 | 0.767 | 0.634 | 0.868 | 0.871 | 0.905 |
Hypothesis | β | β | SE | CR | p | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1: IM–PU | −0.194 | −0.212 | 0.163 | −1.303 | 0.193 | Rejected |
H2: IR–PU | Not tested—discriminant validity issue | Rejected | ||||
H3: ER–PU | 0.520 | 0.602 | 0.216 | 2.790 | 0.005 | Accepted |
H4: A–PU | −0.028 | −0.021 | 0.036 | −0.598 | 0.550 | Rejected |
H5: IM–PEU | −0.139 | −0.156 | 0.176 | −0.884 | 0.376 | Rejected |
H6: IR–PEU | Not tested—discriminant validity issue | Rejected | ||||
H7: ER–PEU | 0.430 | 0.512 | 0.219 | 2.335 | 0.020 | Accepted |
H8: A–PEU | −0.034 | −0.027 | 0.041 | −0.661 | 0.509 | Rejected |
H9: SE–PU | 0.270 | 0.283 | 0.079 | 3.577 | *** | Accepted |
H10: SE–PEU | 0.528 | 0.570 | 0.081 | 7.011 | *** | Accepted |
H11: DMSE–PU | 0.095 | 0.113 | 0.062 | 1.819 | 0.069 | Rejected |
H12: DMSE–PEU | 0.151 | 0.183 | 0.071 | 2.571 | 0.010 | Accepted |
H13: PU–AT | 0.517 | 0.502 | 0.076 | 6.634 | *** | Accepted |
H14: PEU–AT | 0.452 | 0.426 | 0.072 | 5.938 | *** | Accepted |
H15: PEU–PU | 0.307 | 0.298 | 0.085 | 3.512 | *** | Accepted |
H16: AT–BI | 0.941 | 0.964 | 0.058 | 16.713 | *** | Accepted |
Model | Relationship | χ2 | AIC | PNFI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | PU–AT–BI | 3.383 | 343.086 | 0.785 |
Indirect | 2.936 | 449.543 | 0.802 | |
Mediation | 2.751 | 427.149 | 0.799 | |
Direct | 4.068 | 395.191 | 0.778 | |
Indirect | PEU–AT–BI | 3.566 | 523.184 | 0.793 |
Mediation | 3.491 | 512.958 | 0.806 |
Relationship | Total Effect | Indirect Effect | Direct Effect | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
PU–AT–BI | 0.465, p = 0.01 LB = 0.213 UB = 0.751 | 0.463, p = 0.01 LB = 0.216 UB = 0.711 | 0.000, not sig. | Full mediation |
PEU–AT–BI | 0.444, p = 0.01 LB = 0.189 UB = 0.681 | 0.429, p = 0.01 LB = 0.183 UB = 0.707 | 0.000, not sig. | Full mediation |
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Rosli, M.S.; Saleh, N.S.; Md. Ali, A.; Abu Bakar, S. Factors Determining the Acceptance of E-Wallet among Gen Z from the Lens of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075752
Rosli MS, Saleh NS, Md. Ali A, Abu Bakar S. Factors Determining the Acceptance of E-Wallet among Gen Z from the Lens of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):5752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075752
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosli, Mohd Shafie, Nor Shela Saleh, Azlah Md. Ali, and Suaibah Abu Bakar. 2023. "Factors Determining the Acceptance of E-Wallet among Gen Z from the Lens of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 5752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075752