The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Sampling and Data Collection
3.2. Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
- (i)
- The characteristics of hotels related to size, age, category, type of contract, financial performance, and the level of investment in innovation influence the levels of CSR knowledge and CSR application. In the case of CSR communication, only size has an influence. In this respect, managers will have to bear in mind that the levels of knowledge and application will increase as the hotel increases its size (application), acquires experience (knowledge and application), improves its category (application), and importantly always maintains good levels of financial performance (knowledge and application) and investment in innovation (knowledge and application). Likewise, the types of hotel contracts that are leased or franchised would improve the degree of knowledge and application. In turn, the levels of communication will increase as the size of the hotel increases.
- (ii)
- With regard to the characteristics related to the manager, decisions aimed at having higher levels of CSR knowledge and CSR application will involve having a relatively young person in the management (application), preferably a woman (knowledge and application), with university studies (knowledge and application), ideally with a postgraduate degree (knowledge and application) and with autonomy for decision making in the area of CSR (application). It is important to remember that these characteristics are not influential in CSR communication.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description |
---|---|
BAS-KNOW | Basic CSR knowledge: the main social responsibility of the company revolves around compliance with the economic requirements stipulated by the shareholders |
ADV-KNOW | Advanced CSR knowledge: CSR is involved with the sustainable development of society |
ECO-ACT(M/C) | CSR economic activities related to market/competitiveness |
ECO-ACT(STR) | CSR economic activities related to CSR strategy |
SOC-ACT(LAB) | CSR social activities related to labor conditions and respect for the local community |
SOC-ACT(P/S) | CSR social activities related to policy, social action plans and disability |
ENV-ACT(EA) | CSR environmental activities/environmental actions |
COMMUNIC. | CSR communication |
MOTIVATION | Motivations related to the values and the management style, the competitiveness and the image of the hotel, and the pressure from the stakeholders |
OBSTACLE | Obstacles related to management attitude and style, lack of knowledge and shortage of resources (financial, time, and human), and government support |
W-000/010 | Hotel with <10 workers |
W-010/051 | Hotel with 10–50 workers |
W-051/200 | Hotel with 51–200 workers |
W-200/MORE | Hotel with >200 workers |
(00–10) YEARS | Time of operation of the hotel <10 years |
(10–20) YEARS | Time of operation of the hotel 10–20 years |
(21–40) YEARS | Time of operation of the hotel 21–40 years |
(>40) YEARS | Time of operation of the hotel >40 years |
0-STARS-H | Hotel without stars |
1-STARS-H | Hotel with 1 star |
2-STARS-H | Hotel with 2 stars |
3-STARS-H | Hotel with 3 stars |
4-STARS-H | Hotel with 4 stars |
5-STARS-H | Hotel with 5 stars |
OWNED-H | Hotel owned |
RENTED-H | Rented hotel |
FRANCH.-H | Franchised hotel |
MANAG.-H | Hotel under management |
POOR-FIN | Poor hotel financial performance |
REGU-FIN | Regular hotel financial performance |
GOOD-FIN | Good hotel financial performance |
POOR-INV | Poor hotel level of investment in innovation |
REGU-INV | Regular hotel level of investment in innovation |
GOOD-INV | Good hotel level of investment in innovation |
MALE | Male gender of the director |
FEMALE | Female gender of the director |
(<40) MANAG | Manager <40 years old |
40/60 MANAG | Manager 40–60 years old |
(>60) MANAG | Manager >60 years old |
UNDERGRAD | Manager with an undergraduate degree |
POSTGRAD | Manager with a postgraduate degree |
AUTONOMY | Director’s autonomy for CSR decision making |
CUSTOMER | Customer pressure for CSR communication |
COMMUNITY | Local community pressure for CSR communication |
SUPPLIER | Pressure from trade partners and suppliers for CSR communication |
COMPETITOR | Pressure from competitors for CSR communication |
GOVERNMENT | Pressure from government for CSR communication |
Population (N) | 506 Hotels |
---|---|
Geographical scope | Colombian Caribbean region (Barranquilla, Santa Marta, and Cartagena) |
Confidence interval, as well as error and proportions (p and q) predefined to calculate the sample size | 95.5–5% (with p = q = 0.5) |
Sample size (n) | 224 hotels |
Sample unit | Hotel |
Respondent | Hotel managers |
Response rate | 99.11% (222 hotels) |
Sampling error obtained from the response rate with a confidence interval and predefined proportions (p and q) | 95.5–0.64% (with p = q = 0.5) |
AVE | Composite Reliability | R2 | Cronbach’s Alpha | Redundancy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENV-ACT(EA) | 0.794 | 0.972 | 0.634 | 0.967 | 0.049 |
ECO-ACT(STR) | 0.801 | 0.924 | 0.691 | 0.876 | 0.205 |
ECO-ACT(M/C) | 0.748 | 0.954 | 0.678 | 0.944 | 0.020 |
SOC-ACT(LAB) | 0.793 | 0.950 | 0.761 | 0.933 | 0.114 |
SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.701 | 0.903 | 0.731 | 0.857 | 0.039 |
ADV-KNOW | 0.850 | 0.944 | 0.627 | 0.912 | 0.199 |
BAS-KNOW | 0.782 | 0.915 | 0.104 | 0.862 | 0.026 |
MOTIVATION | 0.706 | 0.878 | 0.831 | ||
OBSTACLE | 0.802 | 0.924 | 0.875 |
ENV-ACT(EA) | ECO-ACT(STR) | ECO-ACT(M/C) | SOC-ACT(LAB) | SOC-ACT(P/S) | ADV-KNOW | BAS-KNOW | MOTIVATION | OBSTACLE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENV-ACT/01 | 0.926 | 0.596 | 0.538 | 0.623 | 0.714 | 0.543 | −0.052 | 0.401 | −0.630 |
ENV-ACT/02 | 0.923 | 0.611 | 0.485 | 0.568 | 0.699 | 0.507 | −0.054 | 0.383 | −0.638 |
ENV-ACT/03 | 0.905 | 0.536 | 0.585 | 0.688 | 0.655 | 0.552 | −0.081 | 0.432 | −0.619 |
ENV-ACT/04 | 0.897 | 0.586 | 0.468 | 0.543 | 0.675 | 0.504 | 0.005 | 0.398 | −0.565 |
ENV-ACT/05 | 0.894 | 0.535 | 0.544 | 0.673 | 0.635 | 0.539 | −0.074 | 0.455 | −0.599 |
ENV-ACT/06 | 0.891 | 0.536 | 0.436 | 0.510 | 0.668 | 0.468 | 0.075 | 0.344 | −0.521 |
ENV-ACT/07 | 0.886 | 0.551 | 0.596 | 0.705 | 0.612 | 0.589 | −0.118 | 0.503 | −0.617 |
ENV-ACT/08 | 0.885 | 0.528 | 0.602 | 0.714 | 0.631 | 0.572 | −0.085 | 0.448 | −0.625 |
ENV-ACT/09 | 0.811 | 0.662 | 0.439 | 0.563 | 0.627 | 0.456 | −0.138 | 0.367 | −0.605 |
ECO-ACT/01 | 0.540 | 0.918 | 0.594 | 0.620 | 0.751 | 0.589 | −0.317 | 0.565 | −0.634 |
ECO-ACT/02 | 0.597 | 0.901 | 0.493 | 0.544 | 0.746 | 0.518 | −0.172 | 0.459 | −0.550 |
ECO-ACT/03 | 0.588 | 0.867 | 0.523 | 0.588 | 0.660 | 0.605 | −0.216 | 0.454 | −0.654 |
ECO-ACT/04 | 0.566 | 0.550 | 0.918 | 0.829 | 0.603 | 0.574 | −0.141 | 0.624 | −0.564 |
ECO-ACT/05 | 0.574 | 0.612 | 0.905 | 0.821 | 0.623 | 0.635 | −0.208 | 0.613 | −0.676 |
ECO-ACT/06 | 0.554 | 0.588 | 0.885 | 0.791 | 0.601 | 0.561 | −0.197 | 0.559 | −0.597 |
ECO-ACT/07 | 0.534 | 0.582 | 0.880 | 0.771 | 0.592 | 0.586 | −0.122 | 0.546 | −0.651 |
ECO-ACT/08 | 0.521 | 0.468 | 0.870 | 0.722 | 0.565 | 0.554 | −0.079 | 0.580 | −0.521 |
ECO-ACT/09 | 0.394 | 0.371 | 0.804 | 0.568 | 0.451 | 0.426 | −0.083 | 0.463 | −0.414 |
ECO-ACT/10 | 0.350 | 0.413 | 0.782 | 0.526 | 0.412 | 0.443 | −0.102 | 0.406 | −0.521 |
SOC-ACT/01 | 0.678 | 0.599 | 0.772 | 0.946 | 0.686 | 0.650 | −0.174 | 0.595 | −0.642 |
SOC-ACT/02 | 0.674 | 0.613 | 0.732 | 0.944 | 0.667 | 0.654 | −0.156 | 0.600 | −0.660 |
SOC-ACT/03 | 0.566 | 0.580 | 0.707 | 0.912 | 0.634 | 0.629 | −0.153 | 0.586 | −0.657 |
SOC-ACT/04 | 0.675 | 0.608 | 0.742 | 0.850 | 0.700 | 0.559 | −0.168 | 0.586 | −0.626 |
SOC-ACT/05 | 0.495 | 0.494 | 0.601 | 0.789 | 0.483 | 0.510 | −0.174 | 0.491 | −0.626 |
SOC-ACT/06 | 0.671 | 0.773 | 0.655 | 0.715 | 0.884 | 0.602 | −0.205 | 0.528 | −0.679 |
SOC-ACT/07 | 0.590 | 0.825 | 0.551 | 0.611 | 0.854 | 0.557 | −0.186 | 0.529 | −0.561 |
SOC-ACT/08 | 0.672 | 0.583 | 0.502 | 0.608 | 0.852 | 0.559 | −0.052 | 0.373 | −0.541 |
SOC-ACT/09 | 0.530 | 0.487 | 0.426 | 0.441 | 0.753 | 0.430 | −0.088 | 0.312 | −0.417 |
ADV-KNOW/1 | 0.567 | 0.653 | 0.674 | 0.711 | 0.644 | 0.966 | −0.049 | 0.523 | −0.658 |
ADV-KNOW/2 | 0.598 | 0.670 | 0.623 | 0.675 | 0.662 | 0.949 | −0.109 | 0.491 | −0.679 |
ADV-KNOW/3 | 0.450 | 0.388 | 0.410 | 0.445 | 0.448 | 0.847 | 0.232 | 0.361 | −0.384 |
BAS-KNOW/1 | −0.110 | −0.279 | −0.122 | −0.147 | −0.181 | −0.005 | 0.915 | −0.097 | 0.259 |
BAS-KNOW/2 | 0.015 | −0.204 | −0.178 | −0.196 | −0.103 | −0.017 | 0.914 | −0.143 | 0.273 |
BAS-KNOW/3 | −0.077 | −0.199 | −0.116 | −0.148 | −0.139 | 0.047 | 0.809 | −0.112 | 0.243 |
MOTIVATION/1 | 0.620 | 0.668 | 0.700 | 0.760 | 0.646 | 0.664 | −0.101 | 0.889 | −0.685 |
MOTIVATION/2 | 0.149 | 0.238 | 0.362 | 0.308 | 0.237 | 0.163 | −0.124 | 0.817 | −0.158 |
MOTIVATION/3 | 0.121 | 0.242 | 0.345 | 0.300 | 0.200 | 0.152 | −0.125 | 0.812 | −0.133 |
OBSTACLE/1 | −0.667 | −0.645 | −0.644 | −0.693 | −0.645 | −0.600 | 0.274 | −0.461 | 0.950 |
OBSTACLE/2 | −0.646 | −0.618 | −0.511 | −0.582 | −0.619 | −0.537 | 0.261 | −0.417 | 0.890 |
OBSTACLE/3 | −0.496 | −0.568 | −0.610 | −0.660 | −0.512 | −0.584 | 0.249 | −0.500 | 0.843 |
ENV-ACT(EA) | ECO-ACT(STR) | ECO-ACT(M/C) | SOC-ACT(LAB) | SOC-ACT(P/S) | ADV-KNOW | BAS-KNOW | MOTIVATION | OBSTACLE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENV-ACT(EA) | 1.000 | ||||||||
ECO-ACT(STR) | 0.641 | 1.000 | |||||||
ECO-ACT(M/C) | 0.584 | 0.599 | 1.000 | ||||||
SOC-ACT(LAB) | 0.698 | 0.652 | 0.841 | 1.000 | |||||
SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.738 | 0.806 | 0.642 | 0.717 | 1.000 | ||||
ADV-KNOW | 0.590 | 0.637 | 0.632 | 0.678 | 0.646 | 1.000 | |||
BAS-KNOW | −0.066 | −0.261 | −0.156 | −0.185 | −0.162 | 0.004 | 1.000 | ||
MOTIVATION | 0.465 | 0.551 | 0.632 | 0.644 | 0.526 | 0.505 | −0.132 | 1.000 | |
OBSTACLE | −0.676 | −0.682 | −0.656 | −0.720 | −0.663 | −0.642 | 0.292 | −0.511 | 1.000 |
0.891 | 0.895 | 0.865 | 0.890 | 0.837 | 0.922 | 0.884 | 0.840 | 0.895 |
Item | Abbreviation | Loading |
---|---|---|
CSR Environmental Activities: | ||
We have an established environmental policy and plan. | ENV-ACT/01 | 0.926 |
We have identified our environmental impacts and carry out concrete actions to minimize them. | ENV-ACT/02 | 0.923 |
We carry out environmental awareness and training campaigns for stakeholders. | ENV-ACT/03 | 0.905 |
We have a concrete strategy to tackle climate change. | ENV-ACT/04 | 0.897 |
We have programs or systems for the reduction, recycling, separation, and/or treatment of waste. | ENV-ACT/05 | 0.894 |
We have an environmental certificate or we are in the process of certification. | ENV-ACT/06 | 0.891 |
We have programs or systems for saving energy, water, paper, etc. | ENV-ACT/07 | 0.886 |
We promote among the clients the care and protection of the destination environment. | ENV-ACT/08 | 0.885 |
We introduce environmental aspects in the criteria for purchasing and selecting suppliers and business partners. | ENV-ACT/09 | 0.811 |
CSR Economic Activities (CSR Strategy): | ||
CSR is integrated into my business strategy (mission, vision, values, policy, and strategic plan). | ECO-ACT/01 | 0.918 |
We are attached to some international, national, regional, or local CSR initiatives. | ECO-ACT/02 | 0.901 |
We introduce aspects of social responsibility in the purchasing criteria. | ECO-ACT/03 | 0.867 |
CSR Economic Activities (Market): | ||
We pay a decent and fair wage to the workers. | ECO-ACT/04 | 0.918 |
We encourage customers to use and consume local products and services. | ECO-ACT/05 | 0.905 |
We hire local personnel at the different levels of hierarchical responsibility of the company. | ECO-ACT/06 | 0.885 |
We contract local suppliers. | ECO-ACT/07 | 0.880 |
We know the needs, expectations, and satisfaction of customers. | ECO-ACT/08 | 0.870 |
We care about providing high-quality products at competitive prices. | ECO-ACT/09 | 0.804 |
We give clients complete, transparent, and honest information about the commercial offer. | ECO-ACT/10 | 0.782 |
CSR Social Activities (Labor/Community): | ||
We have labor flexibility policies that allow family reconciliation. | SOC-ACT/01 | 0.946 |
We promote the training and professional development of employees. | SOC-ACT/02 | 0.944 |
We take special care of the health and wellbeing of workers. | SOC-ACT/03 | 0.912 |
We promote respect for local heritage, values, culture, and language in our clients. | SOC-ACT/04 | 0.850 |
We promote gender equality in all organizational processes. | SOC-ACT/05 | 0.789 |
CSR Social Activities (Policy and Social Plan): | ||
We collaborate directly and/or indirectly in social projects of local communities. | SOC-ACT/06 | 0.884 |
We have an established policy and social action plan. | SOC-ACT/07 | 0.854 |
Our facilities are adapted for people with disabilities. | SOC-ACT/08 | 0.852 |
We have hired people with some kind of disability. | SOC-ACT/09 | 0.753 |
Advanced CSR Knowledge: | ||
CSR refers to integrating the triple economic–social–environmental sphere into the company’s strategy. | ADV-KNOW/1 | 0.966 |
CSR aims to contribute to the wellbeing and improvement of the quality of life in society. | ADV-KNOW/2 | 0.949 |
CSR refers to the tactical practices carried out by the company above the legal regulations. | ADV-KNOW/3 | 0.847 |
Basic CSR Knowledge: | ||
The main social responsibility of the company is the financial requirements stipulated by the shareholders. | BAS-KNOW/1 | 0.915 |
CSR deals with philanthropic activities that are not related to the company’s business. | BAS-KNOW/2 | 0.914 |
CSR is identified with compliance with all legal regulations that affect the company. | BAS-KNOW/3 | 0.809 |
Motivations: | ||
My personal values and management style drive me to implement CSR measures. | MOTIVATION/1 | 0.889 |
CSR improves the competitiveness of my hotel. | MOTIVATION/2 | 0.817 |
CSR improves the image and reputation of the hotel before all stakeholders. | MOTIVATION/3 | 0.812 |
Obstacles: | ||
I am not informed about or do not know how to implement CSR measures. | OBSTACLE/1 | 0.950 |
We do not have the resources to implement CSR activities. | OBSTACLE/2 | 0.890 |
My attitude and management style do not allow CSR to be integrated into the business. | OBSTACLE/3 | 0.843 |
Causal Relationship Analyzed | Path Coefficients | Standard Deviation | Standard Error | T Student |
---|---|---|---|---|
BAS-KNOW → ECO-ACT(M/C) (H1.1) | −0.057 * | 0.024 | 0.024 | 2.389 |
BAS-KNOW → ECO-ACT(STR) (H1.2) | −0.141 *** | 0.024 | 0.024 | 5.866 |
BAS-KNOW → SOC-ACT(LAB) (H1.3) | −0.075 *** | 0.021 | 0.021 | 3.675 |
BAS-KNOW → SOC-ACT(P/S) (H1.4) | −0.143 *** | 0.025 | 0.025 | 5.711 |
ADV-KNOW → ECO-ACT(M/C) (H3.1) | 0.109 *** | 0.027 | 0.027 | 4.057 |
ADV-KNOW → ECO-ACT(STR) (H3.2) | 0.249 *** | 0.030 | 0.030 | 8.333 |
ADV-KNOW → SOC-ACT(LAB) (H3.3) | 0.115 *** | 0.029 | 0.029 | 3.996 |
ADV-KNOW → SOC-ACT(P/S) (H3.4) | 0.150 *** | 0.033 | 0.033 | 4.521 |
MOTIVATION → ECO-ACT(M/C) (H5.1) | 0.263 *** | 0.024 | 0.024 | 10.869 |
MOTIVATION → ECO-ACT(STR) (H5.2) | 0.115 *** | 0.022 | 0.022 | 5.182 |
MOTIVATION → SOC-ACT(LAB) (H5.3) | 0.196 *** | 0.028 | 0.028 | 7.079 |
OBSTACLE → ECO-ACT(M/C) (H6.1) | −0.229 *** | 0.029 | 0.029 | 7.776 |
OBSTACLE → ECO-ACT(STR) (H6.2) | −0.238 *** | 0.032 | 0.032 | 7.470 |
OBSTACLE → SOC-ACT(LAB) (H6.3) | −0.256 *** | 0.033 | 0.033 | 7.782 |
OBSTACLE → SOC-ACT(P/S) (H6.4) | −0.085 * | 0.041 | 0.041 | 2.101 |
OBSTACLE → ENV-ACT(EA) (H6.5) | −0.315 *** | 0.037 | 0.037 | 8.626 |
ECO-ACT(STR) → COMMUNIC. (H7.2) | 0.266 *** | 0.037 | 0.037 | 7.136 |
SOC-ACT(LAB) → COMMUNIC. (H7.3) | 0.071 ** | 0.027 | 0.027 | 2.664 |
SOC-ACT(P/S) → COMMUNIC. (H7.4) | 0.439 *** | 0.048 | 0.048 | 9.198 |
ENV-ACT(EA) → COMMUNIC. (H7.5) | 0.212 *** | 0.035 | 0.035 | 6.135 |
Causal Relationship Analyzed | Path Coefficients | Standard Deviation | Standard Error | T Student |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic CSR Knowledge: | ||||
RENTED-H → BAS-KNOW | −0.197 *** | 0.038 | 0.038 | 5.192 |
(00–10)YEARS → BAS-KNOW | 0.329 *** | 0.081 | 0.081 | 4.077 |
(10–20)YEARS → BAS-KNOW | 0.271 *** | 0.071 | 0.071 | 3.812 |
(21–40)YEARS → BAS-KNOW | 0.209 ** | 0.067 | 0.067 | 3.116 |
FEMALE → BAS-KNOW | −0.166 *** | 0.030 | 0.030 | 5.498 |
POSTGRAD → BAS-KNOW | −0.143 *** | 0.032 | 0.032 | 4.426 |
Advanced CSR Knowledge: | ||||
POOR-FIN → ADV-KNOW | −0.399 *** | 0.050 | 0.050 | 7.929 |
REGU-FIN → ADV-KNOW | −0.464 *** | 0.041 | 0.041 | 11.436 |
UNDERGRAD → ADV-KNOW | 0.209 *** | 0.032 | 0.032 | 6.600 |
POSTGRAD → ADV-KNOW | 0.320 *** | 0.049 | 0.049 | 6.511 |
POOR-INV → ADV-KNOW | −0.115 ** | 0.045 | 0.045 | 2.582 |
CSR Economic Activities (Market): | ||||
AUTONOMY → ECO-ACT(M/C) | 0.098 *** | 0.022 | 0.022 | 4.406 |
UNDERGRAD → ECO-ACT(M/C) | 0.058 * | 0.023 | 0.023 | 2.511 |
(00–10)YEARS → ECO-ACT(M/C) | −0.162 *** | 0.024 | 0.024 | 6.666 |
(10–20)YEARS → ECO-ACT(M/C) | −0.188 *** | 0.025 | 0.025 | 7.492 |
POOR-INV → ECO-ACT(M/C) | −0.326 *** | 0.038 | 0.038 | 8.613 |
REGU-INV → ECO-ACT(M/C) | −0.235 *** | 0.024 | 0.024 | 9.752 |
FEMALE → ECO-ACT(M/C) | 0.139 *** | 0.019 | 0.019 | 7.333 |
CSR Economic Activities (Strategy): | ||||
FRANCH.-H → ECO-ACT(STR) | 0.258 *** | 0.028 | 0.028 | 9.287 |
(<40)MANAG → ECO-ACT(STR) | 0.130 *** | 0.028 | 0.028 | 4.567 |
REGU-FIN → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.045 * | 0.021 | 0.021 | 2.188 |
(00–10)YEARS → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.169 *** | 0.049 | 0.049 | 3.434 |
(10–20)YEARS → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.103 * | 0.045 | 0.045 | 2.303 |
(21–40)YEARS → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.165 *** | 0.039 | 0.039 | 4.242 |
FEMALE → ECO-ACT(STR) | 0.082 *** | 0.021 | 0.021 | 3.910 |
W-000/010 → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.298 *** | 0.059 | 0.059 | 5.060 |
W-010/051 → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.332 *** | 0.052 | 0.052 | 6.357 |
W-051/200 → ECO-ACT(STR) | −0.206 *** | 0.039 | 0.039 | 5.272 |
CSR Social Activities (Labor/Community): | ||||
REGU-FIN → SOC-ACT(LAB) | −0.187 *** | 0.030 | 0.030 | 6.163 |
(00–10)YEARS → SOC-ACT(LAB) | −0.143 *** | 0.020 | 0.020 | 7.191 |
(10–20)YEARS → SOC-ACT(LAB) | −0.194 *** | 0.021 | 0.021 | 9.180 |
POOR-INV → SOC-ACT(LAB) | −0.261 *** | 0.035 | 0.035 | 7.456 |
REGU-INV → SOC-ACT(LAB) | −0.199 *** | 0.030 | 0.030 | 6.729 |
POSTGRAD → SOC-ACT(LAB) | 0.198 *** | 0.034 | 0.034 | 5.876 |
CSR Social Activities (Policy and Social): | ||||
5-STARS-H → SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.067 ** | 0.026 | 0.026 | 2.633 |
FRANCH.-H → SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.121 *** | 0.022 | 0.022 | 5.415 |
POOR-INV → SOC-ACT(P/S) | −0.106 *** | 0.021 | 0.021 | 5.124 |
FEMALE → SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.148 *** | 0.020 | 0.020 | 7.350 |
POSTGRAD → SOC-ACT(P/S) | 0.323 *** | 0.037 | 0.037 | 8.774 |
W-000/010 → SOC-ACT(P/S) | −0.592 *** | 0.052 | 0.052 | 11.462 |
W-010/051 → SOC-ACT(P/S) | −0.466 *** | 0.046 | 0.046 | 10.111 |
W-051/200 → SOC-ACT(P/S) | −0.167 *** | 0.031 | 0.031 | 5.408 |
CSR Environmental Activities: | ||||
0-STARS-H → ENV-ACT(EA) | −0.143 *** | 0.028 | 0.028 | 5.127 |
2-STARS-H → ENV-ACT(EA) | −0.133 *** | 0.030 | 0.030 | 4.463 |
POOR-INV → ENV-ACT(EA) | −0.204 *** | 0.052 | 0.052 | 3.923 |
REGU-INV → ENV-ACT(EA) | −0.183 *** | 0.038 | 0.038 | 4.845 |
FEMALE → ENV-ACT(EA) | 0.044 * | 0.020 | 0.020 | 2.157 |
POSTGRAD → ENV-ACT(EA) | 0.235 *** | 0.043 | 0.043 | 5.418 |
CSR Communication: | ||||
GOVERNMENT → COMMUNIC. | 0.114 *** | 0.019 | 0.019 | 5.908 |
W-000/010 → COMMUNIC. | −0.051 * | 0.022 | 0.022 | 2.276 |
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Peña-Miranda, D.D.; Serra-Cantallops, A.; Ramón-Cardona, J. The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031840
Peña-Miranda DD, Serra-Cantallops A, Ramón-Cardona J. The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):1840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031840
Chicago/Turabian StylePeña-Miranda, David Daniel, Antoni Serra-Cantallops, and José Ramón-Cardona. 2023. "The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 1840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031840
APA StylePeña-Miranda, D. D., Serra-Cantallops, A., & Ramón-Cardona, J. (2023). The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector. Sustainability, 15(3), 1840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031840