Comparative Valuation of Three Ecosystem Services in a Canadian Watershed Using Global, Regional, and Local Unit Values
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Economic Valuation of Three Ecosystem Services
2.3. Unit Values
2.3.1. Local Unit Values
2.3.2. Regional Unit Values
2.3.3. Global Unit Values
2.4. Land Cover Resolution
3. Results
3.1. Whole-Watershed Valuation of the Three Ecosystem Services
3.2. Impact of Land Cover Resolution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Regional Values
Ecosystem Services | Providing Land Covers | Value ($/Hectare/Year) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Best | High | ||
Carbon Sequestration | Forest | 48 a | 815 b | |
Pasture | 35 a | |||
Wetlands | 16 a | |||
Open water | 16 a | |||
Cropland | 0 a | - | ||
Fallow fields | 36 a | |||
Water Purification | Forest | 258 c | 583 a | |
Pasture | 0 c | |||
Wetlands | 258 c | 583 a | 1701 b | |
Open Water | 258 c | |||
Cropland | 0 c | |||
Fallow fields | ||||
Nutrient cycling | Forest | 0 c | 596 e | |
Pasture/sparse forest | 29 c | 28.5 e | ||
Wetlands | 0 c | 275 d | 3225 e | |
Open water | 0 c | 63 e | ||
Cropland | 0 c | - | ||
Fallow fields | 30 a |
Parameters | Study Area | Studies Used for Regional Database | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Grand River) | Southern Ontario | Greenbelt | Lake Simcoe | Peace River basin | |
Area (ha) | 679,820 | 12,449,039 | 760,420 | 330,741 | 5,611,799 |
Dominant land use | Agriculture | Agriculture | Agriculture | Agriculture | Forest |
Population density (people/ha) | 1.50 | 0.90 | 1–3.65 * | 1.20 | 0.01 |
Ecosystem Services | Total Value Using Three Datasets | ||
---|---|---|---|
Local | Regional | Global | |
Carbon Sequestration | 63.23 ± 5.07 | 38.02 ± 39.01 | 95.56 ± 120.03 |
Nutrient Cycling | 70.09 ± 16.23 | 102.01 ± 119.62 | 182.79 ± 239.16 |
Water Filtration | 75.56 ± 6.95 | 87.21 ± 50.99 | 469.54 ± 444.24 |
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Study Area | Reference | Dataset Used |
---|---|---|
Texas, USA | [12] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Chongming Island, China | [13] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China | [14] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Wenzhou, China | [15] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Changsha, China | [16] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Shenzhen, China | [17] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Bhutan | [18] | ESVD (2012) |
Czech Republic | [19] | ESVD (2012) |
Asia | [20] | ESVD (2012) |
Okanagan, Canada | [21] | ESVD (2012) |
Portugal | [22] | ESVD (2012) |
China | [23] | ESVD (2012) |
Central highlands, Ethiopia | [24] | Costanza et al. (1997) |
Taiwan | [25] | ESVD (2012) |
Iran | [26] | ESVD (2012) |
Iceland | [27] | ESVD (2012) |
Major Categories | Subcategories | Area (Hectares) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | 446,162 | 66 | |
Row crops | 133,082 | 19 | |
Small grains | 79,662 | 12 | |
Forage | 127,389 | 19 | |
Fallow fields | 106,029 | 16 | |
Pasture/sparse forest | 55,660 | 8 | |
Forest | 72,305 | 11 | |
Dense forest (Deciduous) | 35,722 | 5 | |
Dense forest (Conifer) | 11,731 | 2 | |
Dense forest (Mixed) | 19,497 | 3 | |
Plantation (Mature) | 5305 | 1 | |
Wetlands | 64,278 | 9.5 | |
Open Water | 8475 | 1 | |
Urban | 29,442 | 4 | |
Extraction | (roads/beach/bedrock) | 3256 | 0.5 |
Total | 679,820 | 100 |
Ecosystem Service | Providing Land Covers | Value (2017 CAD/Hectare/Year) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Local | Regional | Global | ||
Carbon Sequestration | Forest | 485 ± 30 a,b | 430 ± 540 | 680 ± 1570 |
Pasture/sparse forest | 110 ± 75 a | 35 | 585 ± 580 | |
Wetlands | 100 ± 10 a,b | 16 | 215 ± 340 | |
Open water | - | 16 | - | |
Cropland | 35 ± 5 a | - | - | |
Fallow fields | 35 ± 5 a | 36 | - | |
Water Purification | Forest | 105 ± 28 a,b | 420 ± 230 | 10 ± 20 |
Pasture/sparse forest | 175 ± 75 a | - | 115 ± 140 | |
Wetlands | 105 ± 10 a,b | 850 ± 750 | 4690 ± 6910 | |
Open Water | 20 ± 15 a | 260 | 290 ± 370 | |
Cropland | 115 ± 5 a | - | 466 | |
Fallow fields | - | - | ||
Nutrient cycling | Forest | 135 ± 35 a | 300 ± 420 | 145 |
Pasture/sparse forest | 545 ± 2 a | 30 ± 1 | - | |
Wetlands | 240 ± 13 a | 1170 ± 1800 | 2665 ± 3730 | |
Open water | 930 ± 105 a | 30 ± 45 | - | |
Cropland | 15 ± 45 a | - | - | |
Fallow fields | 15 ± 45 a | 30 | - |
Parameter | Land Cover | Subcategories | Ecosystem Services | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon Sequestration | Nutrient Cycling | Water Filtration | |||
Unit values of ecosystem services ($/ha/year) | Agriculture | 35 ± 5 | 15 ± 55 | 110 ± 55 | |
Row crop | 52 ± 13 | 70 ± 115 | 102 ± 100 | ||
Small grains | 28 ± 8 | 18 ± 18 | 98 ± 98 | ||
Forage | 24 ± 2 | −42 ± 80 | 125 ± 90 | ||
Forest | 1040 ± 85 | 135 ± 10 | 178 ± 50 | ||
Deciduous | 1330 ± 160 | 145 ± 20 | 178 ± 80 | ||
Coniferous | 540 ± 60 | 110 ± 22 | 178 ± 80 | ||
Mixed | 855 ± 110 | 130 ± 15 | 178 ± 80 | ||
Plantation | 910 ± 70 | 130 ± 10 | 178 ± 80 | ||
Value of ES (million $/year) for high resolution | Agriculture | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 18.5 | 37.3 ± 19.2 | |
Forest | 70.5 ± 6.1 | 9.0 ± 0.8 | 11.9 ± 3.4 | ||
Total | 82.72 ± 6.4 | 16.7 ± 18.5 | 49.2 ± 19.5 | ||
Value of ES (million $/year) for low resolution | Agriculture | 11.9 ± 1.7 | 5.1 ± 18.7 | 37.4 ± 18.7 | |
Forest | 75.2 ± 6.1 | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 12.6 ± 3.6 | ||
Total | 87.1 ± 6.3 | 14.9 ± 18.7 | 50.0 ± 19.0 |
Land Cover Data | Value (million $/year) of Land Cover | ||
---|---|---|---|
Forest | Agriculture | Total | |
High resolution | 91 ± 7.0 | 57 ± 27 | 149 ± 28 |
Low resolution | 98 ± 7.0 | 54 ± 25 | 152 ± 27 |
Percent change, Ci (%) | 8 | 6 | 2 |
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Aziz, T.; Nimubona, A.-D.; Van Cappellen, P. Comparative Valuation of Three Ecosystem Services in a Canadian Watershed Using Global, Regional, and Local Unit Values. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411024
Aziz T, Nimubona A-D, Van Cappellen P. Comparative Valuation of Three Ecosystem Services in a Canadian Watershed Using Global, Regional, and Local Unit Values. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):11024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411024
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz, Tariq, Alain-Désiré Nimubona, and Philippe Van Cappellen. 2023. "Comparative Valuation of Three Ecosystem Services in a Canadian Watershed Using Global, Regional, and Local Unit Values" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 11024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411024