Simulating the Hydraulic and Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Highly Expansive Soil under Potential Field Stress and Seasonal Climatic Variation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Used
3. Sample Preparation
4. Testing Procedures and Equipment
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Volume Change Behavior during First Wetting Stage
5.2. Impact of Cyclic Wetting and Drying on Volume Change Behavior
5.3. Impact of Cyclic Wetting and Drying on Hydraulic Conductivity
6. Conclusions
- The observed VCP during the first wetting stage of both tested series was interpreted using the yield curve concept (LC curve) developed within the BExM model, with evidence of its enlargement as the tested sample was subjected to stresses (i.e., suction) greater than its previous stress history.
- The cyclic W/D process adopted, either CWD or CDW, has an impact on the H-VC behaviors of expansive soils, with the first cycle of wetting and drying being the most effective cycle for effectively reorienting the soil fabric towards an equilibrium state.
- Swell fatigue, experienced as accumulated shrinkage, was reported for both testing series, and this behavior was attributed to the initial placement condition, specified as a loose compacted state.
- An elastic response to the W/D process is achieved in the third to fourth cycle for both tested series in terms of H-VC behaviors.
- The onset stage of the W/D affects the WP, where its values were generally lower for CDW than those of CWD. The difference between the values of both series at their equilibrium value increased as the σaw increased. A recommendation of subjecting the compacted layers to a drying process is suggested to eliminate the wetting potential of the compacted expansive soil.
- A reduction trend of ksat with an advance in the W/D process is reported for both series under all the applied stress states, which is attributed to the accumulated shrinkage noted during repeated W/D cycles.
- A unique (ksat-ew) correlation that combines both series’ results starting from the third cycle is observed, while the first cycle showed higher values of ksat for the W/D process started with drying. Consequently, it is recommended to submerge the compacted clay barrier after its construction to obtain a barrier with the lowest values of hydraulic conductivity.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
γd | Dry unit weight |
wc | Water content |
σa | Applied axial stress |
σo | Yield stress at pre-wetting suction |
σo* | Yield stress at saturation |
H-VC | Hydraulic and volume change |
LC | Load-collapse curve |
σaw | Axial wetting stress |
εaw | Axial wetting strain |
εae | Equilibrium axial strain |
W/D | Wetting and drying |
CWD | Cyclic wetting and drying |
CDW | Cyclic dying and wetting |
WP | Wetting potential |
DP | Drying potential |
NP | net axial strain |
VCP | Volume change potential |
ew | Post-wetting void ratio |
ksat | Saturated hydraulic conductivity |
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Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Specific gravity, GS | 2.72 |
Liquid limit, wl (%) | 137 |
Plastic limit, wp (%) | 45 |
Shrinkage limit, ws (%) | 20 |
Plasticity index, PI (%) | 92 |
Unified soil classification system | CH a |
Optimum moisture content, wopt. (%) | 36 |
Maximum dry unit weight, γdmax (kN/m3) | 11.82 |
Compound | Concentration |
---|---|
SiO2 | 49.77 |
Al2O3 | 14.50 |
MgO | 6.95 |
Fe2O3 | 6.36 |
K2O | 4.01 |
CaO | 3.99 |
TiO2 | 0.68 |
So3 | 0.51 |
F | 0.42 |
Na2O | 0.35 |
P2O5 | 0.22 |
Cl | 0.18 |
LOI | 11.83 |
Sample ID | Wetting Stress | Equilibrium Axial Strain, eae (%) | Sat. Hydr. Conduct., ksat (×10−7 cm/s.) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
saw (kN/m2) | 1st Cycle | 2nd Cycle | 3rd Cycle | 4th Cycle | 5th Cycle | 6th Cycle | 1st Cycle | 2nd Cycle | 3rd Cycle | 4th Cycle | 5th Cycle | 6th Cycle | |||||||
W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | ||||||||
CWD_25 | 25 | 15.5 | −1.9 | 13.2 | −1.4 | 11.0 | −2.7 | 8.7 | −3.5 | 8.3 | −5.4 | 7.5 | −6.2 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 2.8 |
CWD_100 | 100 | 8.0 | −6.0 | 3.7 | −8.8 | 1.13 | −10 | −0.5 | −12 | −1.7 | −13 | −2.7 | −13 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
CWD_300 | 300 | −0.2 | −15 | −7.2 | −19 | −9.6 | −20 | −11 | −22 | −12 | −22 | −13 | −23 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
CWD_1000 | 1000 | −8.4 | −25 | −17 | −27 | −19 | −29 | −20 | −30 | −21 | −31 | −22 | −31 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Sample ID | Wetting Stress | Equilibrium Axial Strain, εae (%) | Sat. Hydr. Conduct., ksat (×10−7 cm/s.) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σaw (kN/m2) | 1st Cycle | 2nd Cycle | 3rd Cycle | 4th Cycle | 5th Cycle | 6th Cycle | 1st Cycle | 2nd Cycle | 3rd Cycle | 4th Cycle | 5th Cycle | 6th Cycle | |||||||
W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | W | D | ||||||||
CDW_25 | 25 | −3.0 | 18.7 | 2.9 | 16.4 | 2.6 | 14.3 | 2.2 | 13.1 | 1.7 | 12.3 | 10.1 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 | |||
CDW_100 | 100 | −6.5 | 4.2 | −10.3 | −0.4 | −12.5 | −3.0 | −14.4 | −4.7 | −16.3 | −5.9 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |||
CDW_300 | 300 | −5.7 | −1.6 | −11.1 | −6.3 | −14.8 | −8.4 | −17.0 | −9.8 | −18.8 | −10.8 | −19.8 | −11.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
CDW_1000 | 1000 | −10.8 | −11.0 | −20.6 | −17.6 | −21.2 | −18.0 | −21.5 | −18.8 | −21.6 | −19.5 | −21.7 | −20.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
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Abbas, M.F. Simulating the Hydraulic and Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Highly Expansive Soil under Potential Field Stress and Seasonal Climatic Variation. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410797
Abbas MF. Simulating the Hydraulic and Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Highly Expansive Soil under Potential Field Stress and Seasonal Climatic Variation. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):10797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410797
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas, Mohamed Farid. 2023. "Simulating the Hydraulic and Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Highly Expansive Soil under Potential Field Stress and Seasonal Climatic Variation" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 10797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410797
APA StyleAbbas, M. F. (2023). Simulating the Hydraulic and Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Highly Expansive Soil under Potential Field Stress and Seasonal Climatic Variation. Sustainability, 15(14), 10797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410797