Parametric Assessment of Building Heating Demand for Different Levels of Details and User Comfort Levels: A Case Study in London, UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background and Literature Review
2.1. Sensitivity Analysis and Building Energy Performance Rating
2.2. Impactful Parameters on Energy Performance at the Building Scale
2.3. From Individual Building to Urban Building Energy Modeling
2.4. Thermal Comfort in Buildings
2.5. Research Gap
- To investigate the most appropriate LoD for urban building energy modelling.
- To assess the building energy performance with human thermal comfort using parametric tools.
- To formulate recommendations regarding data for energy performance assessment.
3. Methodology
3.1. Annual Heat Demand Calculation for Different LoDs
3.1.1. Data Gathering
3.1.2. Data Processing
3.1.3. Data Imputation
- Internal gains: assumed to be equal to 3 W/m2 from TABULA [43].
- Window-to-wall ratio (WWR): assumed to be equal to 0.2 for LoD1 based on empirical data and Dochev’s research study [28].
- Roof type: assumed to be pitched based on the literature review and TABULA typology [43].
- Inside temperature: 19.5~20 °C—according to Public Health England, a temperature range between 18 and 21 °C is the minimum range of the inside temperature in buildings in the UK for a healthy indoor environment [44].
- Percentage of façade in walls and windows: assumed to be 0 because in the UK, the ‘patch’ renovation is not applied as in Bulgaria (the model of Dochev was first applied and tested).
- Weather data: the monthly temperature and the solar radiation for the heating season were gathered from the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) software, which provided validated weather data from NASA [45].
3.1.4. Energy Model Execution
3.2. Adptive Comfort Level for Individual Buidlings
3.2.1. From Shapefile to Simulation Model
3.2.2. Adaptive Comfort Level Execution
3.2.3. Visualizing and Collecting Results for Comfort Level
4. Results
4.1. Annual Heat Demand Calculation for Different LoDs
4.1.1. Methodology Validation
4.1.2. Annual Residential Heat Demand—Case Study Area 1
4.1.3. Annual Residential Heat Demand—Case Study Area 2
4.1.4. Percentage Difference in Annual Residential Heat Demand—Case Study Area 1
4.1.5. Percentage Difference in Annual Residential Heat Demand—Case Study Area 2
4.2. Adaptive Comfort Level
4.2.1. Annual Comfort Levels—Case Study Area 1
4.2.2. Annual Comfort Levels—Case Study Area 2
5. Discussion
5.1. Annual Residential Heat Demand and LoDs
5.2. Annual Residential Heat Demand and Comfort Level
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LoD1 | LoD2 | LoD3 | Mean-LoDs | GOV.UK | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy demand kWh/(m2·a) | 313.84 | 314.58 | 312.99 | 313.80 | 273.45 |
Difference with GOV.UK | 40.39 | 41.13 | 39.54 | 40.35 |
Building ID | Annual Heat Demand (kWh/m2) | Comfort Conditions Mean | Thermal Comfort Percentage Mean (%) |
---|---|---|---|
2078778 | 205.13 | −0.82 | 15.44 |
1983230 | 355.64 | −0.83 | 13.19 |
2076468 | 377.24 | −0.46 | 93.73 |
1964588 | 380.93 | −0.46 | 90.88 |
2078781 | 386.97 | −0.54 | 97.55 |
Building ID | Annual Heat Demand (kWh/m2) | Comfort Conditions Mean | Thermal Comfort Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1961379 | 596.95 | −0.60 | 96.88 |
1961376 | 596.04 | −0.62 | 96.98 |
1983228 | 532.65 | −0.46 | 92.60 |
2078602 | 518.59 | −0.83 | 14.23 |
1948731 | 518.37 | −0.47 | 91.15 |
Building ID | Annual Heat Demand (kWh/m2) | Comfort Conditions Mean | Thermal Comfort Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1045310 | 69.97 | −0.23 | 95.84 |
77905 | 72.54 | −0.27 | 89.43 |
1053318 | 72.57 | −0.82 | 16.38 |
1382107 | 74.39 | −0.82 | 16.33 |
1002073 | 74.43 | 0.04 | 96.01 |
Building ID | Annual Heat Demand (kWh/m2) | Comfort Conditions Mean | Thermal Comfort Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1388480 | 304.72 | −0.40 | 86.98 |
1388487 | 280.11 | −0.43 | 87.14 |
1373512 | 264.75 | −0.52 | 94.88 |
382818 | 264.25 | −0.46 | 91.80 |
1283218 | 260.04 | −0.84 | 12.94 |
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Apostolopoulou, A.; Zhu, M.; Jin, J. Parametric Assessment of Building Heating Demand for Different Levels of Details and User Comfort Levels: A Case Study in London, UK. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108374
Apostolopoulou A, Zhu M, Jin J. Parametric Assessment of Building Heating Demand for Different Levels of Details and User Comfort Levels: A Case Study in London, UK. Sustainability. 2023; 15(10):8374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108374
Chicago/Turabian StyleApostolopoulou, Athanasia, Mingyu Zhu, and Jiayi Jin. 2023. "Parametric Assessment of Building Heating Demand for Different Levels of Details and User Comfort Levels: A Case Study in London, UK" Sustainability 15, no. 10: 8374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108374