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Review

Transit-Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer

by
Qiaoling Fang
1,*,
Tomo Inoue
2,
Dongqi Li
1,
Qiang Liu
3 and
Jian Ma
4
1
Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
2
Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
3
Institute of Policy Research, Kumamoto City 860-0806, Japan
4
School of Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8223; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108223
Submission received: 20 April 2023 / Revised: 12 May 2023 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 18 May 2023
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Abstract

:
In the last three decades, relevant research has rapidly increased in tandem with the global popularity of TOD (transit-oriented development) initiatives. It is vital to thoroughly summarize this research and investigate its development trends for sustainable cities. The advent of bibliometrics has given rise to a new method of conducting systematic reviews. We wish to illustrate the evolution of the TOD field by applying scientometrics, with the aim of revealing trends in this field and establishing a scientific classification system. We employ visualization software such as VOSviewer and CiteSpace to conduct bibliometric analyses on TOD-related publications from the WOS database from 1994 to 2021. Potential TOD-related research hotspots and cutting-edge research trends are thoroughly examined. The results indicate that TOD research topics are diverse, with hot topics related to land use, built environment, travel behavior, etc. The regions studied in TOD research are mostly metropolitan areas. Based on a modest number of starting keywords, this strategy can be used to build a more relevant and deeper research network. Through expanding the research content and improving research methods, this paper can provide insights into identifying the evolution of TOD research in different locations of the world, as well as provide a reference for the application and implementation of TOD strategies.

1. Introduction

Building sustainable cities continues to be one of the top priorities of urban decision makers [1]. TOD (transit-oriented development) is a critical strategy for promoting long-term sustainable and equitable development. It is increasingly being adopted by cities and regions around the world as a way to address a range of social, economic, and environmental challenges. A more sustainable, livable, and connected community can be created in the context of TOD; thus, it is attracting the attention of urban planners and policymakers. Review and inspections of prior research are valuable for academics [2]. However, only a few previous studies have examined TOD in a comprehensive manner. Ibraeva et al. [3] outlined the concept and typology of TOD and examined its impact on travel behavior, real estate prices, residential location, urban forms, and community life. Jamme et al. [4] conducted an analysis of the TOD-related literature published over 25 years, focusing on multiple meanings of D, not limited to “development”, with the initial goal of evaluating the development of inclusive and sustainable communities. However, the amount of the extant research from scholars in various countries is far too extensive to be studied with traditional literature review methods, which would consume a large amount of time and include many subjective judgements. With the development of software, scholars have begun to conduct quantitative analyses of the literature, which can accurately extract information on the development of various disciplines, research hotspots, and topic distributions. Deng et al. [5] compiled the literature from 1998 to 2017 based on CiteSpace software, comparing the progress of TOD in China and other countries. Wu and Li [6] used CiteSpace software to conduct a scientific review of the literature from 1996 to 2020 on the topic of TOD, obtaining a visualization of said topic from the perspective of publications, contributors, and trending research topics.
As TOD advances in developing cities, the relevant policymakers must identify TOD strategies that are in line with their own growth. Policymakers can build hypotheses and discover frontier hotspots more rapidly by examining scientific knowledge maps of the TOD-related literature. In this context, we attempt to assemble the development status of megacities since the introduction of TOD theory and apply it to other developing cities in order to strengthen the integration of urban planning and transportation and, as a result, promote sustainable urban growth.
For this paper, VOSviewer and CiteSpace were selected to conduct a multi-visual analysis of the relevant research on “urban transportation and TOD development” of various disciplines reflected in the English-language literature based on the core collection of the Web of Science (WOS). Furthermore, this paper seeks to broaden the scope of the literature search by setting the starting year at 1994—when TOD was initially proposed—and employing a variety of analytical tools to present a more thorough description of the historical progression of TODs. The co-occurrence of keywords clearly illustrates the discipline distribution, hot spots, trends, research shortcomings, and future development trends of TOD research worldwide. This method was used in order to offer a theoretical basis for a TOD research strategy in other developing cities and to improve transportation planning. The findings can help transportation planners understand what constitutes good TOD practice to better plan and implement TOD projects, as well as provide recommendations on how to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of TOD and promote community sustainability.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the development of the TOD concept and the current status of its application worldwide. Section 3 describes the collected articles and the methods of scientific bibliometrics. Section 4 presents a comprehensive analysis of the results of the knowledge mapping analysis, considering the links between authors’ institutions and countries, a co-occurrence analysis, a co-citation analysis, and a cluster analysis. Section 5 comprises a discussion of the research results and the future research expectations for this field, while Section 6 summarizes the main conclusions and limitations of this paper.

2. Concept and Application of TOD

Several principles of TOD (transit-oriented development) were first utilized in Denmark and Sweden in the early post-war period. In the late 1980s, the concepts related to transit-oriented development (TOD) were increasingly debated [3]. Kelbaugh [7] proposed the concept of a “Pedestrian Pocket” to enhance walkability by clustering residences, retail, and jobs within a 400 m radius of bus stops, thereby reducing people’s reliance on small vehicles. Based on the idea of the “Pedestrian Pocket”, Peter Calthorpe [8] coined the basic concept of TOD in his book The New American Metropolis. The transit-oriented development concept is a physical approach to using the urban design principles of compact urban form, walkable neighborhoods, and public transport integration to encourage more sustainable behavior in cities. It is broadly defined as “a mixed-use community that encourages people to live near transit services and to decrease their dependence on driving” [9]. Then, Cervero and Kockelman [10] presented the 3Ds theory to supplement the TOD paradigm. TOD is currently a global concept that focuses on urban development around stations to encourage the use of public transportation while developing transit systems to connect different urban core areas.
With the global implantation of TOD, the outcomes of its application have become more diversified. The existing literature reviews have focused on location attributes [11] or emphasized a single aspect related to TOD, such as property values [12], affordable housing [13], etc. Additionally, in practice, the implementation of TOD can be influenced by several factors. The quantitative evaluation of station areas from the perspective of TOD is becoming a major topic of debate. The Node–Place model has been used to assess the relationship between land use distribution around stations and public transport, as well as to determine whether the development of stations is in equilibrium [14]. The Node–Place model has also been continuously optimized, with Vale [15] adding indicators of pedestrian comfort and Lyu et al. [16] adding specific design features such as block size and intersection density. The TOD typology categorizes all stations in an area, revealing their different roles and the relationships between them [17,18]. Focusing on potential TOD indices based on the 3Ds and socioeconomic activity in cities can help to identify suitable sites for TOD [19,20]. These studies concentrated on one or more aspect and addressed the implementation of TOD and the elements that influence it.

3. Data Sources and Methods

3.1. Data Sources

The Web of Science (WOS) is a type of scientific citation database. It allows researchers to track the frequency of citation of a particular article, who has cited this article, and where it has been cited. WOS covers a large range of disciplines, particularly in nature science. WOS has a rigorous peer-reviewed selection process for the articles it indexes, while Google Scholar and Scopus include more types of articles that may not be as rigorously reviewed. Articles selected for inclusion in the WOS database are considered to be of high reference value. In this study, we derived the relevant literature from the WOS database with the topic “transit-oriented development (TOD)”. The time span was set to 1994–2021, and the WOS database was sourced from SCIE (Science Citation Index Expanded) and SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index) to ensure the high quality of the selected articles. The goal of this paper is to present a thorough review of the research literature in the area of TOD, as well as to investigate the topical trends and evolution of the literature over time. A total of 832 articles were retrieved on 29 June 2022.

3.2. Methods

Bibliometric mapping has become an important research tool in literature research. Many literature reviews in the past analyzed the current state of research by collating only a limited amount of focused literature, and they were unable to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the evolution of research. Knowledge mapping is considered a useful tool for analyzing different academic fields to comprehensively visualize the research content or characteristics [21]. VOSviewer is a computer program developed at Leiden University that can construct and view bibliometric maps. It overcomes the limitations of simple bibliometric map software such as SPSS and Pajek to build label views, density views, cluster density views, and scatter views for a large range of bibliometrics. Through bibliometric analyses, VOSviewer can build networks of relationships based on journals, researchers’ countries or organizations, keywords, etc., for co-citations, coupling, and co-authorship or organization, and then visualize the networks [22]. CiteSpace, which is known as “Citation Space”, is an information visualization software based on Java language, which mainly measures the literature (collection) of a specific professional field through co-citation analysis theory, the PathFinder algorithm, etc., and presents the structure, pattern, and distribution of the scientific knowledge. The visualization graphs obtained by this method are also called “scientific knowledge maps” [23,24]. CiteSpace can map out the main paths of evolution for a particular knowledge domain [25].
In this study, we used two bibliometric analysis tools, VOSviewer and CiteSpace, to quantitatively analyze the collected relevant literature from a diverse range of perspectives on the issue of TOD (transit-oriented development). The analysis process included classifying the knowledge clusters related to the topic of TOD, forming a knowledge mapping, and identifying the major clusters and the major studies that have made significant contributions to knowledge development, as well as conducting a timeline analysis of the background, development, and current status of these studies and predicting future development trends to provide a reference and basis for TOD implementation in developing countries. The distribution of researchers’ countries and organizations was mapped, which can aid in identifying the primary elements influencing the evolution of TOD knowledge mapping. Furthermore, prominent research themes and cutting-edge research in TOD-related studies can be highlighted based on journal article citations and the frequency and clustering of common keywords used in the publications.
We collected 818 articles (articles and reviews) registered on Web of Science up until the end of 2021 via data cleansing using CiteSpace. Figure 1 shows that the number of publications has been gradually increasing since the 1990s, along with the rise in TOD projects worldwide. There were fluctuations in 1996, 2003, and 2006. It can also be observed that, in 2013 and 2020, the number of articles published on this topic increased dramatically.

4. Results of the Knowledge Mapping Analysis

4.1. Distribution of Countries and Research Institutions

To determine the extent of research cooperation, VOSviewer was used to visualize the network between countries and research institutions. There were 53 major countries involved in the research of TOD from 1994 to 2021. The threshold was set to two, and forty-three countries reached this threshold. The size of the nodes, as shown in Figure 2, represents the number of articles published from various countries. The links show the cooperation network between the countries. The USA is the most prolific contributor, with 341 research documents and 8619 citations, and it also has the highest link strength, followed by the People’s Republic of China and Australia, which published 202 articles and 58 articles, respectively. The frequency of TOD-related publications in other countries was below 50. In addition, in Asia, South Korea published 40 English articles with 864 citations and Japanese researchers published 18 English articles with 260 citations.
From 1994 to 2021, 666 major research institutions were involved in TOD-related research. The threshold was set to three, and 122 research organizations reached this threshold. As can be seen in Figure 3, the two most influential research institutions were the University of Hong Kong and the University of California, Berkeley, which published 30 and 28 articles on the topic of TOD, respectively. Publications from the University of California, Berkeley, had the most citations with 1287. The main research topics at the University of Hong Kong were land use, transport integration, and urban growth. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, on the other hand, were more concerned with street design. The third-ranked institution, the University of Minnesota in the USA, contributed 22 publications with 564 citations from 1994 to 2021, with the main research topic being urban growth.
Practical projects guided by the concept of TOD are widely implemented in the world, particularly in developed countries. However, the application of TOD varies significantly from region to region. TOD originated in North America and subsequently developed extensively in Australian and European cities, where planners focused more on centering urban sprawl around transit stations and transportation networks [26,27]. TOD is recognized as an excellent urban design strategy in the USA [28]. In Europe, TOD is distinguished by integration and coordination between land use and transportation planning, with a greater emphasis on the redevelopment of rail stations and their surrounding communities. Bertoloni [29] advocated that public policies needed to be used to direct the implementation of TOD in order to increase the attractiveness of urban neighborhoods and cities for sustainable development. However, Staricco and Vitale Brovarone [30] examined different approaches to TOD implementation in two cities in the Netherlands and Italy and concluded that it is difficult to achieve extensive coordination between land use and transportation. Many Asian countries with megacities implement TOD to improve the areas around rail stations. The development of land near train stations has a tremendous impact on reducing travel distances and improving transportation options [31]. Japan is facing difficulties regarding an aging society and population decline; scholars have also combined TOD with compact cities to clarify how TOD can be restructured in places with a low-density population distribution [32,33]. However, in some developing countries, where urban populations are still growing, TOD is seen as a strategy to guide the development of megacities, avoid the use of vehicles, reduce travel distances, and promote environmentally friendly public transportation [34,35]. The principle of TOD has been interpreted differently around the world. Summarizing the implementation of TOD in different regions also helps future academics interpret it in new ways.

4.2. Distribution of Theme and Domain Co-Occurrence

CiteSpace is a scientific bibliometric analysis tool [36]. We used CiteSpace to perform a quantitative keywords co-occurrence analysis of the literature downloaded from the WOS database, with the aim of understanding the main theme and domain of current research on transit-oriented development (TOD). According to the keyword co-occurrence network (Figure 4), by eliminating the retrieval term, the top 10 most frequently used keywords are “land use”, “impact”, “built environment”, “travel”, “accessibility”, “city”, “density”, “transport”, “travel behavior”, and “rail transit”, which can thus be regarded as the major fields and main research areas in TOD.
Combining the co-occurrence cluster of literature keywords (Figure 5) and excluding the search term, we found that the top five ranking research areas of TOD from 1994 to 2021 were non-traditional data (size = 48), residential dissonance (size = 43), spatial heterogeneity (size = 40), smart growth (size = 37), and evaluating Hong Kong (size = 32). More research has recently been conducted using non-traditional data (such as social media check-in data and mobile data), which can be used to develop new metrics to measure the characteristics and performance of transit service areas along metro lines [37]. Residential dissonance is a threat to TOD policy, with dissonant people in TOD areas preferring to use cars rather than public transport [38]. Therefore, in TOD research, it is crucial to identify the residential dissonance to inform the formulation of TOD policies to lower the level of incongruity present in developments. In understanding the relevance of built environment attributes to modes of public transport, identifying their spatially heterogeneous relationships can provide planners with more nuanced policy guidance [39]. TOD is still capable of advancing the smart growth of cities around the world. In particular, a relatively large portion of studies were conducted in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is regarded as a highly developed city in Asia, and the city has had various railway line systems from its inception. However, Govada et al. [40] pointed out that, although high-density TOD projects have been executed in Hong Kong, TOD has not always blended well into the urban environment, potentially creating hurdles for pedestrians in the neighborhood. Thus, it is critical to investigate existing TOD initiatives in densely populated areas and to investigate the existing difficulties.
As illustrated in Figure 6, the presence of keywords was analyzed. The top five emerging strengths are transit-oriented development (search term), neighborhood, urban form, physical activity, and transportation. These are all new terms that emerged after 2010.
Table 1 summarizes the associated study contents and lists the research techniques based on the selected emergent keywords. A descriptive statistical analysis is often employed in the study of emergent keywords. Regression models are also frequently employed in research to incorporate spatial data and the vast extent of data association in order to investigate the relationship between various components in the context of TOD.
Based on the occurrence frequency of keywords and the clustering graph, it is possible to construct a network of the search terms in different periods to determine the evolution of research. Furthermore, an analysis of the evolutionary path of the research can assist us to quickly access the study’s development process through developing keywords.

4.3. Cited Journal Co-Occurrence

The results of a cited journal co-occurrence network, generated via CiteSpace analysis, are shown in Figure 7. The number of network nodes is 237 (N = 237), and there are 716 links (E = 716) connecting these nodes. The density of the cited journal co-occurrence network is 0.0256 (density = 0.0256). The larger the circle of a node, the higher the citation rate of the journal. Papers from Transportation Research Record were cited 484 times. Papers from the Journal of Transport Geography were cited 448 times, and the total citation number of papers from the Journal of the American Planning Association was 425. It can be observed that the journals with the highest citation rate of research papers on TOD mainly belong to the fields of transport and urban planning.
For the period between 1994 and 2021, considering the burst values (Figure 8), the Journal of the American Planning Association ranked in first place, with a value of 14.27 for about 20 years (from 1996 to 2015). Secondly, the American Journal of Public Health and Social Science & Medicine also has high burst values. Scholars have integrated the study of TOD with social public health and human habitats. The Journal of Transport & Health, the International Journal of Geographical Information Science, and Maintaining Diversity all have significantly higher burst values between 2019 and 2021, placing them as emerging journals that have been highly cited in the TOD field in recent years. While most of the research published has been on TOD from the perspective of transport and urban planning, in recent years, public health and geo-information technology have also come into the public eye.

4.4. Distribution of Co-Citations

Emerging research often crosses disciplinary boundaries and could benefit from the research frameworks, methods, and results of other fields [55]. A co-citation analysis, a research method developed through bibliometric research, can reveal internal relationships and patterns in the literature from multiple fields and describe the dynamics of research progress. This tool has been demonstrated in numerous domains to be a strategy for identifying key cross-disciplinary research fields. Research on the topic of TOD is also evolving dynamically. Since the source databases (SCIE and SSCI) contain articles from highly rated academic journals, researchers will have higher expectations of the quality of references of these articles. Typically, researchers select the most relevant references in their own research to support their claims. Thus, the frequency of key reference citations reflects, to some extent, their contribution to TOD-related research. Identifying these references can assist future scholars to gain more valuable insights. Through a co-citation analysis of the literature, we investigated the development path of TOD research.
Figure 9 shows the co-citation analysis on the topic of TOD performed by CiteSpace, and Table 1 lists the top ten most cited references. In the co-citation analysis, the number of co-citation network nodes was 664 (N = 664), and there were 1527 links (E = 1527) connecting these nodes. The density of the co-citation network was 0.0069 (density = 0.0069), with the low density indicating that there is less cross-referencing between the publications. The size of the nodes in Figure 9 indicate how frequently an article has been mentioned. At the same time, the length of the distance between the nodes suggests whether the articles are closely related to each other. When there is a substantial association between the publications, it suggests that they are more frequently mentioned together in later studies.
As shown in Table 2, the most cited articles on the topic of TOD are Guowei Lyu’s [16] “Developing a TOD typology for Beijing metro station areas” and Christopher D. Higgins’s [56] “A latent class method for classifying and evaluating the performance of station areas transit-oriented development in the Toronto region”. These two articles have both been cited 44 times. The third most cited article is Md Kamruzzaman’s [57] “Patterns of social capital associated with transit-oriented development”, which has been cited 43 times. In the top ten citation list, four articles have been cited more than forty times and all ten papers have been cited more than twenty times. It is noteworthy that the top five cited articles in Table 2 are all from the Journal of Transport Geography, indicating the importance of this journal in the field of TOD.

4.5. Knowledge Cluster in TOD Research

The development trends of research on a new topic needs to be assessed by accumulating knowledge on related topics. The research knowledge dataset contains the literature that is centrally cited, and these cited works are considered as research frontiers. The accumulation of knowledge on research frontiers is important for subsequent research development. With the help of software, we can determine clusters of co-citations by utilizing the cited references. This approach can help to determine the knowledge underlying TOD research by visualizing the knowledge via knowledge mapping informed by the cited literature. In this study, a CiteSpace analysis was used to obtain a knowledge map of research areas based on co-citation networks to identify the research topics in TOD. We set the time interval to 1 year, and the threshold value was set to 15 (k = 15). The co-citation network can be separated into seven groups depending on title phrases. The seven clusters are summarized in Figure 10, reflecting the trending subjects in 1994–2021. There is also a large variation in the number of articles in each topic cluster, from 87 to 14 (Table 3).
The largest cluster is the topic of metro station areas, which consists of 87 documents and has a silhouette value of 0.922. Seven of the top ten referenced articles (Table 1) are related to the metro station cluster. Topics related to metro station areas are the basis of TOD research. Earlier studies focused on the impact of TOD on metro station area users [64,65] and the effect of TOD on commuting in the surrounding metro station area [66]. TOD studies regarding metro station areas between 2016 and 2021 were more concentrated in China’s megacities [67,68,69]. Yang et al. [70] conducted an analysis of Beijing’s land transaction data, identifying a huge market potential for high-density development around metro stations. Lyu et al. [16] created a systematic TOD typology for metro station areas in a Chinese metropolitan context, expanding the application of the Node–Place model to transport development. Modeling algorithms and big data have also been utilized. Yong et al. [71] classified station areas and applied smart card data to determine commuting patterns on the city metro. Ruan et al. [72] suggested a TOD strategy with more reasonable land-use plans around metro stations through the IGA algorithm.
The second largest cluster is neighborhood change, with 65 documents and a silhouette value of 0.926. Although changes to the urban spatial structure in TOD have been widely accepted from a macro perspective, evidence and experience are limited from a detailed community perspective [18,73]. The residential location could be changed, as TOD areas provide more travel opportunities. Residents are more willing to move to different neighborhood areas that are well-served by transportation and other amenities [74,75]. In addition, TOD enhances the development of the area around the site, causing an increase in land prices, which can also lead to the displacement of low-income groups and social inequity. Some researchers have already expressed concerns about the social costs of such developments [76,77]. High-income and low-income communities exhibit different changes in population, housing, and land use factors [78].
The European metropolitan area topic has 59 documents and a silhouette value of 0.791. The redevelopment of railway stations and their surroundings has been a hot topic in European urban planning for the last three decades, as the harmonization of land use and transport development is more conducive to the redevelopment of cities [79]. In the European region, the application of TOD has focused on concentrating urban development along rail corridors and stations [29], concentrating more residents and jobs around station areas [58]. In addition, the development of rail transit stations as a center can enhance the transportation centrality of the city [80,81].
The residential dissonance cluster has the highest silhouette value of 0.966 and contains 33 documents. Studies have shown that resident-preferred neighborhoods may not be those most populated in reality [82,83]. Residential dissonance is a threat to TOD policies. Most studies on residential dissonance have been conducted in developed countries, where TOD is more easily applied in metropolitan areas. Levine et al. [84] explored the fit between the transportation and land use preferences of residents and the actual neighborhood communities in the Boston and Atlanta areas, concluding that the fit was higher in the Boston area because the area offered a greater variety of neighborhood types. Kamruzzaman et al. [85] identified the mode choice behavior of four different groups living in TOD areas and non-TOD areas of Brisbane, Australia, where dissonant peoples’ travel mode choice was shown to be affected by the distribution of land use around TOD areas. Residentially dissonant people will be more likely to use cars, independent of the surrounding land development. Identifying dissonant people in TOD areas can facilitate the advancement of public transportation [38,41].
Furthermore, the time span covered by the clusters varies, as shown in Figure 11. These retrieved clusters represent the cutting edge of TOD research. Research on metro station areas was prominent from 2014 to 2020. Articles on the topic of San Diego were dominant for five years from 2008 to 2013. The majority of popular themes emerged after 2011.

5. Discussion

In this paper, a scientific review of data from 818 articles on the topic of TOD from WOS was visualized through the use of VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) and CiteSpace (version 6.1.R2) software. The simultaneous use of these two bibliometric analysis tools can help us to explore the associations in the literature from a multidimensional perspective and obtain more comprehensive research results. Through co-occurrence and co-citation analyses and through analyzing the collaboration between countries and organizations, the research progress and relevant information on TOD were obtained. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional literature research analyses and minimizes the subjectivity of manual literature screening.
To begin, we statistically analyzed TOD research papers in each year since the emergence of the concept of TOD. Compared to previous bibliometric studies, the amassed literature related to TOD in this paper is more comprehensive in terms of years. We discovered that the number of papers on the topic of TOD started to increase dramatically after 2013. However, the focus of these studies is varied. The United States was the largest contributor, which was expected, as the TOD concept was first proposed and implemented there. Other regions where TOD has been studied include Europe and the Asia-Pacific region; however, TOD-related research has attracted significant attention worldwide. Meanwhile, we discovered that TOD research in Asia is relatively scarce compared to developed regions such as Europe and America. Developed countries have experience in public transportation systems planning, which is advantageous in TOD research. The promotion and practice of TOD requires significant investment, resources, and government support and involvement, including the construction of public transportation facilities, real estate development, and rational land use planning. Developing cities in Asian countries may not be able to conduct and implement large-scale TOD research due to economic restrictions. Nevertheless, TOD may be even more important in developing countries, which are still facing many challenges in urban development, such as rapid urbanization, high-density populations, and limited resources. By locating homes, shops, offices, and other amenities within a suitable walking distance of transport stations, the need for vehicles can be reduced and the use of public transportation can be increased. This would help developing cities alleviate a variety of issues, including traffic congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Residents living around the stations can benefit from increased mobility and access to work opportunities, as well as other services. Moreover, in many developed countries, TOD has been applied mainly to urban development in metropolitan areas. In subsequent studies, researchers focusing on developed areas may consider expanding the scope of TOD to second-tier cities to promote complete urban development.
The basic content of research on TOD involves land use, built environment, travel, and accessibility. A keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis provided a comprehensive picture of TOD research. Non-traditional data, residential dissonance, and spatial heterogeneity should still be the focus of future TOD studies, and all still require attention. As science and technology advance, multi-source open data are being increasingly used in the study of metro station regions. In order to construct improved models and methodologies for assessing urban TOD projects, researchers should combine multiple datasets more efficiently in practice in future research.
Based on the co-citation analysis of all the collected literature, the clustering characteristics of the cited articles were determined. TOD research is clustered into several distinct types. The results of the journal co-occurrence network show that the Transportation Research Record, the Journal of Transport Geography, and the Journal of the American Planning Association are the main contributors to this field. The top ten citations come from these three journals, indicating that the majority of the research on the topic of TOD is being conducted from the perspectives of transportation and urban planning. From the journal co-occurrence clusters, it was shown that research in the domains of social and public health, health, and geography is also substantially represented. It makes sense to combine traditional transportation and urban planning with some emerging fields. We propose that researchers should consider the integration of various disciplines, paying attention to the physical, psychological, and social health of the people living around the station area and the social dimension so that TOD research can effectively solve real problems.

6. Conclusions

The number of studies devoted to TOD has been increasing over the last three decades. This reflects the growing interest of researchers in this transportation and urban planning topic. With the growth in the amount of research related to TOD and the diversity of topics and content in the literature, mastering TOD becomes difficult. This paper reviews the academic literature related to TOD through a scientific bibliometric approach, and we hope it will be useful for those who want to become familiar with this topic and those in fields looking to implement TOD. Through a visual knowledge mapping analysis, this paper presents the practices and experiences of TOD in different countries and regions, including the successful applications of TOD, the difficulties in implementing TOD, and the impacts and challenges for the surrounding communities. The key elements and characteristics of TOD research are also identified, revealing the current status and development trends of TOD research, which can provide more targeted scientific support and guidance for the practice and promotion of TOD.
However, there are still some limitations to this scientific review study. The literature sources for this paper were the SCIE and SSCE databases of WOS, wherein English-language journals include more articles from English-speaking countries. The purpose of this work was to explore the current state of advancement in TOD in developed cities or regions. However, Japan, as a country that established TOD earlier in Asia, has contributed a lot of research to journals written in Japanese, and herein lies a deficiency in collecting literature for this study. In a subsequent study, we will focus on collecting articles from Japanese journals to investigate the evolution of TOD in the Asia-Pacific region.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Q.F.; methodology, Q.F., D.L. and Q.L.; software, Q.F.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.F.; writing—review and editing, Q.F., D.L., Q.L. and J.M.; visualization, Q.F.; supervision, T.I.; funding acquisition, T.I. and J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Zhengzhou R&D special fund program (No. 31310124).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data of articles selected for inclusion can be accessed through the official website of the Web of Science (WOS): https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/basic-search (accessed on 29 June 2022).

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by JST SPRING, Grant Number JPMJSP2136.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Publications of TOD-related literature 1994–2021.
Figure 1. Publications of TOD-related literature 1994–2021.
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Figure 2. A visualization of national cooperation.
Figure 2. A visualization of national cooperation.
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Figure 3. A visualization of institutional cooperation.
Figure 3. A visualization of institutional cooperation.
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Figure 4. Keywords co-occurrence network.
Figure 4. Keywords co-occurrence network.
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Figure 5. Keywords co-occurrence clustering graph.
Figure 5. Keywords co-occurrence clustering graph.
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Figure 6. List of keywords with the strongest citation burst strength.
Figure 6. List of keywords with the strongest citation burst strength.
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Figure 7. Cited journal network.
Figure 7. Cited journal network.
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Figure 8. List of cited journals with the strongest citation burst strength.
Figure 8. List of cited journals with the strongest citation burst strength.
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Figure 9. Distribution of document co-citation.
Figure 9. Distribution of document co-citation.
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Figure 10. The cluster of research themes.
Figure 10. The cluster of research themes.
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Figure 11. A timeline view of research themes.
Figure 11. A timeline view of research themes.
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Table
Table 1. Selected keywords and their relevant research content.
Table 1. Selected keywords and their relevant research content.
KeywordsMethodologyResearch Content
NeighborhoodDescriptive statistical analysis; cluster analysis; multinomial logit model; latent class analysis; strategies; questionnaire; regression modelBehavioral attitudes of commuters [41,42]; Residential location choices [43]; Station-neighborhood integration [44]; Residential dissonance [45]
Urban formDescriptive statistical analysis; spatial analysis; OLS regression model analysis; fuzzy analytic network processEnhancing urban form potential [46]; Supply of developable land [47]; Design of built environment [48]
Physical activityDescriptive statistical analysis; statistical model; multinomial logistic regressionDescribing travel behavior of residents [49]; Mobility choice [50]; Changes in walking [51]
TransportationDescriptive statistical analysis; regression model; data envelopment analysisHousehold expenditures on transportation [52,53]; smart growth [20]; Alternative modes of public transportation [54]
Table
Table 2. List of literature co-citation.
Table 2. List of literature co-citation.
YearCited ReferencesCountCluster ID
2016Lyu G, J TRANSP GEOGR, 55, 40 [16]440
2016Higgins CD, J TRANSP GEOGR, 52, 61 [56]440
2014Kamruzzaman M, J TRANSP GEOGR, 34, 54 [57]432
2015Papa E, J TRANSP GEOGR, 47, 70 [58]400
2015Vale DS, J TRANSP GEOGR, 45, 70 [15]380
2010Ewing R, J AM PLANN ASSOC, 76, 265 [59]303
2017Singh YJ, TRANSPORT POLICY, 56, 96 [60]290
2014Nasri A, TRANSPORT POLICY, 32, 172 [61]280
2013Chatman DG, J AM PLANN ASSOC, 79, 17 [62]2711
2014Cervero R, TRANSPORT POLICY, 36, 127 [63]210
Table
Table 3. Summary of the seven largest clusters.
Table 3. Summary of the seven largest clusters.
Cluster IDSizeSilhouetteThemeAverage Year
0870.922Metro station area2019
1650.926Neighborhood change2018
2590.791European metropolitan area2015
3510.932San Diego2012
4330.966Residential dissonance2013
5300.919Environmental travel behavior2018
11140.958Rail transit2013
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Fang, Q.; Inoue, T.; Li, D.; Liu, Q.; Ma, J. Transit-Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108223

AMA Style

Fang Q, Inoue T, Li D, Liu Q, Ma J. Transit-Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Sustainability. 2023; 15(10):8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108223

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Qiaoling, Tomo Inoue, Dongqi Li, Qiang Liu, and Jian Ma. 2023. "Transit-Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer" Sustainability 15, no. 10: 8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108223

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