Parks, Green Space, and Happiness: A Spatially Specific Sentiment Analysis Using Microblogs in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Literature Review
1.1. Supporting Theories
- (1)
- Attention restoration theory posits that our top-down attention, which becomes depleted through mentally demanding tasks associated with everyday life, can be restored through exposure to natural settings [3,27,32]. Natural visual and acoustic elements, such as trees, water, tweeting birds, and breeze, are softly fascinating. These stimuli engage our bottom-up attention, thus allowing our top-down attention a chance to recover from the mental fatigue associated with modern life [27,33,34].
- (2)
- Stress reduction theory posits that exposure to nature promotes recovery from stress because positive mental responses to unthreatening natural settings and elements are deeply rooted in our genes through millions of years of evolution [28]. This psychological response is immediate, unconscious, and spontaneous, and it is accompanied by increased positive feelings [28,35,36].
- (3)
- The prospect-refuge theory [29] suggests that humans often experience unconscious positive mood responses to safe and fertile environments and experience negative mood responses to dangerous or barren settings. Prospect-refuge Theory has a great deal of overlap with the biophilia hypothesis, which posits humans possess an innate tendency to seek and prefer connections with nature [37,38].
- (4)
- The theory of information processing in landscape settings posits that making efficient and accurate comprehension of an environment is a foundational capacity that supported our ancestors’ survival and prosperity [30,39]. There is ample evidence that humans make rapid mental responses to landscapes and that these responses include changes in mood states [40]. Change in mood states was likely critical to facilitate our species’ ability to make immediate assessments of landscapes that might have posed resources or threats—or a combination of resources and threats [30,41,42].
- (5)
- Although a combination of all five senses is involved in human perception of any environment, it has been argued that the vast majority of information about landscapes is acquired by seeing and hearing [31]. This suggests that visual and acoustic stimuli are critical sources of information for connecting people to their surroundings [43]. In addition, these stimuli are linked, i.e., visual information can affect acoustic perception and acoustic information can affect visual perception [43,44,45]. The McGurk effect [46] for example, describes the incongruity experienced when well-known auditory and visual elements are mismatched. The effect is reported to be particularly salient when the quality of auditory information is poor [47]. Wang and Zhao (2019) [48] explore the effects of auditory-visual combinations on aesthetic preference, quantifying the advantage of soundscape and visual landscape congruence. From this perspective, a combination of visual and acoustic landscape variables might have varying effects on mood states [49].
1.2. Urban Parks and Happiness
1.3. Social Media Data and Sentiment Analysis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subsection Data Sources and Processing
2.1.1. Sina Weibo Data
2.1.2. Other Basic Data
2.2. Analytical Framework and Study Design
Variable Settings and Measures
- (1)
- Accessibility
- (2)
- Naturalness
2.3. Reliability and Validity Testing
3. Results
Results of Structural Equation Model
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Conclusions
4.2. Limitations and Future Steps
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classes | Number of People | % |
---|---|---|
≥5 times/month | 37 | 1.00 |
2–4 times/month | 369 | 9.92 |
0–1 times/month | 3312 | 89.08 |
Total | 3718 | 100 |
Latent Variables | Observed Variables | Description |
---|---|---|
Accessibility | Walking | When the travel mode is walking, biking or driving, the accessibility of a park is based on the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method (G2SFCA). |
Biking | ||
Driving | ||
Naturalness | Greenness coverage | The area of greenness (tree and lawn) is divided by the area of the park. |
Water coverage | The area of water body divided by the area of the park. |
Latent Variables | Observed Variables | Mean | SD | CCA | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessibility | Walking | 0.517 | 0.887 | 0.725 | 0.873 | 0.698 |
Biking | 1.581 | 2.057 | ||||
Driving | 1.698 | 1.596 |
Accessibility | Greenness Coverage | Age | Water Coverage | Park Visits | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | TE | DE | IE | |
Sentiment | 0.111 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.073 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.699 | 0.349 | 0.349 | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.611 | 0.611 | 0.000 |
Park visits | 0.091 | 0.091 | 0.000 | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.000 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Hypothesis | Correlation | Coefficient | Results |
---|---|---|---|
H1 | The greater the accessibility of the park, the happier people who have access to it. | 0.111 | Supported |
H2 | The greater the natural degree of the park, the happier people who have access to it. | 0.093 | Supported |
H3 | The more often people visit the park, the happier people who have access to it. | 0.611 | Supported |
H4 | Disparities between different groups (residents and non-residents, female and male) | Existed | Supported |
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Lai, S.; Deal, B. Parks, Green Space, and Happiness: A Spatially Specific Sentiment Analysis Using Microblogs in Shanghai, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010146
Lai S, Deal B. Parks, Green Space, and Happiness: A Spatially Specific Sentiment Analysis Using Microblogs in Shanghai, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(1):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010146
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Siqi, and Brian Deal. 2023. "Parks, Green Space, and Happiness: A Spatially Specific Sentiment Analysis Using Microblogs in Shanghai, China" Sustainability 15, no. 1: 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010146
APA StyleLai, S., & Deal, B. (2023). Parks, Green Space, and Happiness: A Spatially Specific Sentiment Analysis Using Microblogs in Shanghai, China. Sustainability, 15(1), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010146