How Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Operational Capabilities Impact Microenterprises’ Global Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis
2.1. Theoretical Framing
2.2. Dynamic Managerial Capabilities—Human Capital, Social Capital, and Managerial Cognition
2.3. Entrepreneurial Orientation—Innovativeness, Proactiveness, and Risk Taking
2.4. Operational Capabilities—Marketing and Management Capabilities
2.5. Competitive Intensity
3. Methodology
3.1. Sample and Data
3.2. Measurement and Variables (Independent, Dependent, Mediating, and Controls)
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Measures, Reliability, Validity, and Common Method Bias
4.2. Hypothesis Testing and Model Assessment
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Limitations and Future Research
5.2. Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Operational Capabilities (OC) | Portuguese Questions | English Questions |
---|---|---|
Por favor responda às seguintes questões tendo em conta a posição da sua empresa em relação aos seus concorrentes. A escala representa: 1—Muito pior que os concorrentes; 7—Muito melhor que os concorrentes. | Please reply to the following questions, considering your firm in relation to its biggest competitors. The response scale represents: 1—A lot worse than our competitors; 7—A lot better than our competitors. | |
Management Capabilities | O nosso nível de conhecimento de clientes é: | Our knowledge of customers is: |
O nosso nível de conhecimento de concorrentes é: | Our knowledge of competitors is: | |
O nosso nível de integração das atividades de marketing é: | Our integration of marketing activities is: | |
A nossa capacidade de segmentação e penetração de mercado é: | Our skill to segment and target markets is: | |
A nossa eficácia no estabelecimento de preços é: | Our effectiveness of pricing programs is: | |
A nossa eficácia nas ações de publicidade é: | Our effectiveness of advertising programs is: | |
Marketing Capabilities | A nossa capacidade de desenvolvimento de novos produtos é: | Our integrated logistics systems are: |
Os nossos pressos de produção são: | Our cost control capabilities are: | |
A nossa capacidades de desenvolvimento tecnológico é: | Our financial management skills are: | |
A nossa capacidade de prever mudanças tecnológicas na indústria é: | Our human resource management capabilities are: | |
As nossas instalações de produção são: | Our accuracy of profitability and revenue forecasting is: | |
O nosso controlo de qualidade é: | Our marketing planning process is: |
Dynamic Managerial Capabilities (DMC) | Portuguese Questions | English Questions |
---|---|---|
Por favor responda tendo em conta o ambiente externo da sua empresa. A escala de resposta representa: 1—Discordo totalemente; 7—Concordo totalmente. | Please reply taking into account the external environment of your firm. The response scale represents: 1—Totally disagree; 7—Totally agree. | |
Human Capital | São incrivelmente capazes. | They are very skilled. |
São considerados como estando entre os melhores gestores da nossa indústria. | They are widely considered the best in our industry. | |
São criativos e originais. | They are creative and bright. | |
São especializados nas suas funções e responsabilidades. | They are experts in their particular jobs and functions. | |
São uma fonte de novas ideias, novos produtos e inovações | They develop new ideas and knowledge. | |
São incrivelmente capazes. | They are very skilled. | |
Social Capital | São capazes de colaborar uns com os outros para diagnosticar e resolver problemas. | They are skilled at collaborating with each other to diagnose and solve problems. |
Partilham informação e aprendem uns com os outros. | They share information and learn from one another. | |
Interagem e partilham ideias com pessoas de diversos departamentos da empresa. | They interact and exchange ideas with people from different areas of the company. | |
Formam parcerias com clientes para desenvolver soluções mutuamente benéficas. | They partner with customers to develop mutually beneficial solutions. | |
Formam parcerias com fornecedores para desenvolver soluções mutuamente benéficas. | They partner with suppliers to develop mutually beneficial solutions. | |
Formam parcerias, explicitas ou implicitas, com concorrentes para desenvolver soluções mutuamente benéficas. | They partner, explicitly or implicitly, with competitors to develop mutually beneficial solutions. | |
Aplicam o conhecimento de uma área da empresa para resolver problemas e explorar oportunidades que se materializam noutras áreas da empresa. | They apply knowledge from one area of the company to solve problems and seize opportunities that arise in another. | |
Managerial Cognition | Por favor responda tendo em conta o ambiente externo da sua empresa. A escala de resposta representa: 1—Discordo totalemente; 7—Concordo totalmente. | Please reply taking into account the external environment of your firm. The response scale represents: 1—Totally disagree; 7—Totally agree. |
Dos problemas e necessidades dos clientes. | Customer problems and needs | |
Da nossa oferta (proposta de valor) para os clientes. | Value propositions. | |
Da relação entre as nossas propostas de valor e os problemas e necessidades dos clientes. | Relationships between value propositions and customer problems/needs. | |
Das possiveis combinações de produtos, serviços e informação. | New combinations of products, services, and information. | |
Dos segmentos de clientes. | Customer segments. | |
De várias formas de criar valor para os clientes ou utilizadores. | New ways of value creation for the customer and user. | |
De várias formas de criar valor para outros parceiros (e.g., Fornecedores, distributors, etc.). | New ways of value creation for other partners (suppliers, distributors, etc.). | |
Do conteúdo da comunicação e promoção das propostas de valor produzidas pela empresa. | Content for the communication and promotion of the value. | |
Das nossas vendas e dos nossos canais de distribuição. | Sales and distribution channels. | |
Dos negócios entre parceiros da indústria e das formas de colaborar com os parceiros. | Business transactions and the ways of collaborating with partners. | |
De novas formas de relacionar os parceiros de negócio. | Linking business participants together in novel ways. | |
De assumir novas posições na cadeia de valor da indústria ou de substituir partes dessa cadeia. | Taking over new value chain positions or substituting existing parts of the value chain. | |
Da possivel criação de novas formas de obter rendimentos. | Generating new revenue streams. | |
Da possibilidade de registar novas patentes. | Patentability. | |
Das necessidades de recursos em todos os aspetos do negócio. | Resource requirements for all business aspects. | |
Dos benefícios financeiros para a empresa. | The financial benefits for our company. | |
Dos custos relacionados com a atividade e com os projetos da empresa. | All business-related costs of a project. |
Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) | Portuguese Questions | English Questions |
---|---|---|
Innovativeness | Em geral, os gestores da empresa favorecem: 1—Um forte foco no marketing de produtos ou serviços tradicionais ou; 7—Um forte foco em I&D, liderança tecnológica e inovações. | In general, the top managers of my firm favor: A strong emphasis on the marketing of tried-and-true products or services (1) or; A strong emphasis on R&D, technological leadership, and innovations (7). |
Quantas novas linhas de produtos ou serviços foram lançadas para o mercado nos últimos 5 anos? 1—Nenhuma nova linha de produtos ou serviços ou; 7—Muitas novas linhas de produtos ou serviços. | How many new lines of products or services has your firm marketed in the past 5 years? No new lines of products or services (1) or; Very many new lines of products or services (7). | |
Na minha empresa, mudanças na linha de produtos ou serviços têm sido: 1—Normalmente bastante incrementais (i.e., de uma natureza menor) ou; 7—Normalmente bastante disruptivas (i.e., de uma natureza maior). | Changes in product or service lines have been: Mostly of a minor nature (1) or; Usually quite dramatic (7). | |
Proactiveness | Ao lidar com concorrentes, a minha empresa: 1—Tipicamente responde a ações que a concorrência inicia ou; 7—Tipicamente inicia ações às quais os concorrentes têm depois que responder. | In dealing with its competitors, my firm: Typically responds to actions that competitors initiate (1) or; Typically initiates actions to which competitors then respond (7). |
A minha empresa é: 1—Raramente a primeira a introduzir novos produtos/serviços, técnicas administrativas, tecnologias de operações, etc. ou; 7—Frequentemente a primeira a introduzir novos produtos/serviços, técnicas administrativas, tecnologias de operações, etc. | My firm is: Very seldom the first business to introduce new products/services, administrative techniques, operating technologies, etc. (1) or; Very often the first business to introduce new products/services, administrative techniques, operating technologies, etc. (7). | |
A minha empresa: 1—Tipicamente evita confrontos competitivos, sendo que prefere uma postura de “vive e deixa viver” ou; 7—Tipicamente adota uma postura de “destruir a concorrência”. | My firm typically: Seeks to avoid competitive clashes, preferring a “live-and-let-live” posture (1) or; Adopts a very competitive, “undo-the-competitors” posture (7). | |
Risk-taking | In general, the top managers of my firm have: A strong proclivity for low-risk projects (with normal and certain rates of return) (1) or; A strong proclivity for high-risk projects (with chances of very high returns) (7). | Em geral, os gestores de topo da minha empresa têm: 1—Uma forte tendência para projetos de baixo risco (com taxas de retorno normais e certas) ou; 7—Uma forte tendência para projetos de alto risco (com hipótese de elevadas taxas de retorno). |
In general, the top managers of my firm believe that: Owing to the nature of the environment, it is best to explore it gradually via cautious, incremental behavior (1) or; Owing to the nature of the environment, bold, wide-ranging acts are necessary to achieve the firm’s objectives (7). | Em geral, os gestores de topo da minha empresa acreditam que: 1—Devido à natureza do ambiente, é melhor explorá-lo de forma gradual e cautelosa ou; 7—Devido à natureza do ambiente, ações abrangentes e ousadas são necessárias para atingir os objetivos da empresa. | |
When confronted with decision-making situations involving uncertainty, my firm: Typically adopts a cautious, “wait-and-see” posture in order to minimize the probability of making costly decisions (1) or; Typically adopts a bold, aggressive posture in order to maximize the probability of exploiting potential opportunities (7). | Quando confrontada com situações onde é necessário tomar uma decisão, a minha empresa: 1—Tipicamente adota uma postura cautelosa, de “esperar para ver”, no sentido de minimizar a tomada de decisões que possam ficar custosas ou; 7—Tipicamente adota uma postura ousada e agressiva de modo a maximizar a probabilidade de explorar oportunidades potenciais. |
Portuguese Questions | English Questions | |
---|---|---|
Por favor responda tendo em conta o ambiente externo da sua empresa. A escala de resposta representa: 1—Discordo totalmente; 7—Concordo totalmente. | Please reply taking into account the external environment of your firm. The response scale represents: 1—Totally disagree; 7—Totally agree. | |
Competitive Intensity | A competição na nossa indústria é intensa. | Competition in our industry is cutthroat. |
Há muitas “guerras promocionais” na nossa indústria. | There are many “promotion wars” in our industry. | |
Na nossa indústria, qualquer coisa que um concorrente possa oferecer, outros conseguem equiparar-se rapidamente. | In our industry, anything that one competitor can offer, others can match readily. | |
A competição pelo preço faz parte da nossa indústria. | Price competition is a hallmark of our industry. | |
Na nossa indústria, conhecem-se novos movimentos competitivos muito frequentemente. | One hears of a new competitive move almost every day in our industry. | |
Na nossa indústria, os nossos concorrentes são relativamente fracos. | In our industry, our competitors are relatively weak. |
Portuguese Questions | English Questions | |
---|---|---|
Sendo a escala: 1—Muito Mau, 7—Muito bom | The scale being: 1—Very bad; 7—Very good: | |
Global Performance | Como avalia o desempenho geral/internacional da atividade da sua empresa no último ano? | How do you evaluate the general performance of the domestic/international activity of your firm the last year? |
Como avalia o desempenho geral/internacional da atividade da sua empresa nos últimos 3 anos? | How do you evaluate the general performance of the domestic/international activity of your firm in the last three years? | |
Como avalia o desempenho geral/internacional da atividade da sua empresa no último ano em relação aos seus concorrentes? | How do you evaluate the general performance of the domestic/international activity of your firm in the last year in relation to your competitors? |
Controls | Portuguese Questions | English Questions |
---|---|---|
Number of employees | Quantos colaboradores tem a sua empresa? | How many employees does your firm have? |
Industry | Escolha a indústria em que a sua empresa se enquadra. Se a empresa participar em diversas indústrias, escolha a principal. | Please select the industry of your firm. If your firm is in several industries, select the main one. |
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| |
Revenue | Por favor selecione o intervalo em que o volume de faturação da sua empresa se insere: | Please select the range which applies to your firm’s gross revenue: |
Age | Em que ano foi formada a sua empresa? | When was your firm founded? |
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Industry | Number |
---|---|
Agriculture, animal production, hunting, and forestry | 19 |
Accommodation and catering (restaurants and similar) | 14 |
Financial activities | 28 |
Real estate activities, rentals, and services | 15 |
Wholesale and retail, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and personal and household goods | 69 |
Construction | 78 |
Education | 6 |
Extractive Industries | 1 |
Manufacturing Industries | 68 |
Other collective service activities | 72 |
Fishing | 2 |
Production and distribution of electricity, gas, and water | 4 |
Health and social action | 14 |
Transport, storage, and communications | 12 |
Total | 402 |
S.D. | Skewness | Kurtosis | VIF | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO | 0.575 | 0.003 | −0.134 | 1.752 | 0.954 | 0.873 |
OC | 0.773 | −0.224 | 0.146 | 2.065 | 0.991 | 0.983 |
DMC | 0.870 | −0.656 | 0.077 | 2.496 | 0.956 | 0.879 |
GP | 0.825 | −0.289 | 0.660 | - | 0.882 | 0.714 |
EO | OC | DMC | GP | Sqrt (AVE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO | - | 0.934 | |||
OC | 0.541 | - | 0.992 | ||
DMC | 0.644 | 0.710 | - | 0.937 | |
GP | 0.25 | 0.495 | 0.392 | - | 0.845 |
Model | Moderation and Partial Mediation | Partial Mediation | Full Mediation |
---|---|---|---|
DMC → OC | 0.617 (***) | 0.617 (***) | 0.617 (***) |
EO → OC | 0.143 (0.002) | 0.143 (0.002) | 0.143 (0.002) |
OC → GP | 0.485 (***) | 0.442 (***) | 0.492 (***) |
DMC → GP | 0.162 (0.022) | 0.115 (0.085) | - |
EO → GP | −0.086 (0.121) | −0.059 (0.288) | - |
OC_CI → GP | −0.004 (0.949) | - | - |
DMC_CI → GP | −0.108 (0.161) | - | - |
EO_CI → GP | 0.109 (0.075) | - | - |
CI | −0.128 (0.009) | - | - |
INDUS1 | 0.092 (0.026) | 0.096 (0.023) | 0.098 (0.021) |
INDUS2 | 0.148 (***) | 0.16 (***) | 0.163 (***) |
AGE | 0.016 (0.669) | - | - |
(OC) | 0.516 | 0.516 | 0.516 |
(GP) | 0.315 | 282 | 0.278 |
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Alves, A.d.A.S.M.; Carvalho, F.M.P.d.O. How Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Operational Capabilities Impact Microenterprises’ Global Performance. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010014
Alves AdASM, Carvalho FMPdO. How Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Operational Capabilities Impact Microenterprises’ Global Performance. Sustainability. 2023; 15(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlves, André de Abreu Saraiva Monteiro, and Fernando Manuel Pereira de Oliveira Carvalho. 2023. "How Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Operational Capabilities Impact Microenterprises’ Global Performance" Sustainability 15, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010014
APA StyleAlves, A. d. A. S. M., & Carvalho, F. M. P. d. O. (2023). How Dynamic Managerial Capabilities, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Operational Capabilities Impact Microenterprises’ Global Performance. Sustainability, 15(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010014