A Detailed Ecological Exploration of the Distribution Patterns of Wild Poaceae from the Jhelum District (Punjab), Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Vegetation Sampling
3.2. Soil Sampling
3.3. Ordination Analysis
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Species Composition and Functional Trait Diversity
4.2. Vegetation Classification of the Documented Species
Cluster Analysis of Grasses
- Association 1
- b.
- Association 2
- c.
- Association 3
4.3. DCA Ordination of Poaceae
4.4. CCA Ordination of Grasses
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Cultivation Status | No. of Taxa | % | Sr. No. | Life Form | No. of Taxa | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Native | 45 | 87 | 1. | Therophyte | 27 | 52 |
2. | Invasive | 7 | 13 | 2. | Hemicryptophyte | 24 | 46 |
Total | 52 | 100 | 3. | Geophyte | 1 | 2 | |
Total | 52 | 100 | |||||
Sr. No. | Season | No. of Taxa | % | Sr. # | Leaf Size Spectra | No. of Taxa | % |
1. | Monsoon | 27 | 52 | 1. | Microphyll | 27 | 52 |
2. | Spring | 11 | 21 | 2. | Nanophyll | 12 | 23 |
3. | Summer | 6 | 12 | 3. | Macrophyll | 10 | 19 |
4. | Winter | 8 | 15 | 4. | Leptophyll | 3 | 6 |
Total | 52 | 100 | Total | 52 | 100 |
Diversity Indices | Association 1 | Association 2 | Association 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Species number | 44 | 44 | 38 |
Dominance_D | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Simpson_1-D | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 |
Shannon_H | 3.43 | 3.25 | 3.34 |
Evenness_e^H/S | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.74 |
Brillouin | 2.83 | 2.65 | 2.93 |
Menhinick | 2.38 | 2.34 | 1.79 |
Margalef | 7.45 | 7.41 | 6.09 |
Summary | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total inertia |
Eigenvalues | 0.487 | 0.421 | 0.355 | 0.285 | 7.46 |
Lengths of gradient | 4.637 | 4.964 | 3.96 | 4.091 | |
Cumulative percentage variance of species data | 6.5 | 12.2 | 16.9 | 20.8 | |
Sum of all eigenvalues | 7.46 |
Summary | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total inertia |
Eigenvalues: | 0.241 | 0.185 | 0.173 | 0.168 | 7.46 |
Species–environment correlations: | 0.773 | 0.759 | 0.752 | 0.695 | |
Cumulative percentage variance of species data: | 3.2 | 5.7 | 8 | 10.3 | |
Cumulative percentage of species–environment relation: | 18.6 | 32.9 | 46.3 | 59.2 | |
Sum of all Eigenvalues | 7.46 | ||||
Sum of all canonical Eigenvalues | 1.295 | ||||
Summary of Monte Carlo test | |||||
Test of significance of the first canonical axis: Eigenvalue = 0.241 | |||||
F-ratio = 2.204 | |||||
p-value = 0.0960 | |||||
Test of significance of all canonical axes: Trace = 1.295 | |||||
F-ratio = 1.155 | |||||
p-value = 0.0460 |
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Majeed, M.; Tariq, A.; Haq, S.M.; Waheed, M.; Anwar, M.M.; Li, Q.; Aslam, M.; Abbasi, S.; Mousa, B.G.; Jamil, A. A Detailed Ecological Exploration of the Distribution Patterns of Wild Poaceae from the Jhelum District (Punjab), Pakistan. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073786
Majeed M, Tariq A, Haq SM, Waheed M, Anwar MM, Li Q, Aslam M, Abbasi S, Mousa BG, Jamil A. A Detailed Ecological Exploration of the Distribution Patterns of Wild Poaceae from the Jhelum District (Punjab), Pakistan. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073786
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajeed, Muhammad, Aqil Tariq, Sheikh Marifatul Haq, Muhammad Waheed, Muhammad Mushahid Anwar, Qingting Li, Muhammad Aslam, Sanaullah Abbasi, B. G. Mousa, and Ahsan Jamil. 2022. "A Detailed Ecological Exploration of the Distribution Patterns of Wild Poaceae from the Jhelum District (Punjab), Pakistan" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073786
APA StyleMajeed, M., Tariq, A., Haq, S. M., Waheed, M., Anwar, M. M., Li, Q., Aslam, M., Abbasi, S., Mousa, B. G., & Jamil, A. (2022). A Detailed Ecological Exploration of the Distribution Patterns of Wild Poaceae from the Jhelum District (Punjab), Pakistan. Sustainability, 14(7), 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073786