Impact of Urban Re-Densification on Indoor Lighting Demand and Energy Poverty on the Equator, in the City of Quito
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Urban Reference System
2.2. Case Study
2.3. Evaluation of Solar Access and Lighting Demand
2.4. Definition of Minimum Conditions
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Urban and Building Context
3.2. Irradiance on Facades and Lighting Demands
3.2.1. Scenario 1: Building with No Daylight Obstruction
3.2.2. Scenario 2: Urban Canyon Ratio 24
3.2.3. Scenario 3: Urban Canyon Ratio 12
3.2.4. Scenario 4: Urban Canyon Ratio 9
3.2.5. Scenario 5: Urban Canyon Ratio 6.5
3.2.6. Scenario 6: Urban Canyon Ratio 4.8
3.3. Minimum Location Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenario | Building Height (H) m | Street Width (W) m | Ratio H/W | Orientation °N |
---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 1 | 144 | - | - | 15°, 30°, 45°, 120°, 165°, −30°, −60°, −135°, −150° |
Scenario 2 | 6 | 24 | ||
Scenario 3 | 12 | 12 | ||
Scenario 4 | 16 | 9 | ||
Scenario 5 | 22 | 6.5 | ||
Scenario 6 | 30 | 4.8 |
Building Scale | N. Stories | % Filled (Wall) | % Open (Window) | Opaque Area | Translucent Area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Finishing | Colour | Emissivity | Reflectance Index (%) | Material | Reflectance Index (%) | Luminous Transmission Coefficient (%) | ||||
Low | 2 | 73.27 | 26.72 | Mortar | Rustic | White | 0.85 | 60 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 |
5 | 69.53 | 30.46 | Brick | Even | Terracotta | 0.85 | 57 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 | |
Medium | 8 | 63.48 | 36.51 | Brick | Even | Terracotta | 0.85 | 57 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 |
10 | 34.31 | 65.69 | Plaster | Even | White | 0.42 | 90 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 | |
Aluminum profile | Even | Gray | 0.95 | 54 | |||||||
8 | 79.80 | 20.20 | Mortar | Rustic | Brown | 0.61 | 52 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 | |
Intermediate | 13 | 68.34 | 31.65 | Mortar | Rustic | Gray | 0.95 | 41 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 |
15 | 26.38 | 73.61 | Plaster | Even | White | 0.42 | 90 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 | |
14 | 33.19 | 66.80 | Uncovered Concrete | Even | White | 0.85 | 80 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 | |
18 | 33.17 | 62.82 | Mortar | Rustic | White | 0.85 | 60 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 | |
Critical | 21 | 27.61 | 72.39 | Plaster | Even | White | 0.42 | 90 | Simple Glazing | 7.00 | 31.00 |
21 | 43.53 | 56.46 | Uncovered Concrete | Even | White | 0.85 | 80 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 | |
22 | 48.13 | 51.86 | Brick | Even | Terracotta | 0.85 | 57 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 | |
Aluminum Profile | Even | Gray | 0.95 | 54 | |||||||
25 | 21.43 | 78.56 | Mortar | Rustic | Gray | 0.95 | 41 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 | |
32 | 27.37 | 72.63 | Brick | Even | Terracotta | 0.85 | 57 | Double Glazing | 17.00 | 47.30 |
Orientation | Solar Radiation (KWh/m2 Year) | Lighting Demand (KWh/m2 Year) |
---|---|---|
15° | 568 | 7.62 |
30° | 660 | 7.68 |
45° | 773 | 7.73 |
120° | 815 | 7.75 |
150° | 578 | 7.72 |
−165° | 374 | 7.68 |
−150° | 377 | 7.60 |
−135° | 421 | 7.55 |
−60 | 514 | 7.46 |
−30° | 458 | 7.47 |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 145 | 74% | 191 | 66% | 330 | 42% | 440 | 23% | 521 | 8% |
30° | 155 | 77% | 184 | 72% | 324 | 51% | 451 | 32% | 599 | 9% |
45° | 148 | 81% | 183 | 76% | 319 | 59% | 478 | 38% | 689 | 11% |
120° | 150 | 82% | 167 | 80% | 163 | 80% | 175 | 79% | 196 | 76% |
150° | 156 | 73% | 178 | 69% | 279 | 52% | 384 | 34% | 526 | 9% |
−165° | 145 | 61% | 181 | 52% | 254 | 32% | 295 | 21% | 336 | 10% |
−150° | 151 | 60% | 174 | 54% | 221 | 41% | 262 | 31% | 335 | 11% |
−135° | 147 | 65% | 168 | 60% | 271 | 36% | 279 | 34% | 375 | 11% |
−60 | 148 | 71% | 163 | 68% | 219 | 57% | 298 | 42% | 467 | 9% |
−30° | 156 | 66% | 181 | 60% | 245 | 47% | 308 | 33% | 419 | 9% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 42.9 | 463% | 41.4 | 443% | 32.6 | 328% | 24.7 | 224% | 16.1 | 111% |
30° | 42.8 | 457% | 41.2 | 437% | 34.0 | 342% | 25.8 | 236% | 16.8 | 119% |
45° | 44.3 | 473% | 41.9 | 442% | 34.0 | 340% | 24.9 | 222% | 12.8 | 66% |
120° | 44.7 | 476% | 42.8 | 452% | 33.9 | 338% | 23.3 | 200% | 13.0 | 68% |
150° | 44.4 | 475% | 42.4 | 449% | 33.7 | 336% | 23.5 | 204% | 13.3 | 73% |
−165° | 44.5 | 480% | 42.7 | 455% | 33.6 | 338% | 24.0 | 213% | 14.0 | 83% |
−150° | 44.5 | 485% | 42.7 | 461% | 34.1 | 349% | 24.0 | 216% | 13.8 | 82% |
−135° | 44.7 | 492% | 43.0 | 470% | 34.1 | 352% | 23.5 | 211% | 13.5 | 79% |
−60 | 44.6 | 498% | 42.9 | 476% | 34.1 | 358% | 23.6 | 216% | 13.5 | 80% |
−30° | 44.2 | 492% | 42.3 | 466% | 33.6 | 350% | 23.5 | 215% | 13.3 | 77% |
Orientation | Story | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 172 | 70% | 199 | 65% | 377 | 34% | 455 | 20% | 544 | 4% |
30° | 158 | 76% | 199 | 70% | 345 | 48% | 471 | 29% | 633 | 4% |
45° | 156 | 80% | 182 | 76% | 345 | 55% | 512 | 34% | 745 | 4% |
120° | 153 | 81% | 176 | 78% | 337 | 59% | 525 | 36% | 785 | 4% |
150° | 158 | 73% | 186 | 68% | 310 | 46% | 415 | 28% | 555 | 4% |
−165° | 171 | 54% | 190 | 49% | 267 | 29% | 299 | 20% | 352 | 6% |
−150° | 155 | 59% | 176 | 53% | 236 | 37% | 276 | 27% | 353 | 6% |
−135° | 153 | 64% | 166 | 61% | 242 | 43% | 300 | 29% | 396 | 6% |
−60 | 152 | 70% | 168 | 67% | 251 | 51% | 328 | 36% | 486 | 5% |
−30° | 156 | 66% | 185 | 60% | 280 | 39% | 335 | 27% | 436 | 5% |
Orientation | Story | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 40.0 | 425% | 38.7 | 407% | 29.3 | 285% | 22.9 | 201% | 8.8 | 15% |
30° | 39.7 | 417% | 38.7 | 404% | 30.6 | 299% | 23.5 | 206% | 8.8 | 15% |
45° | 40.0 | 417% | 38.7 | 400% | 29.3 | 279% | 22.9 | 197% | 8.8 | 13% |
120° | 44.5 | 474% | 42.3 | 445% | 32.3 | 317% | 22.4 | 189% | 8.6 | 11% |
150° | 40.1 | 420% | 39.0 | 405% | 30.8 | 299% | 23.5 | 205% | 8.9 | 15% |
−165° | 39.8 | 418% | 38.3 | 399% | 29.5 | 284% | 23.1 | 201% | 8.9 | 16% |
−150° | 39.8 | 423% | 38.8 | 410% | 30.6 | 302% | 23.7 | 211% | 8.8 | 16% |
−135° | 44.3 | 487% | 42.0 | 456% | 32.5 | 330% | 22.6 | 200% | 8.4 | 11% |
−60 | 40.8 | 447% | 39.3 | 427% | 30.8 | 313% | 22.9 | 207% | 8.8 | 18% |
−30° | 39.9 | 434% | 38.7 | 419% | 30.5 | 308% | 23.5 | 214% | 8.7 | 16% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 179 | 68% | 249 | 56% | 411 | 28% | 490 | 14% | 547 | 4% |
30° | 193 | 71% | 236 | 64% | 430 | 35% | 531 | 20% | 639 | 3% |
45° | 169 | 78% | 184 | 76% | 262 | 66% | 327 | 58% | 399 | 48% |
120° | 162 | 80% | 220 | 73% | 417 | 49% | 588 | 28% | 787 | 3% |
150° | 188 | 67% | 230 | 60% | 372 | 36% | 458 | 21% | 558 | 3% |
−165° | 178 | 52% | 224 | 40% | 282 | 25% | 312 | 17% | 355 | 5% |
−150° | 172 | 54% | 199 | 47% | 261 | 31% | 299 | 21% | 357 | 5% |
−135° | 161 | 62% | 184 | 56% | 262 | 38% | 327 | 22% | 399 | 5% |
−60 | 157 | 69% | 182 | 65% | 299 | 42% | 395 | 23% | 488 | 5% |
−30° | 171 | 63% | 213 | 53% | 307 | 33% | 371 | 19% | 439 | 4% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 36.37 | 377% | 33.36 | 338% | 24.52 | 222% | 18.8 | 147% | 8.29 | 9% |
30° | 36.47 | 375% | 34.3 | 347% | 25.4 | 231% | 19.32 | 152% | 8.33 | 8% |
45° | 37.34 | 383% | 35.35 | 357% | 24.98 | 223% | 18.27 | 136% | 8.34 | 8% |
120° | 40.81 | 427% | 37.99 | 390% | 26.35 | 240% | 17.68 | 128% | 8.17 | 5% |
150° | 36.52 | 373% | 34.35 | 345% | 25.53 | 231% | 19.38 | 151% | 8.42 | 9% |
−165° | 36.54 | 376% | 33.43 | 335% | 24.61 | 220% | 18.88 | 146% | 8.36 | 9% |
−150° | 36.47 | 380% | 34.22 | 350% | 25.42 | 234% | 19.36 | 155% | 8.34 | 10% |
−135° | 36.87 | 388% | 34.66 | 359% | 25.06 | 232% | 18.51 | 145% | 8.3 | 10% |
−60 | 37.47 | 402% | 35.12 | 371% | 25.25 | 238% | 18.37 | 146% | 8.25 | 11% |
−30° | 36.45 | 388% | 34.26 | 359% | 25.24 | 238% | 19.16 | 156% | 8.19 | 10% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 13 | 26 | 32 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 217 | 62% | 228 | 60% | 338 | 40% | 462 | 19% | 554 | 2% |
30° | 187 | 72% | 196 | 70% | 316 | 52% | 498 | 25% | 642 | 3% |
45° | 209 | 73% | 212 | 73% | 318 | 59% | 519 | 33% | 751 | 3% |
120° | 158 | 81% | 165 | 80% | 265 | 67% | 528 | 35% | 794 | 3% |
150° | 188 | 67% | 196 | 66% | 279 | 52% | 439 | 24% | 562 | 3% |
−165° | 205 | 45% | 214 | 43% | 258 | 31% | 302 | 19% | 360 | 4% |
−150° | 171 | 55% | 180 | 52% | 222 | 41% | 287 | 24% | 361 | 4% |
−135° | 185 | 56% | 188 | 55% | 226 | 46% | 302 | 28% | 402 | 5% |
−60 | 158 | 69% | 166 | 68% | 221 | 57% | 338 | 34% | 498 | 3% |
−30° | 171 | 63% | 180 | 61% | 249 | 46% | 363 | 21% | 442 | 3% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 13 | 26 | 32 | 36 | ||||||
15° | 34.2 | 348% | 33.9 | 345% | 27.6 | 262% | 19.8 | 160% | 8.2 | 7% |
30° | 34.1 | 344% | 33.5 | 336% | 28.3 | 268% | 20.4 | 166% | 8.2 | 7% |
45° | 34.2 | 342% | 34.0 | 340% | 28.8 | 272% | 19.7 | 155% | 8.2 | 7% |
120° | 35.2 | 355% | 35.3 | 355% | 29.1 | 275% | 20.2 | 161% | 8.3 | 7% |
150° | 33.9 | 339% | 33.3 | 332% | 28.3 | 266% | 20.5 | 165% | 8.3 | 8% |
−165° | 33.5 | 337% | 33.3 | 333% | 27.1 | 253% | 20.0 | 160% | 8.3 | 8% |
−150° | 33.9 | 346% | 33.3 | 339% | 28.0 | 269% | 20.4 | 168% | 8.2 | 8% |
−135° | 33.8 | 348% | 34.2 | 353% | 28.8 | 281% | 19.5 | 159% | 8.2 | 8% |
−60 | 35.1 | 370% | 35.2 | 371% | 28.9 | 288% | 19.7 | 165% | 8.1 | 8% |
−30° | 34.0 | 354% | 33.5 | 348% | 28.2 | 278% | 20.3 | 171% | 8.1 | 8% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20 | 30 | 36 | |||||
15° | 290 | 49% | 351 | 38% | 476 | 16% | 566 | 0% |
30° | 232 | 65% | 287 | 57% | 469 | 29% | 655 | 1% |
45° | 258 | 67% | 306 | 60% | 534 | 31% | 770 | 0% |
120° | 193 | 76% | 243 | 70% | 506 | 38% | 809 | 1% |
150° | 234 | 60% | 272 | 53% | 417 | 28% | 574 | 1% |
−165° | 232 | 38% | 262 | 30% | 312 | 17% | 374 | 0% |
−150° | 196 | 48% | 219 | 42% | 285 | 24% | 376 | 0% |
−135° | 215 | 49% | 233 | 45% | 315 | 25% | 420 | 0% |
−60 | 177 | 66% | 210 | 59% | 330 | 36% | 508 | 1% |
−30° | 199 | 57% | 240 | 48% | 345 | 25% | 311 | 32% |
Orientation | Floor | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20 | 30 | 36 | |||||
15° | 26.9 | 253% | 24.0 | 215% | 17.5 | 130% | 8.1 | 6% |
30° | 27.8 | 261% | 25.2 | 229% | 18.1 | 135% | 8.1 | 6% |
45° | 28.5 | 269% | 25.7 | 233% | 17.7 | 129% | 7.9 | 2% |
120° | 29.1 | 275% | 26.2 | 238% | 18.0 | 133% | 8.2 | 6% |
150° | 27.3 | 254% | 25.0 | 223% | 17.9 | 132% | 8.2 | 6% |
−165° | 27.6 | 260% | 24.7 | 221% | 17.8 | 131% | 8.1 | 6% |
−150° | 27.4 | 260% | 24.9 | 228% | 17.9 | 135% | 8.1 | 6% |
−135° | 27.4 | 263% | 24.7 | 228% | 17.1 | 127% | 8.0 | 6% |
−60 | 28.8 | 286% | 25.9 | 247% | 17.7 | 137% | 7.9 | 6% |
−30° | 27.6 | 270% | 25.1 | 236% | 17.9 | 140% | 8.0 | 6% |
Floor | Orientation (°N) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−165 | −150 | −135 | −60 | −30 | 15 | 30 | 45 | 120 | 150 | ||
Scenario 2 Ratio 24 | 1 | 28.54 | 28.50 | 28.64 | 28.58 | 28.35 | 27.37 | 26.95 | 28.61 | 28.62 | 28.51 |
25 | 28.24 | 28.19 | 28.31 | 28.26 | 28.05 | 27.21 | 27.10 | 28.06 | 28.31 | 28.13 | |
31 | 27.04 | 27.04 | 27.26 | 27.22 | 26.80 | 26.22 | 26.13 | 26.54 | 27.12 | 26.86 | |
34 | 21.32 | 21.62 | 21.64 | 21.65 | 21.29 | 20.66 | 21.54 | 21.54 | 21.50 | 21.35 | |
35 | 15.23 | 15.20 | 14.90 | 14.95 | 14.92 | 15.66 | 16.36 | 15.77 | 14.74 | 14.89 | |
36 | 8.89 | 8.75 | 8.55 | 8.53 | 8.40 | 10.18 | 10.67 | 8.11 | 8.26 | 8.45 | |
Scenario 3 Ratio 12 | 1 | 25.45 | 25.61 | 27.98 | 25.94 | 25.59 | 25.58 | 25.63 | 25.58 | 28.11 | 25.82 |
26 | 24.31 | 24.58 | 26.62 | 24.92 | 24.56 | 24.52 | 24.56 | 24.52 | 26.79 | 24.71 | |
32 | 18.69 | 19.38 | 20.58 | 19.54 | 19.31 | 18.58 | 19.41 | 18.58 | 20.49 | 19.51 | |
34 | 14.65 | 15.00 | 14.35 | 14.51 | 14.88 | 14.53 | 14.89 | 14.53 | 14.21 | 14.92 | |
35 | 10.60 | 10.73 | 9.59 | 10.13 | 10.57 | 10.35 | 10.55 | 10.35 | 9.31 | 10.37 | |
36 | 5.64 | 5.59 | 5.33 | 5.57 | 5.50 | 5.55 | 5.58 | 5.55 | 5.44 | 5.63 | |
Scenario 4 Ratio 9 | 1 | 23.45 | 23.41 | 23.66 | 24.13 | 23.45 | 23.39 | 23.41 | 25.93 | 26.64 | 23.45 |
26 | 21.20 | 21.70 | 21.97 | 22.26 | 21.72 | 21.15 | 21.74 | 22.41 | 24.09 | 21.78 | |
29 | 18.53 | 19.09 | 19.23 | 19.50 | 19.14 | 18.36 | 19.07 | 20.06 | 21.09 | 19.18 | |
32 | 15.60 | 16.11 | 15.89 | 16.01 | 16.00 | 15.55 | 16.11 | 15.84 | 16.70 | 16.19 | |
34 | 11.97 | 12.28 | 11.74 | 11.65 | 12.15 | 11.92 | 12.25 | 11.58 | 11.21 | 12.29 | |
35 | 9.67 | 9.89 | 9.25 | 9.24 | 9.79 | 9.72 | 9.95 | 8.49 | 8.90 | 9.86 | |
36 | 5.30 | 5.29 | 5.26 | 5.23 | 5.19 | 5.25 | 5.28 | 5.29 | 5.18 | 5.34 | |
Scenario 5 Ratio 6.5 | 1 | 21.37 | 21.57 | 21.54 | 22.36 | 21.60 | 21.78 | 21.70 | 21.74 | 22.47 | 21.55 |
13 | 21.09 | 21.13 | 21.70 | 22.28 | 21.22 | 21.48 | 21.25 | 21.55 | 22.36 | 21.14 | |
25 | 18.05 | 18.73 | 18.90 | 19.40 | 18.72 | 18.39 | 18.87 | 19.25 | 19.50 | 18.77 | |
26 | 17.20 | 17.77 | 18.23 | 18.33 | 17.88 | 17.49 | 17.92 | 18.24 | 18.44 | 17.92 | |
32 | 12.65 | 12.91 | 12.37 | 12.52 | 12.86 | 12.58 | 12.94 | 12.48 | 12.80 | 12.98 | |
34 | 9.32 | 9.37 | 8.65 | 8.87 | 9.35 | 9.08 | 9.43 | 8.78 | 8.97 | 9.37 | |
36 | 5.24 | 5.21 | 5.17 | 5.13 | 5.12 | 5.19 | 5.23 | 5.23 | 5.28 | 5.27 | |
Scenario 6 Ratio 4.8 | 1 | 18.08 | 17.54 | 17.84 | 18.79 | 17.66 | 17.30 | 17.76 | 18.50 | 18.87 | 17.52 |
5 | 17.52 | 17.35 | 17.37 | 18.25 | 17.51 | 17.07 | 17.59 | 18.07 | 18.42 | 17.34 | |
20 | 15.63 | 15.81 | 15.69 | 16.40 | 15.93 | 15.21 | 15.99 | 16.32 | 16.61 | 15.83 | |
30 | 11.27 | 11.32 | 10.86 | 11.21 | 11.36 | 11.12 | 11.44 | 11.22 | 11.44 | 11.35 | |
32 | 9.98 | 10.03 | 9.49 | 9.71 | 10.07 | 9.87 | 10.15 | 9.73 | 9.80 | 10.06 | |
36 | 5.15 | 5.13 | 5.08 | 5.02 | 5.04 | 5.13 | 5.14 | 5.02 | 5.20 | 5.19 |
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Montes-Villalva, E.; Pereira-Ruchansky, L.; Piderit-Moreno, B.; Pérez-Fargallo, A. Impact of Urban Re-Densification on Indoor Lighting Demand and Energy Poverty on the Equator, in the City of Quito. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073783
Montes-Villalva E, Pereira-Ruchansky L, Piderit-Moreno B, Pérez-Fargallo A. Impact of Urban Re-Densification on Indoor Lighting Demand and Energy Poverty on the Equator, in the City of Quito. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073783
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontes-Villalva, Estefanía, Lucía Pereira-Ruchansky, Beatriz Piderit-Moreno, and Alexis Pérez-Fargallo. 2022. "Impact of Urban Re-Densification on Indoor Lighting Demand and Energy Poverty on the Equator, in the City of Quito" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073783