Developing a Green Governance Framework for the Performance Enhancement of the Oil and Gas Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Green Governance
2.1.1. Enterprise Risk Management
2.1.2. Sustainability Practices
2.1.3. Green Board Committees
2.2. Conceptualisation of Firm Performance
2.3. Theoretical Framework
Green Governance and Firm Performance: Signaling Theory and Stakeholder Theory
2.4. Conceptual Framework
2.5. Development of Propositions
2.5.1. Green Board Committees and Firm Performance
2.5.2. Enterprise Risk Management and Firm Performance
2.5.3. Social and Environmental Sustainability Practices and Firm Performance
3. Methodology
3.1. Sampling and Proposed Estimating Models
3.2. Measurement of Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical Implication
4.2. Practical Implication
4.3. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Limitations and Future Directions
Authors Contribution
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dimensions (D) | S. no | Proxy Elements |
Governance and Culture for ESG-Related Risks (D1) | 1 | A charter of the board for ESG-related risks |
2 | Board’s approval on integrating ESG risks into the organization’s mission and vision | |
3 | Board’s training and educational programs on ESG-related risks | |
4 | Formation of board committee for ESG related risks | |
5 | Communication of board committees on ESG-related risks | |
6 | Knowledge and awareness sessions to management on ESG risks | |
7 | Board’s report on ESG-related risks | |
Strategy and Objective-Setting for ESG-Related Risks (D2) | 8 | The business model for ESG-related risks |
9 | SWOT analysis of ESG-related risks | |
10 | Mitigation plan for ESG-related risks | |
11 | Organization’s risk appetite for ESG-related risks | |
12 | Linking ESG-related risks to shareholder value creation | |
Performance for ESG-Related Risks (D3) | ||
Event identification | 13 | Identification of CO2 emissions risk |
14 | Identification of product carbon footprint risk | |
15 | Identification of biodiversity risk | |
16 | Identification of water risk | |
17 | Identification of toxic emissions and waste | |
18 | Identification of health and safety risks | |
19 | Identification of reputational risk | |
20 | Identification of product quality risk | |
21 | Identification of fraudulent governance risk | |
22 | Identification of compliance risk | |
23 | Identification of litigation risk | |
24 | Identification of credit risk | |
25 | Identification of liquidity risk | |
26 | Identification of market risk | |
27 | Identification of operational risk | |
28 | Identification of data security risks | |
29 | Identification of IT risks | |
Assessing risk | 30 | Appropriate assessment of CO2 emissions risk |
31 | Appropriate assessment of product carbon footprint risk | |
32 | Appropriate assessment of biodiversity risk | |
33 | Appropriate assessment of water risk | |
34 | Appropriate assessment of toxic emissions and waste | |
35 | Appropriate assessment of health and safety risk | |
36 | Appropriate assessment of reputational risk | |
37 | Appropriate assessment of product quality risk | |
38 | Appropriate assessment of fraudulent governance risk | |
39 | Appropriate assessment of compliance risk | |
40 | Appropriate assessment of litigation risk | |
41 | Appropriate assessment of credit risk | |
42 | Appropriate assessment of liquidity risk | |
43 | Appropriate assessment of market risk | |
44 | Appropriate assessment of operational risk | |
45 | Appropriate assessment of data security risks | |
46 | Appropriate assessment of IT risks | |
Implement Risk Responses | 47 | Actions to mitigate CO2 emissions risk |
48 | Actions to mitigate product carbon footprint risk | |
49 | Actions to mitigate biodiversity risk | |
50 | Actions to mitigate water risk | |
51 | Actions to mitigate toxic emissions and waste | |
52 | Actions to mitigate health and safety risk | |
53 | Actions to mitigate reputational risk | |
54 | Actions to mitigate product quality risk | |
55 | Actions to mitigate governance fraudulent risk | |
56 | Actions to mitigate compliance risk | |
57 | Actions to mitigate litigation risk | |
58 | Actions to mitigate credit risk | |
59 | Actions to mitigate liquidity risk | |
60 | Actions to mitigate market risk | |
61 | Actions to mitigate operational risk | |
62 | Actions to mitigate data security risks | |
63 | Actions to mitigate IT risks | |
Review and Revision for ESG-Related Risks (D4) | 64 | Monitoring changes to the internal and external environment affecting organization’s risk profile |
65 | Revision of strategies related to ESG risks | |
66 | Due diligence of ESG-related risk management process | |
67 | Revision of ERM processes and capabilities to enhance the management of ESG-related risks | |
Information, Communication, and Reporting for ESG-Related Risks (D5) | 68 | Reporting information on ESG risk to board of directors and management |
69 | Communicating ESG risks to shareholders in annual general meeting | |
70 | Disclosure of ESG-related risks to all stakeholder groups | |
71 | Board’s approval in annual reports on data of ESG-related risks. |
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Reference | Explanatory Variables | Dependent Variable | Methodology | Theory | Country/Region |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shah et al. [17] | Green board committees | Shareholder value-added | Content analysis | Agency and stakeholder theory | Malaysia |
Li et al. [21] | Green governance structure, ownership characteristics | Financial constraints | Content analysis | Signaling theory | China |
Li et al. [22] | Family ownership | Green governance | Content analysis | Theory of social-emotional wealth | China |
Shad et al. [27] | Sustainability practices | Cost of capital | Content analysis | Signaling theory | Malaysia |
Abdul Manab et al. [8] | Corporate governance compliance, sustainable risk management | Firm survival | Questionnaire survey-structural equation model | Risk management and compliance theory | Malaysia |
Shad et al. [28] | Enterprise risk management, sustainability practices | Economic value added | Content analysis | Modern portfolio and stakeholder theory | Malaysia |
Lin et al. [20] | Environmental regulations, foreign direct investment policies | Business strategies | Content analysis | Resource-based view theory | China |
Mahmood and Orazalin [18] | Board independence, the board size, board committees, board diversity | Sustainability reporting | Content analysis | Stakeholder and resource dependency theory | Kazakhstan |
Shahbaz et al. [29] | Board independence, CSR committee, gender diversity, board diligence | CSR Performance, Tobin’s Q, Return of assets | Content and ratio analysis | Agency and stakeholder theory | Global energy sector |
Li et al. [19] | Open innovation | Sustainability performance | Qualitative techniques | Innovation, governance, and resource scarcity theory. | China |
Ahmad and Abdullah [30] | A green governance accountability system | Sustainability performance | Qualitative techniques | Accountability theory | Malaysia |
Kuo et al. [25] | Environmental management, green innovation, greenhouse, and carbon emission | Climate change | Coding and content analysis | Signaling and stakeholder theory | China |
Khan et al. [14] | ISO 56002-2019, green innovation | Sustainable development | Content analysis | Disclosure, legitimacy, institutional and stakeholder theory | Malaysia |
Toha et al. [16] | Eco-innovation | Social performance | Content analysis | Resource-based view theory | Malaysia |
S. No | Enterprise Risk Management Frameworks | Sustainability Frameworks |
---|---|---|
1 | ISO31000: 2009–2018 Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines on Implementation of Enterprise Risk Management | Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) |
2 | Federation of European Risk Management Associations (FERMA). A Risk Management Standard | Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) |
3 | COSO 2004: Enterprise Risk Management Integrated Framework | Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) |
4 | COSO 2018: Enterprise Risk Management for Environmental-, Social-, and Governance-related Risks. | Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB) |
5 | RMM—Risk Maturity Model | Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) |
6 | AS/NZS 4360 (2009) | The Framework for Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (OECD-PCSD) |
7 | ISO 31000: 2018 | ISO 26000 |
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Shah, S.Q.A.; Lai, F.-W.; Shad, M.K.; Jan, A.A. Developing a Green Governance Framework for the Performance Enhancement of the Oil and Gas Industry. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073735
Shah SQA, Lai F-W, Shad MK, Jan AA. Developing a Green Governance Framework for the Performance Enhancement of the Oil and Gas Industry. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073735
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Syed Quaid Ali, Fong-Woon Lai, Muhammad Kashif Shad, and Ahmad Ali Jan. 2022. "Developing a Green Governance Framework for the Performance Enhancement of the Oil and Gas Industry" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073735
APA StyleShah, S. Q. A., Lai, F.-W., Shad, M. K., & Jan, A. A. (2022). Developing a Green Governance Framework for the Performance Enhancement of the Oil and Gas Industry. Sustainability, 14(7), 3735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073735