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Sustainability
Volume 14
Issue 6
10.3390/su14063377
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Article

Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study

by
Yong Fang
1,
Jiayi Zhou
1,
Hua Hu
1,*,
Yanxi Hao
1,
Dianliang Xiao
2 and
Shaojie Li
3
1
School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
2
Transportation Safety Research Center, China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3
Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3377; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377
Submission received: 29 November 2021 / Revised: 6 March 2022 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 14 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Infrastructure Sustainability in Autonomous Driving and Smart Pavement Environments)
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Abstract

To determine a better combination of signs and markings on expressway tunnel entrance sections, three types of typical signs and markings were compared and tested according to five indicators: speed, lane lateral offset, lane change behavior, fixation behavior, and operating load, using a driving simulator. The results identified that the obvious no overtaking and speed limit signs, combined with a layer of thin red pavement, had the most influence on drivers’ speed, and they led to the highest fixation frequency of static facilities, the longest average distance from the completion point of the lane change to the entrance, and the longest average lane change distance, which could help drivers to pass through tunnel entrance sections more smoothly. The location of the static facilities should be between 3 s before the tunnel entrance and 3 s after entering the tunnel, as this is the area where a driver’s relative viewpoint changes. The improper combination of warning signs and deceleration measures will affect a driver’s judgment, causing negative effects, such as premature lane changes and an increased operating load. The research results can provide a design basis and reference for the combination setting of safety signs and markings on tunnel entrance sections.
Keywords: traffic environment; tunnel entrance sections; combination of signs and marks; driving simulator; behavior characteristics traffic environment; tunnel entrance sections; combination of signs and marks; driving simulator; behavior characteristics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Hu, H.; Hao, Y.; Xiao, D.; Li, S. Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377

AMA Style

Fang Y, Zhou J, Hu H, Hao Y, Xiao D, Li S. Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(6):3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Yong, Jiayi Zhou, Hua Hu, Yanxi Hao, Dianliang Xiao, and Shaojie Li. 2022. "Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study" Sustainability 14, no. 6: 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377

APA Style

Fang, Y., Zhou, J., Hu, H., Hao, Y., Xiao, D., & Li, S. (2022). Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability, 14(6), 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377

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