Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Overview
2.1. Studies on Types of Traffic Signs and Markings
2.2. Studies on Driving Simulators Used to Assess Safety
3. Methods
3.1. Driving Simulator
3.2. Experimental Design
3.3. Participants
3.4. Experimental Procedure
3.5. Data Analysis Method
4. Results
4.1. Driving Characteristics
4.1.1. Speed Indicator
4.1.2. Lane Offset Indicators
4.1.3. Lane Change Behavior Indicator
4.2. Drivers’ Eye Movement Behavior Characteristics
4.2.1. Fixation Area
4.2.2. Fixation Time
4.3. Operating Load
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scene | Signs and Markings Features | Driving Simulation Scene |
---|---|---|
ZH 1 |
| |
ZH 2 |
| |
ZH 3 |
| |
Inspection Parameters | Rank | Significance | Inspection Parameters | Rank | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZH 1 section 85-bit speed | 2.7 | p < 0.05, significant difference | ZH 1 standard deviation of section speed | 2.7 | p < 0.05, significant difference |
ZH 2 section 85-bit speed | 1.0 | ZH 2 standard deviation of section speed | 1.0 | ||
ZH 3 section 85-bit speed | 2.3 | ZH 3 standard deviation of section speed | 2.3 |
Scene | Average Number of Lane Changes (m/Person) | Average Driving Length on the Line (m/Person) |
---|---|---|
ZH 1 | 0.50 | 30.63 |
ZH 2 | 0.00 | 16.71 |
ZH 3 | 0.14 | 35.00 |
Combination of Static Facilities | Average Distance from Lane Change Action Point to the Entrance(m) | Average Distance from Lane Change Completion Point to the Entrance(m) | Average Lane Change Distance(m) |
---|---|---|---|
ZH 1 | 232.338 | 181.589 | 50.749 |
ZH 2 | 269.297 | 201.057 | 68.240 |
ZH 3 | 249.565 | 193.016 | 56.549 |
ZH 1 | ZH 2 | ZH 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | N/A | 3.08 | 1.44 |
2 | 1.52 | 0.88 | 0.8 |
4 | 0.72 | 1.6 | N/A |
5 | 1.32 | 2.13 | 2.36 |
6 | N/A | 0.96 | 1.04 |
9 | N/A | 2.84 | 2.32 |
Fixation frequency | 50% | 100% | 83.30% |
Average fixation time | 0.59 | 1.92 | 1.33 |
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Fang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Hu, H.; Hao, Y.; Xiao, D.; Li, S. Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377
Fang Y, Zhou J, Hu H, Hao Y, Xiao D, Li S. Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(6):3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Yong, Jiayi Zhou, Hua Hu, Yanxi Hao, Dianliang Xiao, and Shaojie Li. 2022. "Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study" Sustainability 14, no. 6: 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377
APA StyleFang, Y., Zhou, J., Hu, H., Hao, Y., Xiao, D., & Li, S. (2022). Combination Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings of Expressway Tunnel Entrance Sections: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability, 14(6), 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063377