Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Plastic Recycling Research
3.2. Cluster 1: Plastic Recycling
3.2.1. Subcluster 1-1: Recycling by Pyrolysis
3.2.2. Subcluster 1-2: LCA of Plastic Recycling
3.2.3. Subcluster 1-3: Mechanical Recycling
3.2.4. Subcluster 1-4: Biodegradation of Plastics
3.2.5. Subcluster 1-5: Bioplastics
3.2.6. Subcluster 1-6: Recycling of PVC
3.3. Cluster 2: WEEE and Sorting of Plastic Waste
3.3.1. Subcluster 2-1: Recycling of WEEE
3.3.2. Subcluster 2-2: Spectroscopy Sorting
3.3.3. Subcluster 2-3: Flotation Separation
3.3.4. Subcluster 2-4: Electrostatic Separation
3.4. Cluster 3: Use of Plastic Waste in the Construction Sector
3.4.1. Subcluster 3-1: Use of Recycled Plastics in Concrete
3.4.2. Subcluster 3-2: Use of Recycled Plastics in Asphalt
3.5. Cluster 4: Chemical Recycling of PET
3.6. Cluster 5: Use for Wood-Plastics Composites
3.7. Cluster 6: Recycling of FRP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cluster # | Cluster Name | Average Publication Year | # Papers | # Citation | Citation/Paper Ratio | Keywords |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Plastic recycling | 2015.2 | 4442 | 20,342 | 4.6 | Plastic, pyrolysis, packaging, polyethylene, PET |
2 | Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and sorting of plastic waste | 2014.6 | 2287 | 10,771 | 4.7 | PBDEs, plastic, WEEE, electronic, polybrominated |
3 | Use of plastic waste in the construction sector | 2016.8 | 2023 | 7075 | 3.5 | concrete, asphalt, aggregate, mortar, cement |
4 | Chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | 2013.9 | 1393 | 7455 | 5.4 | PET, terephthalate, ethylene terephthalate, glycolysis, depolymerization |
5 | Use for wood-plastic composites | 2013.9 | 1266 | 3458 | 2.7 | composite, wood, fiber, plastic composite, wood plastic composite |
6 | Recycling of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) | 2017.0 | 1072 | 5627 | 5.2 | vitrimers, epoxy, carbon fiber, CFRP, fiber |
Cluster # | Research Topic | Average Publication Year | # Papers | # Citation | Citation/Paper Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-1 | Recycling by pyrolysis | 2013.5 | 772 | 3736 | 4.8 |
1-2 | life cycle assessment (LCA) of plastic recycling | 2015.7 | 568 | 1839 | 3.2 |
1-3 | Mechanical recycling | 2009.9 | 547 | 1593 | 2.9 |
1-4 | Biodegradation of plastics | 2018.7 | 521 | 2028 | 3.9 |
1-5 | Bioplastics | 2017.9 | 396 | 885 | 2.2 |
1-6 | Recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) | 2012.3 | 190 | 501 | 2.6 |
Cluster # | Research Topic | Average Publication Year | # Papers | # Citation | Citation/Paper Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-1 | Recycling of WEEE | 2014.8 | 340 | 1283 | 3.8 |
2-2 | Spectroscopy sorting | 2014.1 | 260 | 977 | 3.8 |
2-3 | Flotation separation | 2014.3 | 187 | 1292 | 6.9 |
2-4 | Electrostatic separation | 2011.2 | 141 | 546 | 3.9 |
Cluster # | Name of Cluster | Average Publication Year | # Papers | # Citation | Citation/Paper Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-1 | Use of recycled plastics in concrete | 2017.1 | 316 | 2028 | 6.4 |
3-2 | Use of recycled plastics in asphalt | 2017.5 | 236 | 734 | 3.1 |
Cluster # | Research Topic | Average Publication Year | # Papers | # Citation | Citation/Paper Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-4 | Biodegradation of plastics | 2018.7 | 521 | 2028 | 3.9 |
1-5 | Bioplastics | 2017.9 | 396 | 885 | 2.2 |
3-1 | Use of recycled plastics in concrete | 2017.1 | 316 | 2028 | 6.4 |
3-2 | Use of recycled plastics in asphalt | 2017.5 | 236 | 734 | 3.1 |
Rank | Country | Share of Papers | Year | Waste Amount (mt) | Recycling | Energy Recovery | Incineration | Landfill | Untreated | Environmental Awareness | Population (m person) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 12.4% | 2020 | 130.30 | 28.0% | N.A. | 32.0% | 34.0% | 6.0% | 92% | 1410.9 |
2 | USA | 11.1% | 2018 | 35.68 | 8.7% | 15.8% | 0.0% | 75.6% | <1.0% | 71% | 331.5 |
3 | Italy | 7.5% | 2018 | 3.64 | 31.4% | 32.8% | 0.0% | 35.8% | <1.0% | 86% | 59.4 |
4 | Germany | 6.9% | 2018 | 5.32 | 38.6% | 60.7% | 0.0% | 0.7% | <1.0% | 81% | 83.2 |
5 | England | 6.7% | 2018 | 3.95 | 32.0% | 45.7% | 0.0% | 22.4% | <1.0% | 86% | 67.2 |
6 | Spain | 6.2% | 2018 | 2.57 | 41.9% | 19.3% | 0.0% | 38.8% | <1.0% | 85% | 47.4 |
7 | India | 5.9% | 2016 | 8.54 | 5–25% | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 82% | 1380.0 |
8 | Japan | 5.2% | 2020 | 4.10 | 23.2% | 62.2% | 12.0% | 2.9% | <1.0% | 56% | 125.8 |
9 | Brazil | 4.7% | 2018 | 7.90 | 2.2% | N.A. | N.A. | 59.5% | 24.4% | 86% | 212.6 |
10 | Netherlands | 3.2% | 2018 | 0.94 | 33.7% | 65.8% | 0.0% | 0.4% | <1.0% | 73% | 17.4 |
Cluster # | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Research Topic | ||||||||||||
1 | Plastic recycling | China | USA | Italy | Germany | UK | Spain | India | Japan | Brazil | Netherlands | |
12.4% | 11.1% | 7.5% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 6.2% | 5.9% | 5.2% | 4.7% | 3.2% | |||
1-1 | Recycling by pyrolysis | China | Spain | India | USA | UK | Japan | Italy | Porland | Germany | Malaysia | |
11.0% | 10.0% | 9.5% | 8.0% | 6.0% | 5.3% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 3.5% | |||
1-2 | LCA of plastic recycling | USA | China | Italy | Germany | UK | Spain | Japan | Netherlands | Denmark | Switzerland | |
16.4% | 14.6% | 9.0% | 7.0% | 6.5% | 6.5% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 3.7% | 3.3% | |||
1-3 | Mechanical recycling | Brazil | USA | China | Italy | Spain | Germany | India | France | Japan | Sweden | |
9.7% | 8.2% | 8.0% | 6.9% | 5.7% | 4.6% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 4.0% | 3.7% | |||
1-4 | Biodegradation of plastic | USA | China | Germany | India | UK | Italy | Brazil | Japan | Sweden | Canada | |
17.7% | 17.1% | 13.8% | 6.7% | 6.5% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 3.6% | |||
1-5 | Bioplastic | USA | Italy | UK | Spain | China | Germany | Netherlands | Poland | India | Portugal | |
13.6% | 12.4% | 9.3% | 8.3% | 8.1% | 7.8% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 5.1% | 3.8% | |||
1-6 | Recycling of PVC | Japan | China | India | Korea | USA | Jordan | Germany | Russia | Australia | Italy | |
29.5% | 17.9% | 8.4% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 3.2% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 2.1% | |||
2 | WEEE and sorting of plastic waste | China | USA | Germany | India | Japan | France | Italy | Korea | UK | Australia | |
25.8% | 11.0% | 6.5% | 6.4% | 6.4% | 6.2% | 6.1% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 3.7% | |||
2-1 | Recycling of WEEE | China | Germany | UK | USA | Belgium | France | India | Italy | Switzerland | Brazil | |
13.2% | 12.6% | 9.4% | 7.9% | 7.4% | 7.4% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 5.0% | 4.7% | |||
2-2 | Spectroscopy sorting | Italy | Germany | France | China | USA | Spain | Brazil | Malaysia | Korea | Japan | |
17.3% | 13.8% | 10.4% | 10.0% | 9.6% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 3.8% | |||
2-3 | Flotation separation | China | Japan | Korea | Italy | Australia | USA | Portugal | UK | Turkey | Spain | |
31.0% | 15.0% | 7.5% | 6.4% | 4.8% | 4.8% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 3.2% | |||
2-4 | Electrostatic separation | France | Algeria | USA | Romania | China | Korea | Poland | Japan | Italy | Canada | |
39.0% | 26.2% | 15.6% | 15.6% | 9.2% | 6.4% | 4.3% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 2.8% | |||
3 | Use of plastic waste in the construction sector | China | USA | Australia | India | Spain | Italy | Brazil | Malaysia | UK | Portugal | |
17.5% | 13.1% | 8.4% | 7.2% | 7.0% | 6.0% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 3.3% | |||
3-1 | Use of recycled plastics in concrete | India | USA | IRAQ | China | Malaysia | Saudi Arabia | UK | Italy | Australia | Algeria | |
12.7% | 7.0% | 6.3% | 5.7% | 5.4% | 5.4% | 5.1% | 4.7% | 4.7% | 4.4% | |||
3-2 | Use of recycled plastics in asphalt | China | USA | Spain | Australia | India | Italy | Malaysia | Saudi Arabia | Turkey | Portugal | |
14.0% | 11.4% | 10.6% | 10.6% | 8.1% | 7.6% | 5.9% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 3.8% |
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Tsuchimoto, I.; Kajikawa, Y. Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416340
Tsuchimoto I, Kajikawa Y. Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(24):16340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416340
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsuchimoto, Ichiro, and Yuya Kajikawa. 2022. "Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis" Sustainability 14, no. 24: 16340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416340