Linking Nevada to Doughnut Economics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Nevada’s Social Dimension
3.1.1. Food Indicator
3.1.2. Health Indicator
3.1.3. Education Indicator
3.1.4. Income Indicator
3.1.5. Sanitation Indicator
3.1.6. Energy Indicator
3.1.7. Networks Indicator
3.1.8. Housing Indicator
3.1.9. Gender Equality Indicator
3.1.10. Social Equity Indicator
3.1.11. Political Voice Indicator
3.1.12. Peace and Justice Indicator
3.2. Nevada’s Environmental Dimension
3.2.1. Climate Crisis Indicator
3.2.2. Ocean Acidification Indicator
3.2.3. Chemical Pollution Indicator
3.2.4. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading Indicator
3.2.5. Freshwater Withdrawals Indicator
3.2.6. Land Conversion Indicator
3.2.7. Biodiversity Loss Indicator
3.2.8. Air Pollution Indicator
3.2.9. Ozone Layer Depletion Indicator
4. Discussion
5. Recommendations
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sector | Indicator | Units | Weight | Unsustainable | Marginally Sustainable | Moderately Sustainable | Highly Sustainable | Nevada | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Food | Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (Self-sufficiency) | Percentage of population | 34% | >30 | 30–14 | 14–5 | <5 | 12.0 | Nevada’s indicator: [33] Categories: [68] |
Food sufficiency, children ages 0–17 whose households could always afford nutritious meals | Percentage of population | 33% | <70 | 70–80 | 80–95 | >95 | 64.5 | [34] | ||
The proportion of income per acre used for agriculture (Productivity) | US$/acres | 33% | <300 | 300–5 k | 5 k–9 k | >9 k | 129 | [69] | ||
2 | Health | Number of infant deaths (Before age 1) per 1000 live births | per 1000 live births | 50% | >7 | 7–6 | 6–4 | <4 | 5.8 | [34] |
Life expectancy | Years | 50% | <70 | 70–75 | 75–80 | >80 | 78 | [39] | ||
3 | Education | Literacy | A | 50% | <75 | 75–85 | 85–95 | >95 | 83.9 | [43] |
High School Graduation | B | 50% | <80 | 80–85 | 85–90 | >90 | 80.9 | [57] | ||
4 | Income | Poverty rate, population under the poverty line | C | 50% | >20 | 20–12 | 12–5 | <5 | 12.5 | [45] |
Unemployment rate | D | 50% | >5 | 5–4 | 4–3 | <3 | 4.2 | [46] | ||
5 | Sanitation | Population with access to safe sewage systems | Percentage of population | 100% | <80 | 80–89 | 89–95 | >95 | 99.55 | Nevada’s indicator: [1,47] Categories: [70] |
6 | Energy | The proportion of the population with access to electricity (Accessibility) | Percentage of population | 50% | <20 | 20–50 | 50–95 | >95 | 100 | Nevada’s indicators and categories: [49] |
Energy from renewable sources | E | 50% | <20 | 20–50 | 50–95 | >95 | 30.7 | Nevada’s indicators and categories: [50] | ||
7 | Networks | Average download internet speed | Mbps | 100% | <25 | 25–60 | 60–100 | >100 | 104.1 | Nevada’s indicators and categories: [51] |
8 | Housing | Homelessness | People homeless per 10,000 | 50% | >30 | 30–15 | 15–2 | <2 | 22.4 | [54] |
Severe housing problems | F | 50% | >20 | 20–12 | 11–6 | <5 | 19.6 | [53] | ||
9 | Gender Equality | College graduate—women | G | 50% | <28 | 28–45 | 45–60 | >60 | 24.9 | [57] |
Gender pay gap | H | 50% | <75 | 75–85 | 85–95 | >95 | 85.6 | [58] | ||
10 | Social Equity | Income inequality (Gini Index) | Percentage of income inequality | 100% | >60 | 60–40 | 40–20 | <20 | 45 | [62] |
11 | Political Voice | Governance | I | 100% | >40 | 40–25 | 25–10 | <10 | 37 | [63] |
12 | Peace and Justice | Justice access | Justice Index | 50% | <40 | 40–60 | 60–80 | >80 | 20.4 | [65] |
Homicide rate | per 100,000 | 50% | >10 | 10–5 | 5–2 | <2 | 7.3 | [66] | ||
Sector | Indicator | Units | Ponderation | Unsustainable | Marginally Sustainable | Moderately Sustainable | Highly Sustainable | Nevada | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | Climate crisis | Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions | A | 100% | >9 | 9–6 | 6–2.3 | <2.3 | 13.5 | [71] |
14 | Ocean acidification | Average aragonite saturation state | B | 100% | - | - | - | - | NA | NA |
15 | Chemical pollution | Toxics Release Inventory | Lb/square mile | 100% | >800 | 799–401 | 400–41 | <40 | 4204 | [76] |
16 | Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading | Percentage of assessed lakes and reservoirs impaired by nitrogen sources | C | 50% | >28 | 28–21 | 21–14 | <14 | 0.43 | [79] |
Percentage of assessed lakes and reservoirs impaired by phosphorus sources | C | 50% | >28 | 28–21 | 21–14 | <14 | 16.32 | [79] | ||
17 | Freshwater withdrawals | Water demand | Gallons per capita per day | 100% | >125 | 125–100 | 100–75 | <75 | 126 | Nevada’s indicator: [82] Categories: [73] |
18 | Land conversion | Area of natural land with low human alteration | Percentage of natural land cover | 100% | <30 | 30–50 | 50–70 | >70 | 93.8 | Nevada’s indicator: [84] Categories: [85] |
19 | Biodiversity loss | Threatened or endangered Species | D | 100% | >76 | 75–51 | 50–25 | <25 | 46 | Nevada’s indicator: [86] Categories: [87] |
20 | Air pollution | Air Quality Index | E | 100% | >150 | 150–100 | 100–50 | <50 | 42.1 | [88] |
21 | Ozone layer depletion | Ozone-depleting substances | F | 100% | >14.11 | 14.11–9.4 | 9.4–4.7 | <4.7 | 6.72 | Nevada’s indicators and categories: [90] |
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Acosta, F. Linking Nevada to Doughnut Economics. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215294
Acosta F. Linking Nevada to Doughnut Economics. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215294
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcosta, Fortino. 2022. "Linking Nevada to Doughnut Economics" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215294
APA StyleAcosta, F. (2022). Linking Nevada to Doughnut Economics. Sustainability, 14(22), 15294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215294