Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Development of Hypotheses
2.1. The Self Determination Theory
2.2. Transactional Leadership
2.3. Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction
2.4. Transactional Leadership and Employee Silence
2.5. Employee Silence and Job Satisfaction
2.6. The Mediating Role of Employee Silence in the Relationship between Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Population and Sample
3.2. Measures
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Respondents
4.2. Measurement Model Assessment
4.3. Structural Model Assessment
5. Discussion
6. Theoretical and Practical Implications Section
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
6.3. Limitations and Directions for Further Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | Characteristics | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 192 | 53.8 |
Male | 165 | 46.2 | |
Age | Between 30 and 39 years | 153 | 42.9 |
Between 40 and 50 years | 151 | 42.3 | |
Less than 30 years | 20 | 5.6 | |
More than 50 years | 33 | 9.2 | |
Status | Married | 302 | 84.6 |
Unmarried | 55 | 15.4 | |
Education | Bachelor | 190 | 53.2 |
Diploma | 78 | 21.8 | |
Postgraduate | 89 | 25.0 | |
Experience | Less than 1 year | 9 | 2.5 |
Between 1 and 3 years | 28 | 7.8 | |
Between 4 and 6 years | 44 | 12.3 | |
Between 7 and 9 years | 27 | 7.6 | |
Between 10 and 14 years | 91 | 25.5 | |
Between 15 and 20 years | 89 | 24.9 | |
More than 20 years | 69 | 19.3 | |
Experience in public sector | Less than 1 year | 13 | 3.6 |
Between 1 and 3 years | 19 | 5.3 | |
Between 4 and 6 years | 26 | 7.3 | |
Between 7 and 9 years | 35 | 9.8 | |
Between 10 and 14 years | 108 | 30.3 | |
Between 15 and 20 years | 88 | 24.6 | |
More than 20 years | 68 | 19.0 | |
Total | 357 | 100.0 |
Construct Name | Cronbach’s Alpha (α) | CR | AVE | Item Code | Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contingent reward | 0.899 | 0.896 | 0.633 | CR1 | 0.770 |
CR2 | 0.877 | ||||
CR3 | 0.748 | ||||
CR4 | 0.732 | ||||
CR5 | 0.842 | ||||
Employee silence | 0.892 | 0.883 | 0.601 | ES1 | 0.734 |
ES2 | 0.826 | ||||
ES3 | 0.817 | ||||
ES4 | 0.767 | ||||
ES5 | 0.728 | ||||
Job satisfaction | 0.950 | 0.941 | 0.642 | JS1 | 0.665 |
JS2 | 0.845 | ||||
JS3 | 0.853 | ||||
JS4 | 0.837 | ||||
JS5 | 0.919 | ||||
JS6 | 0.78 | ||||
JS7 | 0.753 | ||||
JS8 | 0.738 | ||||
JS9 | 0.793 | ||||
Active management-by-exception | 0.777 | 0.764 | 0.588 | CME1 | 0.810 |
CME2 | 0.897 | ||||
CME3 | 0.550 | ||||
Passive management-by-exception | 0.889 | 0.871 | 0.629 | PME1 | 0.853 |
PME2 | 0.871 | ||||
PME3 | 0.711 | ||||
PME4 | 0.725 |
Construct Name | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contingent reward (1) | |||||
Employee silence (2) | 0.102 | ||||
Job satisfaction (3) | 0.356 | 0.140 | |||
Active management-by-exception (4) | 0.489 | 0.250 | 0.212 | ||
Passive management-by-exception (5) | 0.339 | 0.491 | 0.054 | 0.060 |
Hypothesized Association | Standardized Estimate | S.E. | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1: Contingent reward → Job satisfaction | 0.371 | 0.063 | 5.386 | 0.000 |
H2: Active management by exception → Job satisfaction | 0.060 | 0.059 | 0.940 | 0.347 |
H3: Passive management by exception → Job satisfaction | 0.151 | 0.056 | 2.078 | 0.038 |
H4: Contingent reward → Employee silence | −0.022 | 0.065 | −0.363 | 0.716 |
H5: Active management by exception → Employee silence | 0.211 | 0.065 | 3.392 | 0.000 |
H6: Passive management by exception → Employee silence | 0.437 | 0.06 | 6.472 | 0.000 |
H7: Employee silence → Job satisfaction | −0.188 | 0.061 | −2.723 | 0.006 |
Indirect Path | Standardized Estimate | Lower CI | Upper CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
H8: Contingent reward → Employee silence → Job satisfaction | 0.004 | −0.018 | 0.030 | 0.646 |
H9: Active management by exception → Employee silence → Job satisfaction | −0.040 | −0.082 | −0.011 | 0.011 |
H10: Passive management by exception → Employee silence → Job satisfaction | −0.082 | −0.120 | −0.023 | 0.009 |
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Alarabiat, Y.A.; Eyupoglu, S. Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215205
Alarabiat YA, Eyupoglu S. Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215205
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlarabiat, Yousef Ahmad, and Serife Eyupoglu. 2022. "Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215205