Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling Network: Biopharmaceutical Industry Study of GBA, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area and Object
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Systematic Analysis
2.3.2. Social Network Analysis
3. Strategic Coupling System Analysis Framework of Global–Local Knowledge Spillover
3.1. Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling System Network
3.2. Multi-Layered Structure of the Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling Network
4. Biopharmaceutical Industry Global–Local Strategic Coupling Network in the GBA
4.1. Global–Local Strategic Coupling Network Structure of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the GBA
4.1.1. Evolution of Overall Coupling Network Structure
4.1.2. Evolution of Individual Coupling Network Structure
4.2. Global–Local Strategic Coupling Network Path of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the GBA
4.2.1. Evolution of Transnational Coupling Paths
4.2.2. Evolution of Geographical Coupling Paths
5. Evolution Mechanism of Global–Local Strategic Coupling Network in the GBA
5.1. Spatial Progression of Global–Local Coupling Network Evolution
5.2. Stage Evolution of Global–Local Coupling Network Evolution
5.3. Driving Mechanism of Global–Local Coupling Network Evolution and Path Selection
6. Conclusions and Discussion
- (1)
- The strategic coupling of global–local knowledge spillover is characterized by networking, as evidenced by an increase in the number of coupling network nodes and an increase in network density. The network subjects of global–local coupling are primarily composed of global units (multinational enterprises, international organizations, global scientific research institutions) and local units from the perspective of the coupling network’s subsystem (governments and local enterprises). The links and interactions between different subjects within the coupling network’s subsystem units are hierarchical and complex, and knowledge spillover flows from knowledge-rich areas to relatively poor areas, demonstrating the regularity of knowledge as “the second law of heat”.
- (2)
- From 1990 to 2019, the strategic coupling network structure of the biopharmaceutical industry in the GBA, which uses knowledge spillover as a carrier, shows significant differences in stages. The GBA’s overall network structure evolution demonstrates a dynamic network evolution process of “single core; three weak cores; three strong cores”. Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen exhibit distinct development sequences of global–local strategic coupling networks in terms of the evolution of individual network structures. Hong Kong is the first city in the world to implement global strategic coupling. Guangzhou’s coupling network expanded significantly between 2000 and 2014, while Shenzhen gradually moved into the core position of the GBA’s global-al-local coupling network after 2014.
- (3)
- The path selection of the biopharmaceutical industry’s global–local coupling network in the GBA is spatially progressive and phased. The main factors influencing the coupling network’s path selection are the bargaining power of regional knowledge, the will of behavioral subjects, and multi-dimensional proximity. In terms of geographical characteristics, the main body will first choose the central city (center of politics, economy, and culture) or coastal port city related to the country (region) as the base point, and then gradually spread to the surrounding areas of these bases. The stages of the coupling path can be divided into three categories: the tentative path from 1990 to 1999, the expanding growth stage from 2000 to 2010, and the stable path from 2010 to 2019.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Periods | Core Cities | Coupling Countries | Coupling Cities |
---|---|---|---|
1990–1994 | Hong Kong | Australia (2), USA (1), Germany (1) | Sydney, Melbourne, Washington, D.C., Dusseldorf |
1995–1999 | Hong Kong | USA (10), Germany (7), Australia (2), Britain (1), France (1) | Washington, Cincinnati, Cologne |
2000–2004 | Hong Kong, Guangzhou | USA (80), Britain (15), Japan (12), Germany (9), Canada (8), Australia (8) | Boston, Los Angeles, London, San Diego, Raleigh, Carrey, Tokyo, Hillsborough, Munich, Melbourne, New York |
2005–2009 | Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen | USA (86), Britain (17), Japan (8), Germany (8), Canada (15) | New York, Boston, Washington, San Jose, London, Houston, Vancouver, Singapore, Paris |
2010–2014 | Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen | USA (68), Britain (16), Japan (8), Canada (7), France (3), | London, New York, Los Angeles, Paris, Osaka, Rhode City, Cincinnati, Singapore, Vientiane, Minneapolis |
2015–2019 | Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen | USA (77), Japan (8), Britain (5), Singapore (3), Canada (3) | New York, Oxnard, Kyoto, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Houston, Trenton, Fremont, Singapore |
Ranking | Country | Scale | Ranking | Country | Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | USA | 48 | 8 | Korea | 3 |
2 | Japan | 12 | 9 | Denmark | 2 |
3 | China | 8 | 10 | Belgium | 2 |
4 | Germany | 7 | 11 | Italy | 1 |
5 | France | 5 | 12 | Netherland | 1 |
6 | Britain | 5 | 13 | Sweden | 1 |
7 | Switzerland | 4 | 14 | Ireland | 1 |
Ranking | Enterprise | Country | Scale |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Roche | Switzerland | 2122 |
2 | Novartis | Switzerland | 1336 |
3 | Merck | USA | 1222 |
4 | Johnson & Johnson | USA | 988 |
5 | Bristol-Myers Squibb | USA | 824 |
6 | Bayer | Germany | 694 |
7 | Sanofi | France | 670 |
8 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals | USA | 662 |
9 | GlaxoSmithKline | Britain | 657 |
10 | Boehringer-Ingelheim | Germany | 588 |
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Chen, Q.; Qian, Q.; Yao, Z.; Yang, N.; Tong, J.; Wang, Y. Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling Network: Biopharmaceutical Industry Study of GBA, China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114607
Chen Q, Qian Q, Yao Z, Yang N, Tong J, Wang Y. Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling Network: Biopharmaceutical Industry Study of GBA, China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114607
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Qingyi, Qinglan Qian, Zuolin Yao, Na Yang, Junyue Tong, and Yujiao Wang. 2022. "Global–Local Knowledge Spillover Strategic Coupling Network: Biopharmaceutical Industry Study of GBA, China" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114607