Exploring the Role of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations in Industrial Agglomeration: A Fresh Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Theoretical Framework
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Model Building
3.2. Variables and Data Description
3.2.1. Dependent Variable
3.2.2. Key Independent Variables
3.2.3. Control Variables
3.3. The Classification of Provinces
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Aggregate Estimated Results
4.2. The Estimated Results of the PIIR and PIDR Region
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of Environmental Regulations | Regulatory Instruments |
---|---|
Beforehand regulation | “Three-simultaneity” |
Environmental impact assessment | |
Total-amount control of pollutant | |
Intermediate regulation | Environmental standards |
Emission permits | |
Afterward regulation | Pollutant discharge fees |
Environmental taxes | |
Deadline governance |
Variables | Unit | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newly increased firm ratio (NIFR) | % | 2.00 | 16.00 | −86.00 | 36.00 |
Beforehand environmental regulation (BER) | RMB 100 million yuan | 14.95 | 13.64 | 0.36 | 79.48 |
Intermediate environmental regulation (IER) | RMB 100 million yuan | 44.88 | 40.87 | 1.33 | 263.96 |
Afterward environmental regulation (AER) | RMB one million yuan | 4.96 | 4.15 | 0.17 | 25.43 |
The ratio K to L (K/L) | RMB one million yuan/person | 33.08 | 20.49 | 8.52 | 165.97 |
Total factor productivity growth rate (TFPG) | - | 1.73 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 5.02 |
Marketization (MARKET) | - | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.83 |
Market potential (MP) | RMB one million yuan/person | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 3.64 |
Foreign market access (FMA) | - | 1.91 | 2.55 | 0.042 | 10.20 |
Average wage level (WAGE) | RMB 100 thousand yuan | 1.44 | 0.39 | 0.92 | 2.74 |
Industrial structure (STRUC) | % | 38.14 | 8.33 | 13.20 | 57.38 |
The PIIR Region (15) | The PIDR Region (15) | |
---|---|---|
Provinces | Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang | Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Hainan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shannxi, Qinghai. |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
−0.001 * (0.0005) | −0.023 * (0.012) | |||
0.009 * (0.005) | 0.031 ** (0.013) | |||
0.012 (0.008) | 0.002 (0.016) | |||
−0.034 ** (0.013) | −0.032 ** (0.012) | −0.031 ** (0.011) | −0.038 *** (0.012) | |
0.041 * (0.021) | 0.042 * (0.021) | 0.043 * (0.021) | 0.037 (0.021) | |
−0.019 (0.011) | −0.017 (0.011) | −0.016 (0.011) | −0.014 (0.012) | |
−0.0005 (0.015) | −0.003 (0.015) | −0.005 (0.016) | 0.002 (0.012) | |
−0.015 ** (0.006) | −0.015 ** (0.006) | −0.014 ** (0.006) | −0.014 ** (0.006) | |
−0.074 (0.044) | −0.071 (0.044) | −0.061 (0.038) | −0.074 (0.044) | |
0.019 (0.023) | 0.003 (0.024) | −0.010 (0.021) | −0.002 (0.023) | |
_cons | 0.811 * (0.431) | 0.735 (0.426) | 0.634 (0.352) | 0.759 (0.448) |
R2 | 0.317 | 0.242 | 0.275 | 0.221 |
Econometric methods | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE |
F-test | 33.10 *** | 61.54 *** | 41.89 *** | 30.54 *** |
Variables | The PIIR | The PIDR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
0.005 (0.014) | 0.032 (0.028) | −0.064 *** (0.017) | −0.053 ** (0.014) | |||||
0.002 (0.015) | 0.003 (0.019) | 0.149 *** (0.047) | 0.031 (0.023) | |||||
0.0003 (0.015) | −0.001 (0.012) | 0.042 *** (0.011) | 0.045 *** (0.014) | |||||
0.053 * (0.025) | 0.053 * (0.026) | 0.054 * (0.027) | 0.028 (0.038) | −0.072 *** (0.023) | −0.065 ** (0.026) | −0.057 * (0.027) | −0.063 (0.039) | |
0.153 (0.111) | 0.149 (0.108) | 0.148 (0.102) | 0.067 (0.044) | −0.210 * (0.101) | −0.230 * (0.106) | 0.026 (0.040) | 0.034 (0.041) | |
−0.066 *** (0.018) | −0.065 *** (0.016) | −0.066 *** (0.015) | −0.061 *** (0.013) | 0.034 (0.026) | 0.034 (0.027) | 0.019 (0.030) | 0.031 (0.030) | |
−0.022 (0.014) | −0.021 (0.015) | −0.021 (0.015) | −0.028 * (0.014) | 0.030 (0.049) | 0.017 (0.049) | 0.042 (0.044) | 0.048 (0.051) | |
−0.006 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.009) | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.011 (0.011) | −0.012 (0.011) | −0.017 (0.013) | −0.014 (0.013) | |
−0.064 (0.104) | −0.061 (0.100) | −0.060 (0.088) | −0.069 (0.095) | −0.152 *** (0.039) | −0.140 *** (0.039) | −0.114 ** (0.046) | −0.130 ** (0.053) | |
0.002 (0.048) | 0.010 (0.048) | 0.014 (0.054) | 0.000 (0.060) | −0.043 (0.057) | −0.022 (0.054) | −0.063 (0.061) | −0.121 (0.095) | |
_cons | 0.347 (0.920) | 0.331 (0.884) | 0.328 (0.804) | 0.371 (0.814) | 1.939 *** (0.336) | 0.987 * (0.497) | 1.179 ** (0.422) | 1.360 *** (0.378) |
R2 | 0.264 | 0.279 | 0.282 | 0.129 | 0.316 | 0.303 | 0.285 | 0.312 |
Econometric methods | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE | IV-FE |
F-test | 5.19 *** | 5.49 *** | 5.26 *** | 27.62 *** | 497.66 *** | 719.93 *** | 408.63 *** | 393.38 *** |
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Zhu, Y.; Wang, N.; Xie, R. Exploring the Role of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations in Industrial Agglomeration: A Fresh Evidence from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710902
Zhu Y, Wang N, Xie R. Exploring the Role of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations in Industrial Agglomeration: A Fresh Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710902
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yingming, Nian Wang, and Ronghui Xie. 2022. "Exploring the Role of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations in Industrial Agglomeration: A Fresh Evidence from China" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710902