Arsenic-Resistant Plant Growth Promoting Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana S254 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S255 Isolated from Agriculture Soil Contaminated by Industrial Effluent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Sampling
2.2. Isolation of As-Resistant Bacteria
2.3. Determination of As Resistance by the Isolates
2.4. Determination of Cross Element Resistance of the Isolates
2.5. Optimization of Culture Conditions
2.6. Qualitative Analysis of Bacterial Cultures for As Oxidation/Reduction
2.7. Estimation of Plant Growth-Promoting Activities
2.7.1. Phosphate Solubilization Activity
2.7.2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production
2.7.3. Nitrogen Fixation
2.7.4. Auxin Estimation
2.8. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.9. Evaluation of Plant Growth in the Presence of the Bacterial Isolates
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Isolation and Characterization of As-Resistant Bacteria
4.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Selected Isolates
4.3. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Isolates
4.4. Cross Element Resistance of the Isolates
4.5. Optimization for pH and Temperature
4.6. Qualitative Analysis of Bacterial Cultures for As(V) Reduction
4.7. Phosphate Solubilization, Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production, Nitrogen Fixation, and Auxin Estimation
4.8. Effect of the Bacterial Isolates on Plant Growth
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strains | Metals | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co (1 mM) | Se (1 mM) | Zn (1 mM) | Ni (1 mM) | Cd (1 mM) | Cr (1 mM) | |
S252 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S253 | + | + | + | + | + | + |
S254 | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | − | + |
S255 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
S257 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S258 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S4E1 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S43 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S46 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
S48 | + | + | + | + | − | + |
Strains | Plant Growth-Promoting Activities | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HCN Production | Phosphate Solubilization | Auxin Production | Nitrogen Fixation | |
S252 | + | − | +++ | − |
S253 | − | − | +++ | − |
S254 | +++ | − | + | + |
S255 | ++ | − | +++ | + |
S257 | − | − | ++ | − |
S258 | − | − | + | − |
S4E1 | + | − | + | − |
S43 | + | − | + | − |
S46 | + | − | + | + |
S48 | − | − | − | − |
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Huda, N.u.; Tanvir, R.; Badar, J.; Ali, I.; Rehman, Y. Arsenic-Resistant Plant Growth Promoting Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana S254 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S255 Isolated from Agriculture Soil Contaminated by Industrial Effluent. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710697
Huda Nu, Tanvir R, Badar J, Ali I, Rehman Y. Arsenic-Resistant Plant Growth Promoting Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana S254 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S255 Isolated from Agriculture Soil Contaminated by Industrial Effluent. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710697
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuda, Noor ul, Rabia Tanvir, Javaria Badar, Iftikhar Ali, and Yasir Rehman. 2022. "Arsenic-Resistant Plant Growth Promoting Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana S254 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S255 Isolated from Agriculture Soil Contaminated by Industrial Effluent" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710697