Optimization of Pervious Geopolymer Concrete Using TOPSIS-Based Taguchi Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Development of Pervious Concrete Mixes
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Test Methods
2.5. Framework for the Selection of Optimum PGC Mixes
2.5.1. Taguchi Analysis
2.5.2. TOPSIS Analysis
- The decision matrix was normalized to develop a comparison within the results of the different criteria. The S/N ratios obtained from the Taguchi method were utilized in the process, as per Equation (6):
- After normalization, the weights of the performance criteria were assigned relevant to their importance. Different scenarios could be developed accordingly. The highest weight was given to the most desired or significant criteria to the user, and equal weights were assigned when the criteria were equally important to the user. A weighted normalized matrix was obtained by multiplying the normalized matrix values by the corresponding assigned weights.
- Furthermore, the maximum and minimum weighted normalized matrices were allotted as the positive (vj+) and negative (vj−) ideal solutions, respectively, and calculated as per Equations (7) and (8):
- Respective separation measures from the ideal solutions, S+ and S−, were further obtained using Equations (9) and (10):
- The optimal mix was then deduced from the ranking score or closeness coefficient (Ci) obtained using Equation (11). The values of Ci for each scenario, ranging from 0 to 1, were then inputted as Taguchi responses. Using the “larger-is-better” characteristic, the Taguchi method analysis was performed to determine the S/N ratios, whereby the maximum S/N ratio for each level corresponded to the optimum mix:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of PGC
3.1.1. Compressive Strength
3.1.2. Permeability
3.1.3. Abrasion Resistance
3.2. Optimization Results
3.2.1. Taguchi Analysis
3.2.2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3.2.3. TOPSIS Analysis
3.3. Prediction of PGC Properties
4. Conclusions
- A compressive strength and abrasion resistance higher than 30 MPa and 40%, respectively, could be achieved for PGC mixtures made with 450–500 kg/m3 of binder content, a 10–20% dune sand addition, 0.50–0.55 of AAS/B, and 8–12 M of SH molarity. The abrasion resistance could be accurately predicted from the compressive strength using a newly-developed regression model with a high coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.90.
- High permeability values, exceeding 6 mm/s, were obtained in PGC mixes made with a binder content, dune sand addition, AAS/B, and SH solution of 400–450 kg/m3, 0–10%, 0.50–0.55, and 8–10 M, respectively. An analytical regression model was established to predict the permeability of the PGC from the compressive strength with a high accuracy (R2 = 0.99).
- Using the Taguchi method, the optimum mixes for superior compressive strength and abrasion resistance were made with a binder content, dune sand addition, AAS/B, and SH molarity of 500 kg/m3, 20%, 0.50, and 12 M, respectively. Contrarily, the optimized mix design for superior permeability was made with a binder content of 400 kg/m3, dune sand addition of 0%, AAS/B of 0.6, and SH molarity of 8 M.
- An ANOVA revealed that the binder content and dune sand addition had the highest contributions to the compressive strength, permeability and abrasion resistance, while the AAS/B and SH solution molarity had lower contributions toward the performance of the PGC.
- A TOPSIS-based Taguchi method was employed in optimizing the mixes in accordance with four optimization scenarios. For the scenarios where the compressive strength and abrasion resistance were more important to the user, the optimum mix comprised a binder content of 500 kg/m3, dune sand addition of 20%, AAS/B of 0.60, and SH molarity of 12 M. As for the permeability-dominant scenario, the optimum mix had a binder content of 400 kg/m3, dune sand addition of 0%, AAS/B of 0.60, and SH Molarity of 12 M. Meanwhile, the balanced performance scenario, i.e., equal weights for the three criteria, had an optimum mix comprised of a binder content of 400 kg/m3, dune sand addition of 10%, AAS/B of 0.60, and SH Molarity of 12 M.
- Multivariable regression models were established to predict the compressive strength, permeability, and abrasion resistance from the binder content, dune sand addition, AAS/B, and SH solution molarity with a high accuracy. The R2 and RMSE values ranged from 0.98 to 0.99 and 0.37 to 1.20, respectively. The optimum mixes, namely, A3B3C3D3, A1B1C3D3, and A2B2C3D3, had compressive strengths of 39.1, 10.5, and 15.6 MPa, permeability of 3.4, 7.7, and 6.9 mm/s, and abrasion resistance of 52.8, 12.8, and 20.9%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component, Unit | FA | GBFS | Dune Sand |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2, (wt.%) | 48.0 | 27.8 | 64.9 |
CaO, (wt.%) | 3.3 | 58.6 | 14.1 |
Al2O3, (wt.%) | 23.1 | 8.1 | 3.0 |
Fe2O3, (wt.%) | 12.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
MgO, (wt.%) | 1.5 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
Na2O, (wt.%) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
Others, (wt.%) | 10.5 | 0.3 | 15.5 |
LOI, (wt.%) | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Specific gravity | 2.32 | 2.70 | 2.77 |
Unit weight, kg/m3 | 1262 | 1209 | 1660 |
Factor | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Binder content (kg/m3) | 400 | 450 | 500 |
Dune sand addition (wt.%) | 0 | 10 | 20 |
AAS/B ratio | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.60 |
SH Molarity (M) | 8 | 10 | 12 |
Mix No. | Binder Content (kg/m3) | Dune Sand Addition (wt.%) | AAS/B Ratio | SH Molarity (M) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 400 | 0 | 0.50 | 8 |
2 | 400 | 10 | 0.55 | 10 |
3 | 400 | 20 | 0.60 | 12 |
4 | 450 | 0 | 0.55 | 12 |
5 | 450 | 10 | 0.60 | 8 |
6 | 450 | 20 | 0.50 | 10 |
7 | 500 | 0 | 0.60 | 10 |
8 | 500 | 10 | 0.50 | 12 |
9 | 500 | 20 | 0.55 | 8 |
Mix No. | Binder Content (kg/m3) | Dune Sand Addition (wt.%) | AAS/B Ratio | SH Molarity (M) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Permeability (mm/s) | Abrasion Resistance (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 400 | 0 | 0.50 | 8 | 12.7 | 7.23 | 14.4 |
2 | 400 | 10 | 0.55 | 10 | 16.5 | 6.62 | 21.2 |
3 | 400 | 20 | 0.60 | 12 | 26.4 | 5.15 | 35.3 |
4 | 450 | 0 | 0.55 | 12 | 22.1 | 5.63 | 28.1 |
5 | 450 | 10 | 0.60 | 8 | 22.8 | 5.41 | 29.6 |
6 | 450 | 20 | 0.50 | 10 | 40.7 | 3.02 | 55.0 |
7 | 500 | 0 | 0.60 | 10 | 21.4 | 5.76 | 27.5 |
8 | 500 | 10 | 0.50 | 12 | 32.2 | 4.25 | 43.5 |
9 | 500 | 20 | 0.55 | 8 | 38.6 | 3.23 | 50.0 |
Response Criterion | Normalized Weights for Each Criterion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target Values | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 4 | |
Compressive Strength | Larger is better | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
Permeability | Larger is better | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
AbrasionResistance | Larger is better | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.33 |
Mix No. | S/N 1 (Compressive Strength) | S/N 2 (Permeability) | S/N 3 (Abrasion Resistance) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 22.08 | 17.18 | 23.17 |
2 | 24.35 | 16.42 | 26.53 |
3 | 28.43 | 14.24 | 30.96 |
4 | 26.89 | 15.01 | 28.97 |
5 | 27.16 | 14.66 | 29.43 |
6 | 32.19 | 9.60 | 34.81 |
7 | 26.61 | 15.21 | 28.79 |
8 | 30.16 | 12.57 | 32.77 |
9 | 31.73 | 10.18 | 33.98 |
Mix No. | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.1552 | 0.8903 | 0.1472 | 0.5035 |
2 | 0.2654 | 0.8690 | 0.3147 | 0.5589 |
3 | 0.6282 | 0.6127 | 0.6670 | 0.6305 |
4 | 0.4840 | 0.7096 | 0.5042 | 0.5971 |
5 | 0.5084 | 0.6651 | 0.5410 | 0.5933 |
6 | 0.8448 | 0.1097 | 0.8528 | 0.4965 |
7 | 0.4586 | 0.7347 | 0.4899 | 0.5976 |
8 | 0.7778 | 0.3992 | 0.8017 | 0.5839 |
9 | 0.8444 | 0.1308 | 0.8419 | 0.5015 |
Compressive Strength | Permeability | Abrasion Resistance | |
---|---|---|---|
α0(A) | 1.122 | −0.179 | 1.687 |
α1(B) | 0.194 | −0.035 | 0.447 |
α2(C) | −921.000 | 176.000 | −1457.000 |
α3(D) | 0.800 | 0.220 | 4.400 |
α4(A2) | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.002 |
α5(B2) | 0.032 | −0.004 | 0.036 |
α6(C2) | 791.000 | −154.000 | 1261.000 |
α7(D2) | −0.015 | −0.014 | −0.168 |
R2 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 |
RMSE | 1.04 | 0.37 | 1.20 |
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Anwar, F.H.; El-Hassan, H.; Hamouda, M.; El-Mir, A.; Mohammed, S.; Mo, K.H. Optimization of Pervious Geopolymer Concrete Using TOPSIS-Based Taguchi Method. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148767
Anwar FH, El-Hassan H, Hamouda M, El-Mir A, Mohammed S, Mo KH. Optimization of Pervious Geopolymer Concrete Using TOPSIS-Based Taguchi Method. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148767
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar, Faiz Habib, Hilal El-Hassan, Mohamed Hamouda, Abdulkader El-Mir, Safa Mohammed, and Kim Hung Mo. 2022. "Optimization of Pervious Geopolymer Concrete Using TOPSIS-Based Taguchi Method" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148767
APA StyleAnwar, F. H., El-Hassan, H., Hamouda, M., El-Mir, A., Mohammed, S., & Mo, K. H. (2022). Optimization of Pervious Geopolymer Concrete Using TOPSIS-Based Taguchi Method. Sustainability, 14(14), 8767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148767