Development of Artificial Geochemical Filter to Treat Acid Mine Drainage for Safe Disposal of Mine Water in Salt Range Portion of Indus Basin—A Lab to Pilot Scale Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Formation of AMD and Local Geochemistry
2.3. Understanding of Passive Treatments and Design Background
2.3.1. Prime Material of Filter
2.3.2. Selection Criteria of Limestone
2.4. Limestones Varieties of Salt Range Area
3. Experimental Investigation
3.1. Lab-Scale Column Experiments
3.2. Lab-Based Neutralization Potential Experiments
3.3. Pilot Scale Experiments
3.3.1. Filter 1 A: Oxic-Based Vertical Bed-Type Wargal Limestone Filter
3.3.2. Filter 1 B: Anoxic-Based Vertical Bed-Type Wargal Limestone Filter with Compost
4. Geochemical Analytical Assessment
5. Results
5.1. Filter Treatment Efficiency
5.2. Filter Autopsies
5.3. Metal Removal Mechanisms and Geochemical Stability
6. Discussion
6.1. Performance Comparison of Oxic and Anoxic Filters
6.1.1. Oxic Limestone Bed
6.1.2. Anoxic Compost Bed
6.2. Failures of AMD Treatment System
7. Conclusions
- Previously, a wide range of techniques have been used for treating Acid and Mine Drainage (AMD). These techniques include pH control, chemical precipitation, chelation/complexation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, floatation, electrochemical treatments, coagulation/flocculation, and adsorption and biosorption techniques. However, controlling the pH is the most common practice for the treatment of AMD.
- Despite a range of newly emergent techniques for the treatment of AMD, pH control using low-cost neutralizing reagents has been the most common and economical technique for the treatment of AMD. Therefore, owing to its widespread availability, ease of use, and cost effectiveness, active treatment technique utilizing calcium-based reagents (particularly limestone) are considered the prime choice for treating AMD.
- All coal mines located in the Salt Range area contain notable loads of PTEs, with an average pH of 3.5 making for a typically acidic nature; thus, as a remedial measure, different low-cost options for passive treatments were cited and two out of many options were finally selected. These two selected treatment types, oxic and anoxic, were constructed and operated on the lab- and pilot-scale levels in order to judge the effectiveness of the designed systems.
- The proposed treatment process is based on chemical reactions between the selected limestone and the acidic mine water for the removal of PTEs in column- and pilot-scale experiments. In both experiments, the removal efficiencies were greater than 90% for treating 150 L of mine water, which is 200 times greater than the media used in the development of the filters. Moreover, XRF and SEM results confirmed the flocs developed by precipitation of heavy metals, which were confirmed by visual autopsies of the developed media as well.
- Both systems performed up to the expected levels, and PTEs were efficiently removed from mine water from the Salt Range area. The anoxic filter supported by compost material performed well compared to the oxic filter, although the efficiency of the oxic filter was satisfactory and it can be used for PTEs with periodic maintenance. Optimal removal in both systems were encouraging, with the following results: Fe 98% (anoxic), 99% (oxic); Cu 99% (anoxic and oxic); Mn 60% (anoxic), 30% (oxic); Zn 75% (anoxic), 30% (oxic).
- The most encouraging discovery is the attainment of a residence time of 5 h, which is low compared to most recommended residence times in the literature, typically around 15 h. This might be due to the small size of the limestone media and their higher reactive surface areas. The anoxic filter autopsies suggest insignificant Fe monosulfides and armouring, making it an attractive option for treatment in the Salt Range area.
- This paper has explained the necessary approach, lab- and pilot-scale experiments, and computational methods for evaluating the presence of heavy metals and their possible removal from the ecosystem of the Salt Range. This approach and results can be applied to other similar coal mining sites and effluents. On the basis of our results, moderately low acidic AMD with low levels of metal concentrations can be treated with selected types of limestone and formulated filters for removal and neutralization of effluent mine water.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elapsed Time (h) | Specific Conductance | pH (Unit) | Alkalinity (mg/L CaCo3) | Calcium (mg/L CaCo3) | SIC Log (IAP/Kt) | Pco2 Log (atm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 209 | 2.5 | 0 | 26 | <−4 | >−0.9 |
0.5 | 242 | 4 | 12 | 45 | −4 | −0.9 |
1 | 258 | 4.5 | 13 | 53 | −3.5 | −1.3 |
1.5 | 275 | 5 | 18 | 63 | −3.1 | −1.3 |
2 | 272 | 5.2 | 19 | 65 | −3 | −1.4 |
2.5 | 270 | 5.5 | 20 | 73 | −2.7 | −1.4 |
3 | 270 | 5.9 | 23 | 74 | −2.5 | −1.5 |
3.5 | 273 | 5.9 | 26 | 79 | −2.5 | −1.6 |
4 | 280 | 6 | 33 | 87 | −2.2 | −1.4 |
4.5 | 285 | 6.1 | 34 | 90 | −2.1 | −1.4 |
5 | 290 | 6.1 | 38 | 95 | −2 | −1.5 |
5.5 | 295 | 6.2 | 43 | 100 | −1.8 | −1.6 |
6 | 305 | 6.3 | 46 | 103 | −1.8 | −1.7 |
6.5 | 318 | 6.3 | 53 | 111 | −1.3 | −1.8 |
7 | 325 | 6.5 | 51 | 143 | −1.1 | −1.7 |
7.5 | 340 | 6.7 | 57 | 171 | −0.6 | −1.7 |
24 | 415 | 7 | 83 | 176 | −0.6 | −1.6 |
48 | 430 | 7 | 89 | 186 | −0.6 | −2 |
239 | 465 | 7.2 | 132 | 189 | −0.5 | −1.9 |
336 | 466 | 7.3 | 149 | 195 | −0.5 | −1.9 |
Elapsed Time (h) | Specific Conductance | pH (Unit) | Alkalinity (mg/L CaCo3) | Calcium (mg/L CaCo3) | SIC Log (IAP/Kt) | Pco2 Log (atm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 211 | 2.5 | 0 | 26 | <−3.0 | >−1.2 |
0.5 | 236 | 3 | 26 | 27 | −0.3 | −1.2 |
1 | 245 | 3.2 | 28 | 62 | −2.7 | −1.4 |
1.5 | 280 | 3.6 | 28 | 65 | −2.4 | −1.5 |
2 | 283 | 4 | 35 | 68 | −2.2 | −1.6 |
2.5 | 286 | 4.6 | 40 | 70 | −2 | −1.5 |
3 | 288 | 5.2 | 42 | 74 | −1.8 | −1.5 |
3.5 | 291 | 5.9 | 46 | 78 | −1.7 | −1.6 |
4 | 299 | 6.2 | 54 | 80 | −1.9 | −1.7 |
4.5 | 302 | 6.2 | 59 | 90 | −1.8 | −1.5 |
5 | 312 | 6.2 | 62 | 93 | −1.6 | −1.5 |
5.5 | 316 | 6.3 | 64 | 96 | −1.6 | −1.5 |
6 | 330 | 6.3 | 75 | 100 | −1.5 | −1.7 |
6.5 | 345 | 6.4 | 64 | 105 | −1.5 | −1.7 |
7 | 360 | 6.5 | 74 | 110 | −1.4 | −1.6 |
7.5 | 376 | 6.5 | 79 | 122 | −1.3 | −1.6 |
24 | 398 | 6.5 | 83 | 172 | −1.3 | −1.7 |
48 | 412 | 6.6 | 75 | 175 | −0.9 | −1.7 |
239 | 438 | 6.7 | 78 | 189 | −0.9 | −1.8 |
336 | 441 | 6.8 | 115 | 193 | −0.8 | −1.8 |
Material | Chemical Composition | Cost per Kmole of OH− Equivalent ($) |
---|---|---|
Limestone | CaCO3 | 0.80 |
Hydrated lime | Ca(OH)2 | 4.64 |
Ammonia | NH3 | 8.62 |
Soda ash | NaCO3 | 15.25 |
Caustic soda | NaOH | 25.60 |
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Jabbar Khan, A.; Akhter, G.; Ge, Y.; Shahid, M.; Rahman, K.U. Development of Artificial Geochemical Filter to Treat Acid Mine Drainage for Safe Disposal of Mine Water in Salt Range Portion of Indus Basin—A Lab to Pilot Scale Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137693
Jabbar Khan A, Akhter G, Ge Y, Shahid M, Rahman KU. Development of Artificial Geochemical Filter to Treat Acid Mine Drainage for Safe Disposal of Mine Water in Salt Range Portion of Indus Basin—A Lab to Pilot Scale Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137693
Chicago/Turabian StyleJabbar Khan, Abdul, Gulraiz Akhter, Yonggang Ge, Muhammad Shahid, and Khalil Ur Rahman. 2022. "Development of Artificial Geochemical Filter to Treat Acid Mine Drainage for Safe Disposal of Mine Water in Salt Range Portion of Indus Basin—A Lab to Pilot Scale Study" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137693