PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Authentic Happiness, Psychological Well-Being, and Tourism
3. Methodology
3.1. Procedures
3.2. Instruments
3.2.1. PERMA Profiler
3.2.2. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
3.3. Participants
3.4. Statistical Analyses
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Reliability
Construct Reliability
4.2. PERMA Profiler Model Validation with Structural Equation Models
4.3. Measurement Invariance
4.3.1. Invariance Analysis in Gender
4.3.2. Invariance Analysis in Age Group
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequencies | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Marital status | ||
Married | 313 | 72.1 |
Single | 30 | 6.9 |
Divorced | 41 | 9.4 |
Widower | 43 | 9.9 |
De facto union | 3 | 0.7 |
Being retired | ||
Yes | 197 | 45.4 |
No | 233 | 53.7 |
Education level | ||
Up to 4th class | 62 | 14.3 |
9th grade | 75 | 17.3 |
Secondary education or equivalent | 84 | 19.4 |
Technical or medium course | 26 | 6 |
Bachelor | 38 | 8.8 |
License degree | 98 | 22.6 |
Master degree | 38 | 8.8 |
PhD | 10 | 2.3 |
Economic income | ||
Live very well | 45 | 10.4 |
Live comfortably | 244 | 56.2 |
You can live | 134 | 31.2 |
Living with difficulties | 4 | 0.9 |
Living with many difficulties | 2 | 0.5 |
With whom you traveled | ||
In a group organized by a travel agency | 61 | 14.1 |
With small group friends | 61 | 14.1 |
With family | 170 | 28.6 |
Alone | 14 | 3.2 |
How you booked the trip | ||
Travel agency | 125 | 28.8 |
Internet | 230 | 53 |
Through a family member/friend | 72 | 16.6 |
Type of accommodation | ||
Hotel | 251 | 57.8 |
Local accommodation | 106 | 24.4 |
Rural tourism | 5 | 1.2 |
Friends/family house | 56 | 12.9 |
Other type of accommodation | 2 | 0.5 |
P | E | R | M | A | Item 3 | Item 13 | Item 22 | Item 2 | Item 10 | Item 17 | Item 8 | Item 19 | Item 21 | Item 7 | Item 9 | Item 20 | Item 1 | Item 5 | Item 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | - | 0.53 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.69 *** | 0.60 *** | 0.83 *** | 0.86 *** | 0.78 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.62 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.47 *** |
E | - | 0.40 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.64 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.79 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.36 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.40 *** | |
R | - | 0.63 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.22 ** | 0.83 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.32 *** | ||
M | - | 0.60 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.69 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.85 *** | 0.84 *** | 0.82 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.51 *** | |||
A | - | 0.48 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.83 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.63 *** | ||||
Item 3 | - | 0.58 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.32 *** | |||||
Item 13 | - | 0.56 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.45 *** | ||||||
Item 22 | - | 0.35 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.79 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.45 *** | |||||||
Item 2 | - | 0.41 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.40 *** | ||||||||
Item 10 | - | 0.28 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.67 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.45 *** | |||||||||
Item 17 | - | 0.16 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.24 *** | ||||||||||
Item 8 | - | 0.31 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.12 *** | |||||||||||
Item 19 | - | 0.66 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.41 *** | ||||||||||||
Item 21 | - | 0.51 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.68 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.45 *** | |||||||||||||
Item 7 | - | 0.56 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.40 *** | ||||||||||||||
Item 9 | - | 0.60 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.44 *** | |||||||||||||||
Item 20 | - | 0.35 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.48 *** | ||||||||||||||||
Item 1 | - | 0.56 *** | 0.33 *** | |||||||||||||||||
Item 5 | - | 0.33 *** | ||||||||||||||||||
Item 15 | - |
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Mendes, J.; Medeiros, T.; Silva, O.; Tomás, L.; Silva, L.; Ferreira, J.A. PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137538
Mendes J, Medeiros T, Silva O, Tomás L, Silva L, Ferreira JA. PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137538
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendes, José, Teresa Medeiros, Osvaldo Silva, Licínio Tomás, Luís Silva, and Joaquim A. Ferreira. 2022. "PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137538
APA StyleMendes, J., Medeiros, T., Silva, O., Tomás, L., Silva, L., & Ferreira, J. A. (2022). PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Sustainability, 14(13), 7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137538