Based on ISM—NK Tunnel Fire Multi-Factor Coupling Evolution Game Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tunnel Fire Risk Factor Identification and Analysis
2.1.1. Tunnel Fire Case Collection and Analysis
2.1.2. Tunnel Fire Literature Refinement and Analysis
2.2. Overview and Coupling of Explanatory Structural Models and Natural Kill Models
2.2.1. Overview of the Structural Model and the Natural Killing Model
2.2.2. Interpret the Coupling of Structural Models and Natural Killing Models
2.3. Construction of ISM Multi-Factor Step-by-Step Model for Tunnel Fire
2.3.1. Risk Factor Adjacency Matrix Construction
2.3.2. Risk Factor Reachability Matrix Construction
2.3.3. Determine the Hierarchy of Risk Factors
2.4. N-K Model Multivariate Coupling Evolution Game of Tunnel Fire
2.4.1. Tunnel Fire Risk Factor Coupled Evolution Game
2.4.2. Improved Multi-Factor Coupled Calculation of N-K Mode
- (1)
- One-factor coupling. Refers to the two-by-two correlation of branch factors under a single node factor, which leads to accidents. There are five categories of univariate coupling risks, namely personnel factor node A1, mechanical equipment factor node A2, tunnel environmental factor node A3, operation management factor node A4 and geographical influencing factor node A5, which are recorded as T11(A1), T12(A2), T13(A3), T14(A4) and T15(A5).
- (2)
- Dual factor coupling. Refers to the coupling association of two branch factors under any two node factors to cause an accident. There are 10 types of dual-factor couplingrisks, namely personnel-machinery, personnel-environment, personnel-management, personnel-region, machinery-environment, machinery-management, machinery-region, environment-management, environment-region, management-region. T21(A1,A2), T22(A1,A3), T23(A1,A4), T24(A1,A5), T25(A2,A3), T26(A2,A4), T27(A2,A5), T28(A3,A4), T29(A3,A5), T210(A4,A5).
- (3)
- Multi-factor coupling. Refers to the occurrence of an accident in which branch factors under three or more node factors are coupled with each other. As shown in Figure 4, there are 16 types of multi-factor coupling risks, namely personnel-machinery-environment, personnel-machinery-management, personnel-machinery-region, personnel-environment-management, personnel-environment-region, personnel-environment-management-region, machinery-environment-management, machinery-management-region, machinery-management-region, environment-management-region, personnel-mechanical-environment-environment-management, personnel-mechanical-environment-region, personnel-mechanical-management-region, personnel-mechanical-management-region, Personnel-Machinery-Environment-Management-Geography. The three-factor coupling risk is T31(A1,A2,A3), T32(A1,A2,A4), T33(A1,A2,A5), T34(A1,A3,A4), T35(A1,A3,A5), T36(A1,A4,A5), T37(A2,A3,A4), T38(A2,A3,A5), T39(A2,A4,A5), T310(A3,A4,A5). The four-factor coupling risk is T41(A,A2,A3,A4), T42(A1,A2,A3,A5), T43(A1,A2,A4,A5), T44(A1,A3,A4,A5), T45(A2,A3,A4,A5), The five-factor coupling risk is recorded as T51(A1,A2,A3,A4,A5).
3. Results
3.1. Building the ISM Diagram
3.2. N-K Model Calculation Result
4. Comparative Analysis and Discussion of Model Results
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In total, 4 of the 40 fire cause factors (such as power system and economic indicators) are the underlying risk factors of tunnel fires, 23 of the 40 fire risk factors (such as vehicle failure, vehicle driver human error and vehicle accidents) are shallow risk factors and direct influencing factors of tunnel fires, and 13 risk factors (such as the number of tunnel lanes, vehicle types, safety education and publicity) are indirect causes of tunnel fires. Strengthen the inspection and evaluation of tunnels to eliminate hidden dangers; increase safety education for drivers and passengers to ensure driving safety and vehicle safety; traffic and tunnel management departments to strengthen the management of tunnel equipment (such as emergency lighting systems, real-time broadcast systems), standardize operating procedures, and improve the safety management system.
- (2)
- The frequency of tunnel fires occurring in the complete coupling of the five risk factors is the highest, the probability of tunnel fire occurrence shows an upward trend with the increase of risk factors, and the coupling risk of subjective factors (personnel and operation management factors) is higher than that of objective factors coupled (equipment factors and geographical influencing factors). This conclusion shows that the traffic and tunnel management departments have increased the control of tunnel vehicles and improved the response and handling mechanism for sudden emergencies in tunnels.
- (3)
- The application of ISM constructs a visual multi-factor cascade model between interrelated risk factors, the NK model reveals the degree of coupling of risk factors of different coupling types, and the coupling of the ISM-NK model is more suitable for describing the complex coupling interaction between tunnel fire risk factors. Provide a theoretical basis for safety managers and decision-makers to formulate corresponding fire prevention and control measures and policies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Digit | Year | Place | Tunnel Name | Length /km | Cause of the Fire | The Degree of Tunnel Structure Breaking | Casualties | The Extent of the Damage to the Car |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1949 | American | Holland Tunnel | 2.600 | Cargo drops | The tunnel was seriously broken by 200 m | 66 dead and 48 wounded | 10 trucks and 13 cars burned down |
2 | 1968 | German | Hamburg-Morfrett Road Tunnel | 0.243 | The brakes of the truck carrying 14 t of polyethylene failed | The tunnel was severely damaged by 34 m | without | Damaged 1 truck, 1 trailer |
3 | 1971 | France | Klotz Tunnel l | —— | —— | —— | Three people died | —— |
4 | 1972 | Japan | Hokuriku Tunnel | —— | The food truck caught fire | —— | 30 people were killed and 714 wounded | —— |
5 | 1974 | France-Italy | Blanc Tunnel | 11.600 | The van engine caught fire | —— | 1 person was injured | —— |
6 | 1975 | Spain | Guadarrama Tunnel | 3.345 | 4 trucks and two sedans collided | Tunnel was badly broken 210 m | —— | 1 van was damaged |
7 | 1976 | Shaanxi | Baijiang Water Tunnel | 0.383 | The freight train derailed and subverted, causing the tank train to explode | Baocheng Railway interrupted transportation for 382 h and 15 min | 75 dead and 14 wounded | The tanker trucks were all burned down |
8 | 1978 | Netherlands | Velsen Tunnel | 0.768 | Cars collide | Tunnel was severely damaged by 30 m | Five people died and five were injured | 6 cars were damaged |
9 | 1979 | Japan | Saka Highway, Japan Tunnel | 2.045 | Cars collide | Tunnel was severely damaged 1100 m and closed for 35 days | Seven people died and two were injured | Damaged cars 189 closed for 35 days |
10 | 1979 | Japan | Nihonzaka Tunnel | Cars collide | —— | 7 dead and 2 wounded | 127 trucks and 46 cars burned down | |
11 | 1980 | Japan | Kajiwar Highway Tunnel | 0.740 | The van carrying (3600 L) paint capsized | Tunnel wreaked havoc on 280 m | 1 person died | 2 cars damaged |
12 | 1982 | Afghanistan | salang Tunnel | 2.700 | (33,000 L) tanker truck collided | —— | More than 700 people died | —— |
13 | 1982 | American | Oakland Cacourt Tunnel | 1.028 | The truck collided with the tanker truck | Tunnel wreaked havoc on 580 m | Seven people died and two were injured | 7 cars were damaged |
14 | 1982 | American | Caldecott Tunnel | Vehicle collisions | —— | 7 dead and 2 wounded | 2 trucks and 5 cars burned down | |
15 | 1983 | Italy | Pecorila Tunnel | 0.662 | Trailer rear-end | Tunnel was severely damaged by 200 m | 9 dead and 22 wounded | 10 cars burned down |
16 | 1984 | Switzerland | Gotthard Tunnel | 12.320 | Trucks burn | Tunnel was badly damaged by 30 m | Damaged 1 van | |
17 | 1984 | Austria | Fairbertau Tunnel | 5.130 | The bus was on fire | Tunnel top lining and equipment 100 m | Damaged 1 bus | |
18 | 1986 | France | L’aime Tunnel | 0.662 | Trailer rear-end | Some of the devices inside the Tunnel were destroyed | 3 dead and 5 wounded | 5 cars were damaged |
19 | 1987 | Switzerland | gumefens | 0.343 | 3 trucks and 5 cars collided | Minor damage | 2 deaths | 3 vans were damaged |
20 | 1990 | Norway | Rldal Tunnel | 4.656 | Vans collide | Minor damage | 1 person was injured | |
21 | 1990 | France-Italy | Blanc Tunnel | 11.600 | The van engine caught fire | Some of the devices inside the Tunnel were destroyed | 2 people were injured | 1 car was damaged |
22 | 1991 | Guangdong | Dayao Mountain Tunnel | 1.429 | —— | —— | 12 dead and 20 wounded | —— |
23 | 1993 | Shaanxi | Lin Jia Chuan Tunnel | 13.618 | —— | —— | 8 dead and 10 wounded | —— |
24 | 1993 | Italy | Serra Ripoli Tunnel | 0.442 | Vans collide | Minor damage | 4 dead and 4 wounded | 16 cars were damaged |
25 | 1993 | Norway | Hovden Tunnel | 1.290 | Motorcycles collide | Tunnel was badly damaged by 111 m | Five people were injured | Loss of 1 motorcycle and 2 cars |
26 | 1994 | South Africa | Huguenot Tunnel | 3.914 | The bus motor malfunction caught fire | —— | 1 dead and 28 wounded | 1 bus was destroyed |
27 | 1995 | Austria | Pfander Tunnel | 6.719 | Vans collide | Serious damage | 3 people died | Damaged 4 cars |
28 | 1996 | Italy | Palemo Tunnel | 0.148 | Tanker truck exploded | Days of severe destruction, closed for 2.5 days | 5 dead and 26 wounded | 19 cars were damaged |
29 | 1996 | England | The Anglo-French Undersea Tunnel | —— | —— | —— | 36 people were injured | —— |
30 | 1999 | Italian-French junction | Mont Blanc Tunnel | —— | Spontaneous combustion of cars | —— | 44 people died | 34 cars burned down |
31 | 1999 | Austria | Tauern Tunnel | —— | Vehicle collisions | —— | 12 people died | 34 vehicles burned down |
32 | 1999 | Italian-French junction | Mont Blanc Tunnel | 11.600 | Trucks burn | Concrete dome all desertification fire spread 1.2 km, the highest temperature of 1000 °C closed for nearly 3 years | 41 people died | 43 cars were damaged |
33 | 1999 | Austria | Thorn Highway Tunnel | 6.400 | Cars collide (1 van loaded with paint) | The maximum temperature is 1200 °C The 600 m Tunnel collapsed | Thirteen people died | 34 cars were damaged |
34 | 2000 | Norway | Seljestad Tunnel | 1.272 | Vans collide | Tunnel is closed for 2 days | Six people were injured | Eight cars were damaged |
35 | 2000 | Austria | Horn Hill Tunnel | —— | —— | —— | 155 dead and 18 wounded | —— |
36 | 2001 | Zhejiang | Cat Beaver Ridge Highway Tunnel | 3.590 | Trucks burn | The overall strength was not greatly affected | There were no casualties | Traffic was disrupted for 18 days |
37 | 2001 | Switzerland | St. Gotthard Tunnel | —— | Van collision | —— | 11 deaths | 13 trucks and 10 cars burned down |
38 | 2001 | Henan | Amber Hill Tunnel | 0.500 | Trucks burn | Tunnel was out of service for 10 days | Damaged 1 van | |
39 | 2001 | Switzerland | Gotthard Tunnel | 16.918 | Vans collide | Tunnel roof collapsed large blocks for a long time | 11 deaths | 23 cars were damaged |
40 | 2001 | Italy | Prapontin Tunnel | 4.409 | Mechanical failure | Tunnel is closed for 10 days | Nineteen people were injured | —— |
41 | 2001 | Austria | Gleinalm Tunnel | 8.320 | Vans collide | —— | 5 people died | Loss of 2 cars |
42 | 2001 | Denmark | Guldborg Tunnel | 0.460 | 1 van and several cars chased after the fire | —— | 5 dead and 4 wounded | —— |
43 | 2002 | Zhejiang | Cat Beaver Ridge Tunnel | 3.616 | The engine caught fire | About 200 m of the tunnel was damaged, the walls were peeled off, and the facilities were severely paralyzed | 1 large truck burned down | |
44 | 2003 | Korea | Seoul Hongzhimen Tunnel | 1.890 | Cars collide | —— | More than 30 people were injured | Damaged one bus, 1 car |
45 | 2004 | Zhejiang | Cat Beaver Ridge Tunnel | 3.616 | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | 1 person was injured | Six cars collided end-to-end, and three of them were burned |
46 | 2004 | Zhejiang | YongtaiWen Niu Guantou Tunnel | Carrying 50 t of calcium carbide Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | —— | Vehicles burned down | |
47 | 2005 | Franco-Italian border | Ferreris Highway Tunnel | 12.8000 | Trucks burn | Closed for 14 months | 2 dead and 20 wounded | Several cars were damaged |
48 | 2005 | Sichuan | Dong Jiachuan Tunnel | —— | Gas exploded | —— | 44 dead and 11 wounded | |
49 | 2005 | Zhejiang | Niuyanling Tunnel | —— | Caused by a crash | The tunnel structure was slightly damaged | Multiple people were injured | The vehicle caught fire |
50 | 2005 | Chongqing | Masatakeyama Tunne | —— | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | —— | Vehicles burned down |
51 | 2005 | Fujian | Fly twin ridge Tunnel | —— | The brakes failed and the wheels caught fire | —— | Eight people were injured | 1 bus burned down |
52 | 2006 | Gansu | Ring River Tunnel | 0.485 | Cars collide | About 9 t of cargo were all burned | 1 dead and 4 wounded | 2 trucks burned down |
53 | 2006 | Zhejiang | Four-cornered pointed Tunnel | —— | The engine spontaneously combusts | Caused by the fire can not pass, part of the mechanical and electrical equipment and lining damage | —— | —— |
54 | 2006 | Zhejiang | Wenzhou Tianchangling Tunnel | —— | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | The Tunnel structure was slightly damaged | —— | The vehicle caught fire |
55 | 2006 | Switzerland | A13 Weimara Tunnel | —— | Rear-end | 6 dead and 6 wounded | —— | 1 bus, 2 cars were burned down |
56 | 2006 | Zhejiang | Yongtaiwen Matunling Tunnel | —— | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | —— | Vehicles burned down |
57 | 2006 | Guizhou | Songzun Expressway Songkan Tunnel | The wall of the car caught fire | —— | —— | Vehicles burned down | |
58 | 2006 | Guangzhou | Luochang Expressway Yangmenling Tunnel | The engine spontaneously combusts | The tunnel cable was burned | —— | 1 van was burned down | |
59 | 2006 | Guangzhou | Hot spring tunnel | 0.405 | The tires of the van burst and caught fire | Tunnel lighting equipment and fire protection layers were severely damaged | —— | The van burned down |
60 | 2006 | Zhejiang | Hongyan Tunnel in Qinshun County, Wenzhou | —— | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | —— | Vehicles burned down |
61 | 2007 | America | Interstate Tunnel No. 5 | —— | 15 trucks and 1 car collided in a row | —— | 3 dead and 10 wounded | Vehicles burned down |
62 | 2007 | Shenzhen | Tanglang Shan Tunnel | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— |
63 | 2007 | Sichuan | Yusui High-Speed Tunnel | Buses spontaneously combust | Vehicles burned down | |||
64 | 2007 | Chongqing | Dabaoshan Tunnel | 3.875 | Buses spontaneously combust | Tunnel lighting exhaust cable burned out | Six people were injured | 1 minibus burned down |
65 | 2008 | Guangdong | Dabaoshan Tunnel | 3.150 | Xylene leaks and burns violently | The cement steel bar fell off and was closed for more than 1 month for maintenance | 2 deaths | Vehicles burned down |
66 | 2008 | Shaanxi | Baocheng Railway 109 Tunnel | —— | earthquake | The tunnel is damaged | 2 people were injured | —— |
67 | 2008 | Guangdong | Jingzhu Dabaoshan Southbound Tunnel | —— | Trailer rear-end | —— | 2 dead and 5 wounded | —— |
68 | 2009 | Shaanxi | Qinling-Zhongnanshan Tunnel | —— | The van caught fire | The Tunnel is closed for 1 h | —— | —— |
69 | 2010 | Zhejiang | Daxiling Tunnel | 4.116 | Semi-trailer tires caught fire | Mechanical and electrical facilities were damaged and traffic was interrupted for 7 h | 9 cars burned down | |
70 | 2010 | Jiangsu | Wuxi Huishan Tunnel | —— | Buses spontaneously combust | —— | 24 dead and 19 wounded | The bus burned down |
71 | 2010 | Fujian | Xiamen Xiang’an Tunnel | —— | The van spontaneously combusted | The tunnel is closed for several hours | —— | —— |
72 | 2010 | Slovenia | Trojane Tunnel | —— | Spontaneous combustion of cars | —— | Five people were injured | —— |
73 | 2011 | Shenyang | Ningde Fei Twin Ridge Tunnel | —— | Rear-end of 4 sedans | Rear-end of 4 sedans | 1 person was injured | 3 cars caught fire |
74 | 2011 | Gansu | New Seven Beam Tunnel | 4.010 | 2 tanker trucks rear-ended | The entire tunnel circuit was paralyzed, and a large number of facilities were damaged to the tunnel structure and road surface | 4 dead and 1 wounded | 3 cars burned down |
75 | 2013 | Gansu | Taohuagou Tunnel | 0.439 | 2 car rear-end, 30 t nitrobenzene deflagration | The tunnel vault burned, the concrete peeled off in a large area, and closed for 6 h | Three people were injured | 1 semi-trailer burned down |
76 | 2013 | Hubei | Jijiapo Tunnel | 3.584 | The tire caught fire | —— | —— | 22 new cars burned down |
77 | 2014 | Guizhou | Jatopo Tunnel | —— | Trailers spontaneously combust | 30 t of cargo burned | 1 trailer burned down | |
78 | 2014 | Fujian | Fly Twin Ridge Tunnel | —— | 2 trucks and 1 sedan rear-end | —— | —— | 3 cars burned down |
79 | 2014 | Shanxi | Tunnel behind the rock | 0.786 | Methanol car rear-end | The concrete fell off at 3 points of the tunnel | 31 people died and 9 people are missing | 42 vehicles burned down |
80 | 2015 | Guangzhou | Guanghe Expressway Phoenix Mountain Tunnel | —— | 6 cars collided and 2 cars caught fire | —— | —— | 2 cars caught fire and destroyed |
81 | 2015 | Henan | Archaeopteryx Tunnel | —— | Cars spontaneously combust | —— | —— | 2 cars caught fire and destroyed |
82 | 2017 | Hubei | Jijiapo Tunnel | 3.854 | Damag de Onabas, 1 card | —— | —— | 22 new cars burned down |
83 | 2017 | Shandong | Weihai High-Speed Tunnel | —— | Artificial arson | —— | 12 people died | 1 school bus burned down |
84 | 2017 | Hebei | Zhangshi High-Speed Tunnel | —— | Vehicle deflagration | The tunnel is closed to vehicle congestion for 14 km | 12 people died | 1 car burned down |
85 | 2018 | Zhejiang | Zhoushan East Tunnel | —— | —— | —— | —— | |
86 | 2019 | Zhejiang | Xueling Tunnel | —— | Trains spontaneously combust | —— | —— | —— |
87 | 2019 | Yunnan | Tashi Tunnel | —— | Gas disaster | The tunnel was on fire | 2 dead, 2 wounded and 5 missing | 9 cars damaged |
88 | 2019 | Zhejiang | Cat Beaver Ridge Tunnel | 3.616 | The tire caught fire | The tunnel was on fire | 5 dead and 31 wounded | 400 cars were damaged |
89 | 2020 | Hunan | Snow Peak Mountain Tunnel | —— | The semi-trailer caught fire | The tunnel was on fire | 65 people were trapped | 33 cars stranded |
90 | 2020 | Fujian | Yudun Tunnel | —— | The trolley caught fire | —— | People are trapped | A large number of vehicles are stranded |
91 | 2020 | Guangdong | Prayer Tunnel | —— | The front of the truck caught fire | —— | —— | —— |
92 | 2020 | Wuhan | Yangtze River Tunnel | —— | The van caught fire | —— | —— | —— |
93 | 2021 | Yunnan | Daguan County Tunnel | —— | Bus rear-end | The fire spread | 75 people were trapped and 4 were injured | 2 cars burned down |
94 | 2021 | Shanghai | Hongqiao South Tunnel | —— | —— | —— | 1 cars burned down | |
95 | 2021 | Guangxi | Lan Chong Tunnel | —— | Cargo on fire | The tunnel was on fire | —— | The van burned down |
96 | 2021 | Fujian | Luohan Mountain Tunnel | —— | Vehicle rear-end | —— | 4 people trapped 30 injured | 2 cars burned down |
97 | 2021 | Hunan | Jiahu Tunnel | —— | —— | Tunnel congestion | —— | —— |
98 | 2021 | Gansu | Dawu Tunnel | —— | The van caught fire | Traffic disruptions | —— | —— |
99 | 2021 | Guizhou | Seven Star Pass Tunne | —— | The van caught fire | The tunnel was on fire | 69 people were trapped | 1 cars burned down |
100 | 2021 | Zhejiang | Cat Beaver Ridge Tunnel | 3.616 | Trailer rear-end | The tunnel was on fire | 5 dead and 36 wounded | 2 cars burned down |
References
- Shuping, J. China Highway Tunnel Statistics. Tunn. Constr. 2017, 37, 643–644. [Google Scholar]
- Xiaolong, K.; Wei, W.; Yaohua, Z.; Gaoying, H. Investigation and countermeasure analysis of highway tunnel fire accident. Chin. J. Saf. Sci. 2007, 110–116, 176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, X.; Liu, M.; Wang, J.; Li, Y. Study on induced airflow velocity of point smoke extraction in road tunnel fires. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 2018, 71, 637–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, Z.; Shao-fei, W. Investigation and analysis of fire accidents in highway tunnels. Mod. Tunn. Technol. 2012, 49, 41–47. [Google Scholar]
- Jinjia, Z.; Kaili, X.; Beibei, W.; Yanyi, W.; Ruoxi, W. Research on the coupling evolution mechanism of gas explosion accident risk. Chin. J. Saf. Sci. 2016, 26, 81–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Chen, W.; Xi, Y.; Hu, S.; Tang, L. Dynamics Simulation of the Risk Coupling Effect between Maritime Pilotage Human Factors under the HFACS Framework. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Huang, H.; Li, Y.; Zhou, H.; Liu, J.; Xu, Q. Driving risk assessment based on naturalistic driving study and driver attitude questionnaire analysis. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2020, 145, 105680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, Y.; Xiang, P.; Jia, F.; Liu, Z. Risk Assessment of High-Speed Rail Projects: A Risk Coupling Model Based on System Dynamics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wanguan, Q. Analysis and measurement of multifactor risk in underground coal mine accidents based on coupling theory. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2021, 208, 107433. [Google Scholar]
- Zhansheng, L.; Xintong, M.; Zezhong, X.; Antong, J. Digital Twin-Based Safety Risk Coupling of Prefabricated Building Hoisting. Sensors 2021, 21, 3583. [Google Scholar]
- Deng, J.; Liu, S.; Xie, C.; Liu, K. Risk Coupling Characteristics of Maritime Accidents in Chinese Inland and Coastal Waters Based on N-K Model. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.S. An analysis of default correlations and multiple defaults. Rev. Financ. Stud. 2001, 14, 555–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shyur, H.J. A quantitative model for aviation safety risk assessment. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2008, 54, 34–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tangqing, L.; Fan, L. Analysis of Air Traffic Safety Risk Composition and Coupling Relationship. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 2012, 34, 93–97. [Google Scholar]
- Ji, Z.; Guo, Y.; Guo, D.; Yang, G.; Liu, Y. Effects of Running Speed on Coupling between Pantograph of High-Speed Train and Tunnel Based on Aerodynamics and Multi-Body Dynamics Coupling. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 10008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yingying, S.; Zixiang, W.; Muhammad, S.; Yongchao, Z. Exploring the dynamics of low-carbon technology diffusion among enterprises: An evolutionary game model on a two-level heterogeneous social network. Energy Econ. 2021, 101, 105399. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmad, H.; Hadi, O.; Azzam, M.; Zbigniew, D. Stable federated fog formation: An evolutionary game theoretical approach. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2021, 124, 21–32. [Google Scholar]
- Longzhe, J.; Jixing, Y. Principles of Safety; Metallurgical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2010; pp. 93–132. [Google Scholar]
- Jiawei, H.; Wei, P.; Weiyi, X. Research on the Causes of Highway Tunnel Fire Accidents Based on ISM Law. China Saf. Prod. Sci. Technol. 2014, 10, 57–62. [Google Scholar]
- Kauffman, S.A. The Origins of Order: Self–Organization and Selection in Evolution; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Wright, S. The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding and Selection in Evolution. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Genetics, Ithaca, NY, USA, 24–31 August 1932; Volume 1, pp. 356–366. [Google Scholar]
- Jian, Z.; Weizheng, W.; Cheng, X. Research on the Optimization Path of Cluster-based Low-Carbon Supply Chain—Based on ISM Model and NK Model. Resour. Environ. Arid Areas 2015, 29, 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Jouini, M.; Rabai, L.B.A.; Khedri, R. A quantitative assessment of security risks based on a multifaceted classification approach. Int. J. Inf. Secur. 2020, 20, 493–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jinjia, Z.; Kaili, X.; Greg, Y.; Beibei, W.; Lei, Z. Causation Analysis of Risk Coupling of Gas Explosion Accident in Chinese Underground Coal Mines. Risk Anal. Off. Publ. Soc. Risk Anal. 2019, 39, 1634–1646. [Google Scholar]
- Szewczyński, K.; Król, A.; Król, M. Should We Expect a Disastrous Fire Accident in an Urban Road Tunnel? Literature Data Review and a Case Study for Selected Tunnels in Poland. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Hou, L.; Li, M.; Zheng, R. A Novel Fire Risk Assessment Approach for Large-Scale Commercial and High-Rise Buildings Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Coupling Revision. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jinxing, L.; Hui, Z.; Fei, C.; Ke, W.; Zhihua, F. Statistical analysis of highway tunnel fire accident and disaster prevention and mitigation countermeasures. Tunn. Constr. 2017, 37, 409–415. [Google Scholar]
- Zhi, L.; Wen, C.; Si, C. Research on risk assessment of typical fire scenes of highway tunnel. Mod. Tunn. Technol. 2018, 55, 619–626. [Google Scholar]
Expert Type | Workplace | Professional Titles | Access Time | Access Mode | Interview Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academy specialist A | University of Science and Technology of China | professor | June 2021 | Online (Email) | 10 min |
Academy specialist B | Wuhan University of Technology | professor | June 2021 | Online (phone) | 20 min |
Academy specialist C | Beijing Institute Of Technology | professor | June 2021 | Online (Video) | 15 min |
Tunnel managers D | China Railway Fourth Bureau Group Co., Ltd. | Director of Safety | August 2021 | Online (Email) | 10 min |
Tunnel managers E | China Communications First Bureau Construction | Minister of Security | August 2021 | Offline (on-site) | 30 min |
Tunnel managers F | China Construction Fifth Bureau | Security officer | August 2021 | Offline (on-site) | 20 min |
Fire Engineer G | Fire and Rescue Bureau | bureau secretaries | September 2021 | Online (Email) | 10 min |
Fire Engineer H | Fire and Rescue Bureau | director | September 2021 | Offline (on-site) | 10 min |
Fire Engineer I | Fire and Rescue Bureau | clerk | September 2021 | Offline (on-site) | 40 min |
Fire specialist J | Shengjing Fire Detachment | team leader | September 2021 | Offline (on-site) | 50 min |
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | — | S40 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
S40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | — | S40 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
S7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | — | 0 |
S8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 0 |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
S40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, J.; Yang, G.; Wang, W.; Zhou, H.; Hu, X.; Ma, Q. Based on ISM—NK Tunnel Fire Multi-Factor Coupling Evolution Game Research. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127034
Liu J, Yang G, Wang W, Zhou H, Hu X, Ma Q. Based on ISM—NK Tunnel Fire Multi-Factor Coupling Evolution Game Research. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127034
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jie, Guanding Yang, Wanqing Wang, Haowen Zhou, Xinyue Hu, and Qian Ma. 2022. "Based on ISM—NK Tunnel Fire Multi-Factor Coupling Evolution Game Research" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127034