Chinese Tourists’ Health Risk Avoidance Behavior in the Context of Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control: An Empirical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Theory of Stimulus-Organism-Response
2.2. Motivation-Opportunity-Ability Model
2.3. Health Belief Model
3. Hypotheses Development
3.1. Hypotheses Based on HBM
3.2. Hypotheses Based on MOA
- Motivation (M)
- Opportunity (O)
- Ability (A)
4. Methodology
4.1. Measurement
4.2. Data Collection and Analysis
5. Results and Analysis
5.1. Reliability Analysis
5.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis
5.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
5.4. Correlation Analysis
5.5. Correlation Analysis Structural Model Testing
5.6. Mediating Effect Test
5.7. Multigroup Constancy Test
6. Discussions and Implications
6.1. Discussions and Conclusions
6.2. Implications and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Health Risk Perception and Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire |
Dear friends, Hello! We are …… We hope to understand your travel intention and avoidance behavior under the background of regular epidemic prevention and control through this questionnaire, so as to provide research support for the formulation of domestic tourism policies and the development of tourism industry. The questionnaire is collected anonymously, and the results are only for academic research and will not affect your privacy. There is no right or wrong answer. Please tick “√” according to your actual situation. The questionnaire is expected to take about 5 min of your time. Your careful filling will have a very important impact on our research. Thank you very much for your cooperation and support! |
- Part 1: Health risk perception
- What do you think are the possible consequences of infection of COVID-19 during travel?
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
Infection with COVID-19 can cause serious damage to the body | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Infection with COVID-19 can cause death | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Infection with COVID-19 can cause serious social consequences (affecting work, family life or social relationships) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- Do you think you are more likely to contract COVID-19 while traveling?
Items | Totally Impossible | Not Quite Possible | Moderately Possible | Possible | Very Possible |
I have a higher probability of catch COVID-19 infections during my travel | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I am at serious risk of COVID-19 infection | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
As long as I’m in the same space as someone who’s infected COVID-19, I can catch it | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- How do you think China’s epidemic control is?
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
I think the epidemic is very widespread | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I think a new outbreak could emerge at any time | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I think the epidemic is difficult to control | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- Part 2: Impact of the epidemic
- In the context of the regular epidemic prevention and control, the reasons driving you to travel are:
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
To talk to more people | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
To increase my bond with friends or family | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
To make many new friends | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Bring joy to my post-quarantine life | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Relieve the stress of work or life | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Traveling takes my mind off my troubles for a while | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Challenge yourself and be full of the unknown | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Let me get a different travel experience | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Experience something different | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Make your experience more unique | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Share your experience with others | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Allow yourself to feel a sense of accomplishment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Friends or family recommend | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Weibo, wechat publicity and other advertising attract | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
The attraction of the tour experience shared by others on the Internet | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- In the context of the regular epidemic prevention and control, the reasons driving you to travel are:
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
Government/related enterprises’ policy support for tourism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Government/related enterprises guarantee support for tourism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Government/related enterprises’ channel support for tourism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- In the context of the regular epidemic prevention and control, the reasons driving you to travel are:
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
I have a clear knowledge of novel Coronavirus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I have healthy habits and behaviors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I have the skills to stay in healthy travel mode | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
- Part 3: Health risk avoidance behavior
- In what ways do you try to avoid COVID-19 during travel?
Items | Strongly Disagree | Not Quite Agree | Moderately Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree |
Cancel travel plans | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Go ahead with your travel plans, but cover your way | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
The plan is flexible for adjustment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Variable | Scale Mean If Item Deleted | Scale Variance If Item Deleted | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha If Item Deleted | Cronbach’s Alpha | Total Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS1 | 6.492 | 7.721 | 0.820 | 0.882 | 0.914 | 0.730 |
PS2 | 6.681 | 6.433 | 0.858 | 0.855 | ||
PS3 | 6.487 | 7.844 | 0.815 | 0.887 | ||
PV1 | 6.585 | 7.803 | 0.835 | 0.887 | 0.919 | |
PV2 | 6.599 | 7.817 | 0.837 | 0.885 | ||
PV3 | 6.773 | 6.471 | 0.855 | 0.877 | ||
PC1 | 6.171 | 5.750 | 0.690 | 0.799 | 0.842 | |
PC2 | 6.054 | 4.530 | 0.760 | 0.734 | ||
PC3 | 6.245 | 5.702 | 0.689 | 0.799 | ||
SAM1 | 6.905 | 5.385 | 0.683 | 0.778 | 0.832 | |
SAM2 | 6.829 | 5.547 | 0.670 | 0.792 | ||
SAM3 | 6.627 | 4.374 | 0.739 | 0.726 | ||
ERM1 | 6.884 | 4.898 | 0.679 | 0.746 | 0.819 | |
ERM2 | 6.627 | 4.307 | 0.699 | 0.727 | ||
ERM3 | 6.861 | 5.106 | 0.648 | 0.777 | ||
SCM1 | 6.560 | 4.355 | 0.709 | 0.733 | 0.824 | |
SCM2 | 6.709 | 5.111 | 0.685 | 0.753 | ||
SCM3 | 6.682 | 5.354 | 0.657 | 0.782 | ||
ASM1 | 6.885 | 4.938 | 0.659 | 0.770 | 0.821 | |
ASM2 | 6.675 | 4.149 | 0.707 | 0.724 | ||
ASM3 | 6.850 | 4.913 | 0.667 | 0.762 | ||
EPM1 | 6.813 | 5.386 | 0.668 | 0.779 | 0.827 | |
EPM2 | 6.617 | 4.399 | 0.726 | 0.723 | ||
EPM3 | 6.800 | 5.314 | 0.670 | 0.776 |
Items | Factor Loading (CFA) | Communality | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
Eigen value (Unrotated) | 12.828 | 2.556 | 1.492 | 1.416 | 1.396 | 1.216 | 1.129 | 1.099 | 1.069 | 1.022 | 1.003 | - |
% of Variance (Unrotated) | 38.87% | 7.75% | 4.52% | 4.29% | 4.23% | 3.68% | 3.42% | 3.33% | 3.24% | 3.10% | 3.04% | - |
Cumulative % of Variance (Unrotated) | 38.87% | 46.62% | 51.14% | 55.43% | 59.66% | 63.34% | 66.76% | 70.10% | 73.33% | 76.43% | 79.47% | - |
Eigen value (Rotated) | 2.619 | 2.575 | 2.568 | 2.566 | 2.318 | 2.313 | 2.283 | 2.262 | 2.251 | 2.241 | 2.229 | - |
% of Variance (Rotated) | 7.94% | 7.80% | 7.78% | 7.77% | 7.02% | 7.01% | 6.92% | 6.86% | 6.82% | 6.79% | 6.75% | - |
Cumulative % of Variance (Rotated) | 7.94% | 15.74% | 23.52% | 31.30% | 38.32% | 45.33% | 52.25% | 59.10% | 65.93% | 72.72% | 79.47% | - |
KMO | 0.938 | - | ||||||||||
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | 18,257.69 | - | ||||||||||
df | 528 | - | ||||||||||
p value | 0 | - |
CMIN | df | CMIN/DF | NFI | IFI | TLI | CFI | GFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
621.966 | 440.000 | 1.414 | 0.966 | 0.990 | 0.988 | 0.990 | 0.957 | 0.022 |
Suggested value | <3 | >0.8 | >0.9 | >0.8 | >0.9 | >0.8 | <0.08 |
Variable Relations | Estimated Coefficient | Std. Error | CV | p | Factor Loadings | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS1 | ← | Perceived severity | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.875 |
PS2 | ← | Perceived severity | 1.211 | 0.033 | 36.311 | *** | 0.915 |
PS3 | ← | Perceived severity | 0.979 | 0.029 | 33.461 | *** | 0.868 |
PV1 | ← | perceived susceptibility | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.885 |
PV2 | ← | perceived susceptibility | 0.996 | 0.028 | 35.707 | *** | 0.885 |
PV3 | ← | perceived susceptibility | 1.211 | 0.032 | 37.418 | *** | 0.910 |
PC1 | ← | perceived controllability | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.784 |
PC2 | ← | perceived controllability | 1.289 | 0.053 | 24.298 | *** | 0.851 |
PC3 | ← | perceived controllability | 1.003 | 0.045 | 22.519 | *** | 0.778 |
SAM1 | ← | Social affective motivation | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.772 |
SAM2 | ← | Social affective motivation | 0.964 | 0.045 | 21.383 | *** | 0.761 |
SAM3 | ← | Social affective motivation | 1.278 | 0.055 | 23.316 | *** | 0.848 |
ERM1 | ← | Escape release motivation | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.789 |
ERM2 | ← | Escape release motivation | 1.114 | 0.051 | 21.859 | *** | 0.790 |
ERM3 | ← | Escape release motivation | 0.939 | 0.045 | 21.000 | *** | 0.754 |
SCM1 | ← | Stimulating challenge motivation | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.801 |
SCM2 | ← | Stimulating challenge motivation | 0.873 | 0.038 | 22.802 | *** | 0.797 |
SCM3 | ← | Stimulating challenge motivation | 0.802 | 0.037 | 21.572 | *** | 0.752 |
ASM1 | ← | Achievement satisfaction motivation | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.768 |
ASM2 | ← | Achievement satisfaction motivation | 1.182 | 0.055 | 21.663 | *** | 0.798 |
ASM3 | ← | Achievement satisfaction motivation | 1.006 | 0.048 | 21.114 | *** | 0.773 |
EPM1 | ← | External propaganda motive | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.768 |
EPM2 | ← | External propaganda motive | 1.234 | 0.055 | 22.439 | *** | 0.817 |
EPM3 | ← | External propaganda motive | 1.024 | 0.048 | 21.498 | *** | 0.776 |
TO1 | ← | Travel opportunities | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.888 |
TO2 | ← | Travel opportunities | 0.991 | 0.027 | 36.680 | *** | 0.885 |
TO3 | ← | Travel opportunities | 1.187 | 0.029 | 40.483 | *** | 0.935 |
TA1 | ← | Tourists’ abilities | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.885 |
TA2 | ← | Tourists’ abilities | 1.169 | 0.030 | 39.176 | *** | 0.930 |
TA3 | ← | Tourists’ abilities | 1.010 | 0.029 | 35.174 | *** | 0.874 |
RAB1 | ← | Risk avoidance behavior | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.763 |
RAB2 | ← | Risk avoidance behavior | 1.063 | 0.048 | 22.051 | *** | 0.780 |
RAB3 | ← | Risk avoidance behavior | 1.431 | 0.060 | 23.959 | *** | 0.864 |
Variable | CR | AVE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived severity | 0.917 | 0.786 | 0.886 | ||||||||||
perceived susceptibility | 0.922 | 0.798 | 0.553 *** | 0.894 | |||||||||
perceived controllability | 0.847 | 0.649 | −0.524 *** | −0.479 *** | 0.805 | ||||||||
Social affective motivation | 0.836 | 0.631 | −0.453 *** | −0.400 *** | 0.455 *** | 0.794 | |||||||
Escape release motivation | 0.821 | 0.605 | −0.406 *** | −0.452 *** | 0.468 *** | 0.568 *** | 0.778 | ||||||
Stimulating challenge motivation | 0.827 | 0.614 | −0.419 *** | −0.461 *** | 0.501 *** | 0.590 *** | 0.628 *** | 0.784 | |||||
Achievement satisfaction motivation | 0.823 | 0.608 | −0.435 *** | −0.460 *** | 0.474 *** | 0.625 *** | 0.605 *** | 0.608 *** | 0.780 | ||||
External propaganda motivation | 0.830 | 0.620 | −0.463 *** | −0.447 *** | 0.501 *** | 0.597 *** | 0.616 *** | 0.642 *** | 0.616 *** | 0.787 | |||
Travel opportunities | 0.930 | 0.815 | −0.482 *** | −0.523 *** | 0.553 *** | 0.404 *** | 0.418 *** | 0.435 *** | 0.418 *** | 0.447 *** | 0.903 | ||
Tourists abilities | 0.925 | 0.804 | −0.500 *** | −0.553 *** | 0.554 *** | 0.437 *** | 0.424 *** | 0.490 *** | 0.424 *** | 0.476 *** | 0.496 *** | 0.896 | |
Risk avoidance behavior | 0.845 | 0.646 | 0.564 *** | 0.574 *** | −0.587 *** | −0.451 *** | −0.470 *** | −0.491 *** | −0.470 *** | −0.492 *** | −0.553 *** | −0.562 *** | 0.804 |
Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk avoidance behavior | 3.025 | 1.077 | 1 | ||||||||||
Perceived severity | 3.277 | 1.326 | 0.509 ** | 1 | |||||||||
perceived susceptibility | 3.326 | 1.330 | 0.515 ** | 0.513 ** | 1 | ||||||||
perceived controllability | 3.079 | 1.111 | −0.507 ** | −0.469 ** | −0.429 ** | 1 | |||||||
Social affective motivation | 3.393 | 1.085 | −0.390 ** | −0.407 ** | −0.358 ** | 0.392 ** | 1 | ||||||
Escape release motivation | 3.395 | 1.046 | −0.393 ** | −0.354 ** | −0.393 ** | 0.393 ** | 0.475 ** | 1 | |||||
Stimulating challenge motivation | 3.325 | 1.065 | −0.417 ** | −0.367 ** | −0.403 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.493 ** | 0.517 ** | 1 | ||||
Achievement satisfaction motivation | 3.402 | 1.035 | −0.380 ** | −0.381 ** | −0.402 ** | 0.397 ** | 0.520 ** | 0.499 ** | 0.502 ** | 1 | |||
External propaganda motivation | 3.372 | 1.076 | −0.418 ** | −0.405 ** | −0.393 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.504 ** | 0.510 ** | 0.534 ** | 0.491 ** | 1 | ||
Travel opportunities | 3.316 | 1.354 | −0.501 ** | −0.450 ** | −0.493 ** | 0.500 ** | 0.357 ** | 0.371 ** | 0.384 ** | 0.390 ** | 0.395 ** | 1 | |
Tourists abilities | 3.349 | 1.326 | −0.508 ** | −0.468 ** | −0.515 ** | 0.496 ** | 0.387 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.430 ** | 0.364 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.469 ** | 1 |
CMIN | df | CMIN/DF | NFI | IFI | TLI | CFI | GFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
697.090 | 472.000 | 1.477 | 0.962 | 0.988 | 0.986 | 0.987 | 0.951 | 0.024 |
Suggested value | <3 | >0.8 | >0.9 | >0.8 | >0.9 | >0.8 | <0.08 |
Path | The Relation Paths between Variables | Unstandardized Regression Coefficients | Standardized Regression Coefficients | Std. Error | t-Test | p | Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Perceived severity | ← | Tourists motivation | −0.616 | −0.359 | 0.084 | −7.318 | *** | Supported |
P2 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.215 | −0.222 | 0.037 | −5.777 | *** | Supported |
P3 | Perceived severity | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.181 | −0.187 | 0.038 | −4.698 | *** | Supported |
P4 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Tourists abilities | −0.265 | −0.267 | 0.039 | −6.728 | *** | Supported |
P5 | Perceived severity | ← | Tourists abilities | −0.204 | −0.205 | 0.041 | −5.006 | *** | Supported |
P6 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Tourists motivation | −0.531 | −0.309 | 0.080 | −6.657 | *** | Supported |
P7 | perceived controllability | ← | Tourists abilities | 0.174 | 0.225 | 0.032 | 5.421 | *** | Supported |
P8 | perceived controllability | ← | Tourists motivation | 0.488 | 0.365 | 0.067 | 7.321 | *** | Supported |
P9 | perceived controllability | ← | Travel opportunities | 0.182 | 0.241 | 0.030 | 5.968 | *** | Supported |
P10 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | perceived controllability | −0.158 | −0.174 | 0.043 | −3.677 | *** | Supported |
P11 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Perceived severity | 0.114 | 0.160 | 0.029 | 3.978 | *** | Supported |
P12 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Tourists motivation | −0.198 | −0.162 | 0.067 | −2.955 | 0.003 | Supported |
P13 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.096 | −0.139 | 0.028 | −3.377 | *** | Supported |
P14 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Tourists abilities | −0.095 | −0.134 | 0.030 | −3.142 | 0.002 | Supported |
P15 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | perceived susceptibility | 0.118 | 0.166 | 0.030 | 3.951 | *** | Supported |
Effect Type | Path Relation | β | LLCI | ULCI | p | Proportion of the Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total effect1 | Tourists motivation → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.334 | −0.433 | −0.234 | 0.000 | |
Direct effect1 | Tourists motivation → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.162 | −0.278 | −0.051 | 0.003 | 48.50% |
Total indirect effect1 | Tourists motivation → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.172 | −0.245 | −0.116 | 0.000 | 51.50% |
Indirect effect1 | Tourists motivation → perceived controllability → avoidance behavior | −0.063 | −0.111 | −0.025 | 0.001 | 18.86% |
Indirect effect2 | Tourists’ motivation → perceived susceptibility → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.051 | −0.088 | −0.023 | 0.001 | 15.27% |
Indirect effect3 | Tourists’ motivation → Perceived severity → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.058 | −0.097 | −0.026 | 0.000 | 17.37% |
Total effect2 | Tourists’ abilities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.250 | −0.343 | −0.160 | 0.000 | |
Direct effect2 | Tourists’ abilities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.134 | −0.231 | −0.040 | 0.005 | 53.60% |
Total indirect effect2 | Tourists’ abilities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.116 | −0.171 | −0.073 | 0.000 | 46.40% |
Indirect effect2 | Tourists’ abilities → perceived controllability → avoidance behavior | −0.039 | −0.077 | −0.015 | 0.001 | 15.60% |
Indirect effect2 | Tourists’ abilities → perceived susceptibility → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.044 | −0.079 | −0.020 | 0.001 | 17.60% |
Indirect effect3 | Tourists’ abilities → Perceived severity → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.033 | −0.062 | −0.013 | 0.000 | 13.20% |
Total effect3 | Travel opportunities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.248 | −0.336 | −0.155 | 0.000 | |
Direct effect3 | Travel opportunities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.139 | −0.231 | −0.051 | 0.003 | 56.05% |
Total indirect effect3 | Travel opportunities → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.108 | −0.161 | −0.069 | 0.000 | 43.55% |
Indirect effect3 | Travel opportunities → perceived controllability → avoidance behavior | −0.042 | −0.078 | −0.017 | 0.001 | 16.94% |
Indirect effect3 | Travel opportunities → perceived susceptibility → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.037 | −0.066 | −0.016 | 0.001 | 14.92% |
Indirect effect3 | Travel opportunities → Perceived severity → Risk avoidance behavior | −0.030 | −0.059 | −0.011 | 0.000 | 12.10% |
Group | Model | χ2 | df | RMSEA | IFI | TLI | CFI | △χ2 | Multi-Group Constancy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Travel experience after the outbreak of the pandemic (Yes/No) | Baseline | 1111.292 | 880 | 0.018 | 0.987 | 0.985 | 0.987 | 130.480 (p > 0.05) | Supported |
Restricted | 1241.772 | 1001 | 0.017 | 0.987 | 0.986 | 0.987 |
With Travel Experience after the Outbreak of the Epidemic | With No Travel Experience after the Outbreak of the Epidemic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suggested Value | Suggested Value | ||||
CMIN | 623.947 | CMIN | 610.345 | ||
df | 472.000 | df | 472.000 | ||
CMIN/DF | 1.322 | <3 | CMIN/DF | 1.293 | <3 |
NFI | 0.934 | >0.8 | NFI | 0.937 | >0.8 |
IFI | 0.983 | >0.9 | IFI | 0.985 | >0.9 |
TLI | 0.981 | >0.8 | TLI | 0.983 | >0.8 |
CFI | 0.983 | >0.9 | CFI | 0.985 | >0.9 |
GFI | 0.918 | >0.8 | GFI | 0.918 | >0.8 |
RMSEA | 0.028 | <0.08 | RMSEA | 0.027 | <0.08 |
Path | Path Relations | With Travel Experience after the Outbreak of the Epidemic | With No Travel Experience after the Outbreak of the Epidemic | Baseline Model | Restricted Model (Equal Restricted Paths) | Chi-Square Test Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path Coefficient (β) | Path Coefficient (β) | |||||||
P1 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Tourists’ motivation | −0.167 * | −0.152 * | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.432 | χ2 (1) = 0.141, p > 0.05 |
P2 | Perceived severity | ← | Tourists’ motivation | −0.379 *** | −0.35 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.565 | χ2 (2) = 0.274, p > 0.05 |
P3 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Tourists’ motivation | −0.355 *** | −0.264 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1236.039 | χ2 (3) = 1.748, p > 0.05 |
P4 | perceived controllability | ← | Tourists’ motivation | 0.315 *** | 0.41 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.475 | χ2 (4) = 0.184, p > 0.05 |
P5 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.124 * | −0.157 ** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.46 | χ2 (5) = 0.169, p > 0.05 |
P6 | Perceived severity | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.218 *** | −0.143 * | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.788 | χ2 (6) = 0.497, p > 0.05 |
P7 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Travel opportunities | −0.173 ** | −0.274 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1236.403 | χ2 (7) = 2.112, p > 0.05 |
P8 | perceived controllability | ← | Travel opportunities | 0.267 *** | 0.216 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.602 | χ2 (8) = 0.311, p > 0.05 |
P9 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Tourists’ abilities | −0.127 * | −0.147 * | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.304 | χ2 (9) = 0.013, p > 0.05 |
P10 | Perceived severity | ← | Tourists’ abilities | −0.168 ** | −0.245 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1235.235 | χ2 (10) = 0.944, p > 0.05 |
P11 | perceived susceptibility | ← | Tourists’ abilities | −0.256 *** | −0.271 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.3 | χ2 (11) = 0.009, p > 0.05 |
P12 | perceived controllability | ← | Tourists’ abilities | 0.249 *** | 0.201 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.825 | χ2 (12) = 0.534, p > 0.05 |
P13 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | perceived controllability | −0.166 * | −0.185 ** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.32 | χ2 (13) = 0.029, p > 0.05 |
P14 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | perceived susceptibility | 0.180 ** | 0.147 * | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.517 | χ2 (14) = 0.226, p > 0.05 |
P15 | Risk avoidance behavior | ← | Perceived severity | 0.138 * | 0.183 *** | χ2 (414) = 1234.291 | χ2 (414) = 1234.406 | χ2 (15) = 0.115, p > 0.05 |
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Lu, M.; Shi, P. Chinese Tourists’ Health Risk Avoidance Behavior in the Context of Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control: An Empirical Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116750
Lu M, Shi P. Chinese Tourists’ Health Risk Avoidance Behavior in the Context of Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control: An Empirical Analysis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116750
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Mingming, and Peihua Shi. 2022. "Chinese Tourists’ Health Risk Avoidance Behavior in the Context of Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control: An Empirical Analysis" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116750