Indigenous Knowledge on the Uses and Morphological Variation among Strychnos spinosa Lam. at Oyemeni Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
Ethnobotanical Survey
2.3. Data Analysis
- FC: the number of participants per age group
- N: the number of participants per gender.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Information
3.2. The Significance of the isiZulu Name “umHlala” in the Context of Strychnos spinosa
3.3. Uses of Strychnos spinosa
- (a)
- Fermented maize meal (umBhantshi)
- (b)
- Fruit
- (c)
- Juice
- (d)
- Alcohol
- (e)
- Fermented porridge (amaHewu)
- (f)
- Homestead protection
- (g)
- Snakebite
- (h)
- Firewood
- (i)
- Food allergy
- (j)
- Increasing livestock
- (k)
- Stomachache
3.4. Morphological and Organoleptic Variation of Strychnos spinosa
3.4.1. Leaf Traits
- (a)
- Leaf colour
- (b)
- Leaf shape
3.4.2. Fruit Traits
- (a)
- Rind colour
- (b)
- Size
- (c)
- Rind texture
- (d)
- Fruit pulp colour
- (e)
- Fruit pulp texture
- (f)
- Fruit taste
4. Discussion
4.1. Socio-Demographic Information
4.2. The Significance of the isiZulu Name “umHlala” in the Context of Strychnos spinosa
4.3. Indigenous Uses of Strychnos spinosa
4.4. Strychnos Spinosa Fermented Food and Drinks
- (a)
- Fermented maize meal (umBhantshi)
- (b)
- Fermented porridge (amaHewu)
- (c)
- Alcohol
4.5. Fresh Fruit
4.6. Juice
4.7. Jam
4.8. Homestead Protection and Livestock Increase
4.9. Snakebite
4.10. Firewood
4.11. Food Allergy and Stomachache
4.12. Morphological Variation of Strychnos spinosa
- (a)
- Leaf traits
- (b)
- Fruit traits
4.13. Organoleptic Variation of Strychnos spinosa
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Use | Respondents | Gender | Age (Years) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F [N (%)] | 18–34 N(TFI; SFI) | 35–54 N(TFI; SFI) | ≥55 N(TFI; SFI) | |||
Food | Fermented maize meal (umBhantshi) | 97 | F [66 (68)] | 13 (13; 20) | 26 (27; 39) | 27 (28; 41) |
M [31 (32)] | 12 (13; 39) | 9 (9; 29) | 10 (10; 32) | |||
Fruit | 85 | F [61 (72)] | 26 (31; 43) | 5 (6; 8) | 30 (35; 49) | |
M [24 (28)] | 10 (12; 42) | 6 (7; 25) | 8 (9; 33) | |||
Juice | 23 | F [17 (74)] | 7 (30; 41) | 4 (17; 24) | 6 (26; 35) | |
M [6 (26)] | 2 (9; 33) | 1 (4; 17) | 3 (13; 50) | |||
Jam | 16 | F [4 (25)] | 4 (25; 100) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
M [12 (75)] | 6 (38; 50) | 2 (13; 17) | 4 (25; 33) | |||
Alcohol | 7 | F [5 (71)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 5 (71; 100) | |
M [2 (29)] | 0 (0; 0) | 2 (29; 100) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Fermented porridge (amaHewu) | 6 | F [5 (83)] | 1 (17; 20) | 2 (33; 40) | 2 (33; 40) | |
M [1 (17)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 1 (17; 100) | |||
Other | Homestead protection | 41 | F [29 (71)] | 3 (7; 10) | 7 (17; 24) | 19 (46; 66) |
M [ 12 (29)] | 0 (0; 0) | 7 (17; 58) | 5 (12; 42) | |||
Snakebite | 24 | F [15 (63)] | 3 (13; 20) | 4 (17; 27) | 8 (3; 53) | |
M [ 9 (38)] | 0 (0; 0) | 5 (21; 56) | 4 (17; 44) | |||
Fire | 10 | F [9 (90)] | 4 (40; 44) | 1 (10; 11) | 4 (40; 44) | |
M [1 (10)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 1 (10; 100) | |||
Food allergy | 10 | F [ 9 (90)] | 3 (30; 33) | 3 (30; 33) | 3 (30; 33) | |
M [1 (10)] | 0 (0; 0) | 1 (10; 100) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Increasing livestock | 7 | F [7 (100)] | 0 (0; 0) | 5 (71; 71) | 2 (29; 29) | |
M [0 (0)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Stomachache | 7 | F [5 (71)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 5 (71; 100) | |
M [2 (29)] | 0 (0; 0) | 2 (29; 100) | 0 (0; 0) |
Leaf Trait | Total Mention per Category | Gender | Age (Years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FI | F [N (%)] | 18–34 N (TFI; SFI) | 35–54 N (TFI; SFI) | ≥55 N (TFI; SFI) | ||
Colour | Green | 78 | F [68 (70)] | 7 (7; 10) | 30 (31; 44) | 31 (32; 46) |
M [29 (30)] | 7 (7; 24) | 11 (11; 38) | 11 (11; 38) | |||
Dark green | 22 | F [20 (74)] | 4 (15; 20) | 10 (37; 50) | 6 (22; 30) | |
M [7 (26)] | 3 (11; 43) | 2 (7; 29) | 2 (7; 29) | |||
Shape | Rounded | 74 | F [62 (74)] | 5 (6; 8) | 26 (31; 42) | 31 (37; 50) |
M [22 (26)] | 4 (5; 18) | 8 (10; 36) | 10 (12; 45) | |||
Elongated | 26 | F [18 (62)] | 3 (10; 17) | 7 (24; 39) | 8 (28; 44) | |
M [11 (38)] | 4 (14; 36) | 3 (10; 27) | 4 (14; 36) | |||
Fruit trait | ||||||
Rind colour | Light green | 13 | F [19 (76)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 19 (76; 100) |
M [6 (24)] | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 6 (24; 100) | |||
Green | 39 | F [57 (78)] | 22 (30; 39) | 22 (30; 39) | 13 (18; 23) | |
M [16 (22)] | 5 (7; 31) | 5 (7; 31) | 6 (8; 38) | |||
Light yellow | 21 | F [30 (77)] | 10 (26; 33) | 10 (26; 33) | 10 (26; 33) | |
M [9 (23)] | 2 (5; 22) | 2 (5; 22) | 5 (13; 56) | |||
Yellow | 24 | F [31 (67)] | 14 (30; 45) | 15 (33; 48) | 2 (4; 6) | |
M [15 (33)] | 8 (17; 53) | 7 (15; 47) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Intense yellow | 3 | F [2 (33)] | 1 (17; 50) | 1 (17; 50) | 0 (0; 0) | |
M [4 (67)] | 2 (33; 50) | 2 (33; 50) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Size | Small | 31 | F [48 (77)] | 0 (0; 0) | 22 (35; 46) | 26 (42; 54) |
M [14 (23)] | 1 (2; 7) | 7 (11; 50) | 6 (10; 43) | |||
Medium | 22 | F [28 (64)] | 2 (5; 7) | 15 (34; 54) | 11 (25; 39) | |
M [16 (36)] | 2 (5; 13) | 6 (14; 38) | 8 (18; 50) | |||
Large | 46 | F [64 (70)] | 8 (9; 13) | 28 (31; 44) | 28 (31; 44) | |
M [27 (30)] | 5 (5; 19) | 11 (12; 41) | 11 (12; 41) | |||
Rind texture | Smooth | 73 | F [70 (80)] | 8 (10; 11) | 31 (40; 44) | 31 (40; 44) |
M [28 (20)] | 7 (9; 25) | 11 (14; 39) | 10 (13; 36) | |||
Rough | 30 | F [24 (65)] | 2 (5; 8) | 11 (30; 46) | 11 (30; 46) | |
M [13 (35)] | 3 (8; 23) | 4 (11; 31) | 6 (16; 46) | |||
Pulp colour | White | 8 | F [7 (70)] | 1 (10; 14) | 5 (50; 71) | 1 (10; 14) |
M [3 (30)] | 1 (10; 33) | 2 (20; 67) | 0 (0; 0) | |||
Yellow | 14 | F [10 (59)] | 3 (18; 30) | 3 (18; 30) | 4 (24; 40) | |
M [7 (41)] | 3 (18; 43) | 2 (12; 29) | 2 (12; 29) | |||
Light brown | 24 | F [24 (80)] | 6 (20; 25) | 8 (27; 33) | 10 (33; 42) | |
M [6 (20)] | 2 (10; 33) | 1 (3; 17) | 3 (10; 50) | |||
Brown | 54 | F [46 (69)] | 1 (1; 2) | 24 (36; 52) | 21 (31; 46) | |
M [21 (31)] | 4 (6; 19) | 9 (13; 43) | 8 (12; 38) | |||
Organoleptic Trait | ||||||
Pulp texture | Watery | 33 | F [30 (70)] | 5 (15; 17) | 9 (27; 30) | 16 (48; 53) |
M [13 (30)] | 3 (9; 23) | 6 (18; 46) | 4 (12; 31) | |||
Thick | 67 | F [63 (72)] | 6 (7; 10) | 30 (34; 48) | 27 (31; 43) | |
M [24 (28)] | 6 (7; 25) | 8 (9; 33) | 10 (11; 42) | |||
Taste | Very sweet | 10 | F [11 (65)] | 1 (6; 9) | 4 (24; 36) | 6 (35; 55) |
M [6 (35)] | 1 (6; 17) | 3 (2; 50) | 2 (12; 33) | |||
Sweet | 58 | F [67 (69)] | 7 (7; 10) | 29 (30; 43) | 31 (32; 46) | |
M [30 (31)] | 8 (8; 27) | 11 (11; 37) | 11 (11; 37) | |||
Sour | 31 | F [36 (69)] | 2 (4; 6) | 17 (33; 47) | 17 (33; 47) | |
M [16 (31)] | 6 (12; 38) | 5 (10; 31) | 5 (10; 31) |
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Mbhele, Z.; Zharare, G.E.; Zimudzi, C.; Ntuli, N.R. Indigenous Knowledge on the Uses and Morphological Variation among Strychnos spinosa Lam. at Oyemeni Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6623. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116623
Mbhele Z, Zharare GE, Zimudzi C, Ntuli NR. Indigenous Knowledge on the Uses and Morphological Variation among Strychnos spinosa Lam. at Oyemeni Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6623. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116623
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbhele, Zoliswa, Godfrey Elijah Zharare, Clement Zimudzi, and Nontuthuko Rosemary Ntuli. 2022. "Indigenous Knowledge on the Uses and Morphological Variation among Strychnos spinosa Lam. at Oyemeni Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6623. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116623