Characterization and Analysis of Acetaldehyde Wastewater by Molecular Weight Distribution, Hydrophilicity, and Chemical Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Collection and Storage
2.2. Conventional Characterizations
2.3. Organic Carbon Analysis
2.4. 3D EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy Analysis
2.5. Ultrafiltration Membrane Filtration
2.6. Resin Fractionation
2.7. Liquid–Liquid Extraction/GC-MS (LLE-GC-MS)
2.8. Purge and Trap-GC/MS
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. The MW Size Distribution of Acetaldehyde Wastewater
3.1.1. DOC Distributions Based on MW
3.1.2. UV Distributions Based on MW
3.1.3. 3D Fluorescence Distributions Based on MW
3.2. The Hydrophobicity Distribution of Acetaldehyde Wastewater
3.2.1. DOC Distributions Based on Hydrophobicity
3.2.2. UV254 Distributions Based on Hydrophobicity
3.2.3. 3D Fluorescence Distributions Based on Hydrophobicity
3.3. Analysis of Organic Pollutants
4. Conclusions
- (i)
- Acetaldehyde wastewater is enriched with fractions of MW < 1kDa. It is therefore recommended to use a biological method to treat acetaldehyde wastewater, but if membrane-related technology is applied, to reuse it, protein-like substances should be removed in pretreatment.
- (ii)
- The treatment of acetaldehyde wastewater should focus on HIM and HOB, given their potential for membrane fouling and resistance to biodegradation of HOB.
- (iii)
- In acetaldehyde wastewater, 30 compounds were determined by GC-MS; 5-methyl furfural, 3-furaldehyde, chloroacetaldehyde, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde were dominant pollutants. Due to their high content and relatively strong toxicity, the process of acetaldehyde wastewater treatment should focus on their fates.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Rt (min) | Name | Possibility % | Molecular Weight | CAS | Structural Formula | Percentage % | Toxicity Grade a | Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.785 | Chloroacetald-ehyde | 96 | 77.987 | 000107-20-0 | 4.91 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
2 | 6.177 | Acetic acid | 86 | 60.021 | 000064-19-7 | 3.56 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
3 | 6.504 | Trichloromethane | 91 | 117.914 | 000067-66-3 | 0.235 | 2 | LLE-GC-MS | |
4 | 6.782 | Dichloroacetaldehyde | 97 | 111.948 | 000079-02-7 | 1.63 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
5 | 7.109 | Crotonaldehyde | 91 | 70.042 | 000123-73-9 | 4.97 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
6 | 7.219 | 2-Butenal | 74 | 70.040 | 004170-30-3 | 0.318 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
7 | 7.335 | 2-Chloroethanol | 78 | 80.003 | 000107-07-3 | 1.94 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
8 | 7.808 | Chloroacetone | 80 | 92.003 | 000078-95-5 | 0.640 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
9 | 9.391 | 3-Penten-2-one | 72 | 84.058 | 003102-33-8 | 0.253 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
10 | 9.556 | Aldol | 78 | 88.052 | 000107-89-1 | 0.834 | 2 | LLE-GC-MS | |
11 | 10.676 | 2,4-Pentanedione | 64 | 100.052 | 000123-54-6 | 0.355 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
12 | 11.711 | 3-Furaldehyde | 95 | 96.021 | 000498-60-2 | 10.2 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
13 | 12.090 | 3-Chloropropyne | 53 | 73.992 | 000624-65-7 | 4.56 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
14 | 12.430 | Furfural | 91 | 96.021 | 000098-01-1 | 0.276 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
15 | 14.699 | 2-Chloromethyl-1,3-dioxolane | 72 | 122.013 | 002568-30-1 | 0.405 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
16 | 14. 841 | Ethanone, 1-(2-furanyl)- | 86 | 110.037 | 001192-62-7 | 0.223 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
17 | 15.171 | 2-Acetylfuran | 91 | 110.037 | 001192-62-7 | 0.193 | 4 | LLE-GC-MS | |
18 | 15.311 | 5-Methyl furfural | 91 | 110.037 | 000620-02-0 | 36.8 | 2 | LLE-GC-MS | |
19 | 16.036 | 3,3-Dimethyl-2,4-pentanedione | 72 | 128.084 | 003142-58-3 | 0.474 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
20 | 17.285 | 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran | 86 | 124.052 | 001193-79-9 | 1.85 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
21 | 18.372 | CIS-1,3-Dichloropropene | 72 | 109.969 | 010061-01-5 | 0.299 | 3 | LLE-GC-MS | |
22 | 19.476 | 2-Dichloromethyl-1,3-dioxolane | 42 | 155.974 | 002612-35-3 | 0.152 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
23 | 20.405 | 1-Octanol | 42 | 130.14 | 000111-87-5 | 0.0737 | 2 | LLE-GC-MS | |
24 | 21.276 | 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one | 47 | 110.073 | 001193-18-6 | 0.258 | 2 | LLE-GC-MS | |
25 | 21.506 | 1-Chloromethyl-4-methylenecyclohexane | 50 | 144.071 | 000823-83-6 | 0.663 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
26 | 23.299 | 5-chloro-2-methoxy-phenol | 50 | 158.013 | 003743-23-5 | 0.368 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
27 | 25.231 | 5-chlorobenzene-1,3-diol | 72 | 143.998 | 005278-23-1 | 0.249 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
28 | 26.386 | 4-Chlorophenetole | 38 | 156.034 | 000622-61-7 | 0.166 | U | LLE-GC-MS | |
29 | 5. 072 | Acetaldehyde | 59 | 44.026 | 000075-07-0 | 2.46 | 3 | Purge and trap-GC/MS | |
30 | 5.276 | Ethyl alcohol | 80 | 46.042 | 000064-17-5 | 3.33 | 2 | Purge and trap-GC/MS |
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Yang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Zhou, J.; Xi, H.; Wang, C.; Zhou, Y.; Fu, L.; Qi, Y.; Yuan, Y. Characterization and Analysis of Acetaldehyde Wastewater by Molecular Weight Distribution, Hydrophilicity, and Chemical Composition. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116540
Yang Y, Yu Y, Zhou J, Xi H, Wang C, Zhou Y, Fu L, Qi Y, Yuan Y. Characterization and Analysis of Acetaldehyde Wastewater by Molecular Weight Distribution, Hydrophilicity, and Chemical Composition. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116540
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yang, Yin Yu, Jingling Zhou, Hongbo Xi, Chunrong Wang, Yuexi Zhou, Liya Fu, Yue Qi, and Yue Yuan. 2022. "Characterization and Analysis of Acetaldehyde Wastewater by Molecular Weight Distribution, Hydrophilicity, and Chemical Composition" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116540