Switching Intention and Behaviors to Wetland Ecotourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Perspective of Push-Pull-Mooring Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Hypotheses
2.1. Migration Theory of Push–Pull–Mooring Model (PPM)
2.2. Ecotourism
2.3. Ecotourism Behaviors
2.4. Push–Pull Mooring Model and Switching Behaviors
2.5. Hypotheses
3. Methods
3.1. Conceptual Framework
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Push Effect
- I think famous attractions in cities are usually densely populated;
- I think famous attractions in cities usually strengthen the likelihood of traffic congestion;
- I think famous attractions in cities often make people uncomfortable due to crowded spaces;
- I do not think people can maintain proper social distancing (more than 1.5 m indoors, more than 1 m outdoors) at famous attractions in cities.
3.2.2. Pull Effect
- I think the unique ecological environment of wetland attractions attracts me;
- I think the convenient transportation of wetland attractions attracts me;
- I think the featured customs of local communities at wetland attractions attract me;.
- I think the peripheral attractions at wetlands attract me.
3.2.3. Mooring Effect
- I am worried about COVID-19 in areas of wetland attractions;
- I am concerned about the potential for COVID-19 to spread in areas of wetland attractions;
- I am concerned about being quarantined due to contact with people infected with COVID-19 in areas of wetland attractions;
- I am concerned about being infected with COVID-19 in areas of wetland attractions.
3.2.4. Switching Intention to Wetland Ecotourism
- I originally wanted to travel to cities, but since COVID-19 will consider wetland ecotourism;
- I originally wanted to travel to cities, but since COVID-19 will travel to wetlands for ecotourism;
- Overall, wetland ecotourism is highly possible for me since COVID-19.
3.2.5. Wetland Ecotourism Behaviors
- I will not damage the local wetland ecosystem during my trip;
- I will respect the local culture of wetland attractions during my trip;
- I will choose tour products that will not harm the local environment of wetland attractions during my trip;
- I will buy special local products, souvenirs, or handicrafts at wetland attractions during my trip.
3.3. Study Area
3.4. Sample and Procedure
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Analytical Results of Common Method Variance
4.2. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis
4.3. Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.4. Empirical Testing of Moderating Effect of Mooring Factor
4.5. Analytical Results of Interaction Plot
4.6. Influences of Switching Intention to Wetland Ecotourism on Wetland Ecotourism Behaviors
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Discussion
5.2. Conclusions
5.3. Implications
5.4. Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Crowding perception | 1 | ||||
2. Nature-based destination attractiveness | 0.614 *** | 1 | |||
3. Risk perception of COVID-19 | 0.748 *** | 0.536 *** | 1 | ||
4. Switching intention to wetland ecotourism | 0.640 *** | 0.512 *** | 0.581 *** | 1 | |
5. Wetland ecotourism behaviors | 0.637 *** | 0.751 *** | 0.547 *** | 0.582 *** | 1 |
Mean | 4.3766 | 04.1393 | 04.4877 | 4.3466 | 4.2187 |
S.D. | 0.43087 | 0.41805 | 0.49586 | 0.46387 | 0.45131 |
Cronbach’s α | 0.822 | 0.812 | 0.920 | 0.850 | 0.941 |
Construct | No. of Items | Factor Loading (λ) | Individual Item Reliability (λ2) | t-Value | Composite Reliability (CR) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Crowding perception | 4 | 0.60~0.86 | 0.36~0.74 | 19.16~24.54 | 0.83 | 0.55 |
2. Nature-based destination attractiveness | 4 | 0.60~0.80 | 0.36~0.64 | 14.81~21.60 | 0.79 | 0.49 |
3. Risk perception of COVID-19 | 4 | 0.82~0.90 | 0.67~0.81 | 23.07~26.86 | 0.92 | 0.74 |
4. Switching intention to wetland ecotourism | 3 | 0.66~0.96 | 0.52~0.92 | 16.90~29.03 | 0.87 | 0.70 |
5. Wetland ecotourism behaviors | 4 | 0.87~0.93 | 0.76~0.86 | 25.30~27.15 | 0.94 | 0.80 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | t | VIF | B | S.E. | t | VIF | B | S.E. | t | VIF | |
Constant | 0.913 *** | 0.166 | 5.486 | 0.693 *** | 0.172 | 4.042 | 0.850 *** | 0.167 | 5.078 | |||
Crowding perception (H1) | 0.415 *** | 0.056 | 7.465 | 2.653 | 0.389 *** | 0.055 | 7.055 | 2.687 | 0.404 *** | 0.055 | 7.279 | 2.669 |
Risk perception of COVID-19 (H3) | 0.191 *** | 0.045 | 4.214 | 2.322 | 0.237 *** | 0.046 | 5.180 | 2.458 | 0.217 *** | 0.046 | 4.713 | 2.443 |
Nature-based destination attractiveness (H2) | 0.184 *** | 0.045 | 4.083 | 1.639 | 0.206 *** | 0.045 | 4.618 | 1.661 | 0.179 *** | 0.045 | 3.983 | 1.643 |
Risk perception of COVID-19 × Crowding perception (H4) | 0.239 *** | 0.055 | 4.326 | 1.116 | ||||||||
Risk perception of COVID-19 × Nature-based destination attractiveness (H5) | 0.123 ** | 0.047 | 2.617 | 1.062 | ||||||||
0.450 | 0.468 | 0.457 | ||||||||||
0.447 | 0.464 | 0.453 | ||||||||||
F | 149.075 *** | 120.106 *** | 114.714 *** | |||||||||
0.018 *** | 0.007 *** | |||||||||||
18.716 *** | 6.849 ** |
Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | t | VIF | |
Constant | 1.759 *** | 0.148 | 11.912 | |
Switching intention to wetland ecotourism (H6) | 0.566 *** | 0.034 | 16.757 | 1.000 |
0.338 | ||||
0.337 | ||||
F | 280.799 *** |
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Wu, Y.-W.; Liao, T.-H.; Yeh, S.-P.; Huang, H.-C. Switching Intention and Behaviors to Wetland Ecotourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Perspective of Push-Pull-Mooring Model. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106198
Wu Y-W, Liao T-H, Yeh S-P, Huang H-C. Switching Intention and Behaviors to Wetland Ecotourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Perspective of Push-Pull-Mooring Model. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106198
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Ying-Wei, Ting-Hsiu Liao, Shang-Pao Yeh, and Hao-Chen Huang. 2022. "Switching Intention and Behaviors to Wetland Ecotourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Perspective of Push-Pull-Mooring Model" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106198