Sustainability of Agaricus blazei Murrill Mushrooms in Classical and Semi-Mechanized Growing System, through Economic Efficiency, Using Different Culture Substrates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Importance of Mushroom Growing
1.2. Economic Efficiency
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Material Used in the Experiment
2.2. Experimental Factors
2.3. Applied Crop Technology
2.4. Research Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Order No. | Tehnological Works in Cronological Order | Unit | Mechanical Work | Manual Work | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of Work | Cost (RON/Unit) | Expenses with Mechanical Work (RON) | Volume of Work | Work Standard | The Complexity Group of the Work | Requirement of Days—Man (DM) | Expennses on Labour (RON) | |||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
1 | Compost component | t | 1 | 100 | 100 | 0.06 | 15 | IV/2 | 0.008 | 1 |
2 | Pre-soak placement | t | 1 | 50 | 50 | 0.06 | 15 | IV/2 | 0.008 | 1 |
3 | Aerobic composting placement | t | 1.0 | 100 | 100 | 0.06 | 15 | IV/2 | 0.008 | 1 |
4 | Turn I, II, III, IV | t | 1 | - | - | 2 | 50 | IV/2 | 0.080 | 8 |
5 | Disinfection of the cultivation place | m2 | 1 | 50 | 50 | 0.06 | 15 | IV/2 | 0.008 | 1 |
6 | Insertion of the substrate in the cultivation chamber | m2 | 10 | - | - | 2 | 50 | III/1 | 0.040 | 3 |
7 | Spawning | m2 | 10 | - | - | 2 | 50 | III/3 | 0.120 | 10 |
8 | Casing preparation | m3 | 1 | 50 | 50 | 0.15 | 10.6 | IV/1 | 0.014 | 1 |
9 | Disinfection of casing mixture | m3 | 1.0 | 5 | 5 | 0.06 | 15 | IV/1 | 0.004 | 0 |
10 | Ruffling of casing | m2 | 10 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.12 | II/1 | 4.167 | 250 |
11 | Incubation culture maintenance | m2 | 10 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.12 | II/1 | 4.167 | 250 |
12 | The maintenance of culture in the formation of primordia | m2 | 10 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.6 | II/1 | 0.833 | 50 |
13 | Harvesting—3 waves | m2 | 10 | - | - | 20 | 1.1 | II/3 | 54.545 | 3273 |
14 | Substrate maintenance at harvest | m2 | 10 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.6 | II/1 | 0.833 | 50 |
15 | Disposal of used substrate | t | 1 | 50 | 50 | 0.5 | 40 | IV/2 | 0.025 | 3 |
16 | Cleaning the culture chambers | m2 | 10 | - | - | 0.06 | 15 | I/2 | 0.008 | 0 |
TOTAL (RON) | 405 | 64.869 | 3901 | |||||||
Total (euro) | 82 | 790 |
Order No. | Technological Works in Chronological Order | Material Consumption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sort of Material | UM | Normed Consumption | Price (RON) | Total (RON) | ||
0 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
1 | Compost component | Recipe components | t | 0.5 | 200 | 100 |
2 | Pre-soak placement | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Aerobic composting placement | Amendments | kg | 14 | 10 | 140 |
4 | Turn I, II, III, IV | Calcium sulphate | kg | 25 | 5 | 125 |
5 | Disinfection of the cultivation place | Disinfectants | kg | 2 | 50 | 100 |
6 | Insertion of the substrate in the cultivation chamber | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | Spawning | Mycelium | kg | 20 | 50 | 1000 |
8 | Casing preparation | Black peat | t | 1 | 50 | 50 |
9 | Disinfection of casing mixture | Virocid Disinfectant | l | 1 | 50 | 50 |
10 | Ruffling of casing | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | Incubation culture maintenance | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | The maintenance of culture in the formation of primordia | - | - | - | - | - |
13 | Harvesting—3 waves | - | - | - | - | - |
14 | Substrate maintenance at harvest | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | Disposal of used substrate | - | - | - | - | - |
16 | Cleaning the culture chambers | Disinfectants | kg | 2 | 50 | 100 |
TOTAL (RON) | 1665 | |||||
Total (euro) | 337 |
Appendix B
Order No. | Elements of Expense | RON | % |
---|---|---|---|
I. Material expenses | |||
1. | Materials from own sources | 0 | 0.00 |
2. | Purchased materials | 166.5 | 23.53 |
3. | Supply costs (10%) | 16.65 | 2.35 |
4. | Expenses with mechanized works | 40.5 | 5.72 |
5. | The cost of watering (water) | 5 | 0.71 |
6. | Depreciation of fixed assets | 0 | 0.00 |
7. | Agricultural income tax | 0 | 0.00 |
8. | Electricity | 15 | 2.12 |
9. | Solid fuel | 10 | 1.41 |
10. | Other taxes and fees | 0 | 0.00 |
11. | Other material expenses (1%) | 3 | 0.36 |
I. TOTAL material expenses | 256 | 36.21 | |
II. Expenses with labour | |||
1. | Manual labour costs | 390 | 55.14 |
2. | Insurance contribution for work (2.25%) | 9 | 1.24 |
II. TOTAL labour expenses | 399 | 56.38 | |
III. TOTAL direct expenses (I + II) | 655 | 92.59 | |
IV. Indirect expenses (8%) | 52 | 7.41 | |
V. Interest on loans (IL) | 0 | 0.00 | |
VI. TOTAL production costs (PC) | 708 | 100.00 | |
The value of secondary production (VSP) | 0 | 0.00 | |
VII. Main production costs (MPC) | 708 | 100.00 | |
Economic indicators | |||
1. | Unit cost of production (UCP) | RON/kg | 19.93 |
2. | Selling price (SP) | RON/kg | 30.00 |
3. | Gross unit profit (GUP) | RON/kg | 10.07 |
4. | Profit rate (PR) | % | 50.53 |
5. | Work productivity (WP) | kg/DM | 5.47 |
RON/DM | 164.2 | ||
6. | Production costs in product equivalent | kg/m2 | 23.58 |
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Experimental Variant | Type of Substrate |
---|---|
V1 | Classical substrate, without protein addition |
V2 | Classical substrate, with 3% wheat bran protein addition |
V3 | Classical substrate, with 3% corn flour protein addition |
V4 | Synthetic substrate, without protein addition |
V5 | Synthetic substrate, with 3% wheat bran protein addition |
V6 | Synthetic substrate, with 3% corn flour protein addition |
V7 | Mixed substrate, without protein addition |
V8 | Mixed substrate, with 3% wheat bran protein addition |
V9 | Mixed substrate, with 3% corn flour protein addition |
V10 | Reed + horse manure substrate, without protein addition |
V11 | Reed + horse manure substrate, with 3% wheat bran protein addition |
V12 | Reed + horse manure substrate, with 3% corn flour protein addition |
Job Category | Value * |
---|---|
I | 50 RON day−1 (10 € day−1) |
II | 60 RON day−1 (12 € day−1) |
III | 80 RON day−1 (16 € day−1) |
IV | 100 RON day−1 (20 € day−1) |
V | 130 RON day−1 (26 € day−1) |
Stage | Related Technological Works |
---|---|
Stage I (Substrate preparation and seeding) | Compost component Pre-soak placement Aerobic composting placement Turn I, II, III, IV Disinfection of the cultivation place Insertion of the substrate in the cultivation chamber Spawning |
Stage II (Preparation for fruiting) | Casing preparation Disinfection of casing mixture Ruffling of casing Incubation culture maintenance The maintenance of culture in the formation of primordia |
Stage III (Harvesting) | Harvesting—3 flushes Substrate maintenance at harvest |
Stage IV (Post-harvest work) | Disposal of used substrate Cleaning the culture chambers |
Experimental Variant | Recipe Components | Amendment (V1–V3)/Urea (V4–V12) | Calcium Sulphate | Disinfectants | Mycelium | Total Material Value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | UP | TV | NC | UP | TV | NC | UP | TV | NC | UP | TV | NC | UP | TV | (RON) | |
V1 | 0.5 | 200 | 100 | 14 | 10 | 140 | 25 | 5 | 125 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1465 ± 6.93 b |
V2 | 0.5 | 220 | 110 | 14 | 10 | 140 | 25 | 5 | 125 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1475 ± 8.08 ab |
V3 | 0.5 | 250 | 125 | 14 | 10 | 140 | 25 | 5 | 125 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1490 ± 8.66 a |
V4 | 0.5 | 200 | 100 | 7 | 10 | 70 | 20 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1370 ± 6.35 defg |
V5 | 0.5 | 240 | 120 | 7 | 10 | 70 | 20 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1390 ± 7.51 cd |
V6 | 0.5 | 260 | 130 | 7 | 10 | 70 | 20 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1400 ± 8.08 c |
V7 | 0.5 | 255 | 128 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1368 ± 5.77 efg |
V8 | 0.5 | 230 | 115 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1355 ± 6.93 g |
V9 | 0.5 | 240 | 120 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1360 ± 7.51 fg |
V10 | 0.5 | 270 | 135 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1370 ± 6.35 defg |
V11 | 0.5 | 280 | 140 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1380 ± 5.77 cdef |
V12 | 0.5 | 290 | 145 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 24 | 5 | 120 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 1000 | 1385 ± 6.93 cde |
Order No. | Elements of Expense | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6 | V7 | V8 | V9 | V10 | V11 | V12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. Material expenses | |||||||||||||
1. | Materials from own sources | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2. | Purchased materials | 166.5 | 167.5 | 169 | 157 | 159 | 190 | 156.8 | 155.5 | 156 | 157.5 | 158 | 158.5 |
3. | Supply costs (10%) | 16.65 | 16.75 | 16.9 | 15.7 | 15.9 | 19 | 15.68 | 15.55 | 15.6 | 15.75 | 15.8 | 15.85 |
4. | Expenses with mechanized works | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 4.05 |
5. | The cost of watering (water) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
6. | Depreciation of fixed assets | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7. | Agricultural income tax | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8. | Electricity | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
9. | Solid fuel | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
10. | Other taxes and fees | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11. | Other material expenses (1%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
I. TOTAL material expenses | 256 | 257 | 259 | 246 | 248 | 282 | 245 | 244 | 245 | 246 | 247 | 210 | |
II. Expenses with labor | |||||||||||||
1. | Manual labour costs | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 | 390 |
2. | Insurance contribution for work (2.25%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
II. TOTAL labour expenses | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | |
III. TOTAL direct expenses (I + II) | 655 | 656 | 658 | 645 | 647 | 681 | 644 | 643 | 643 | 645 | 646 | 609 | |
IV. Indirect expenses (8%) | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 49 | |
V. Interest on loans (IL) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
VI. TOTAL production costs (PC) | 708 | 709 | 711 | 696 | 698 | 736 | 696 | 694 | 695 | 697 | 697 | 658 | |
The value of secondary production (VSP) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
VII. Main production costs (MPC) | 708 ± 2.31 b | 709 ± 5.2 b | 711 ± 3.46 b | 696 ± 2.89 c | 698 ± 3.46 c | 736 ± 2.31 a | 696 ± 3.46 c | 694 ± 2.89 c | 695 ± 2.89 c | 697 ± 4.04 c | 697 ± 5.2 c | 658 ± 2.89 d |
Experimental Variant | Global Production (GP) (RON sqm−1) | Total Costs (TC) (RON sqm−1) | Unit Cost (UC) (RON kg−1) | Profit (P) (RON kg−1) | Labor Productivity (LP1) (kg md−1) | Labor Productivity (LP2) (RON md−1) | Profit Rate (PR) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | 1065 ± 8.66 h | 708 ± 2.31 b | 19.93 ± 0.14 d | 10.07 ± 0.14 g | 5.47 ± 0.04 h | 164.2 ± 1.33 h | 50.53 ± 1.06 g |
V2 | 1116 ± 3.46 f | 709 ± 5.2 b | 19.05 ± 0.12 f | 10.95 ± 0.12 e | 5.73 ± 0.02 f | 172.0 ± 0.53 f | 57.47 ± 0.99 f |
V3 | 1095 ± 5.2 g | 711 ± 3.46 b | 19.47 ± 0.16 e | 10.53 ± 0.16 f | 5.63 ± 0.03 g | 168.8 ± 0.8 g | 54.11 ± 1.28 f |
V4 | 1215 ± 8.66 c | 696 ± 2.89 c | 17.19 ± 0.17 i | 12.81 ± 0.17 b | 6.24 ± 0.04 c | 187.3 ± 1.33 c | 74.54 ± 1.75 bc |
V5 | 1260 ± 10.39 a | 698 ± 3.46 c | 16.63 ± 0.19 j | 13.37 ± 0.19 a | 6.48 ± 0.05 a | 194.3 ± 1.6 a | 80.42 ± 2.07 a |
V6 | 1242 ± 6.93 b | 736 ± 2.31 a | 17.77 ± 0.14 gh | 12.23 ± 0.14 cd | 6.38 ± 0.04 b | 191.50 ± 1.07 b | 68.82 ± 1.29 de |
V7 | 1170 ± 5.2 e | 696 ± 3.46 c | 17.84 ± 0.15 g | 12.16 ± 0.15 d | 6.01 ± 0.03 e | 180.4 ± 0.8 e | 68.15 ± 1.37 e |
V8 | 1224 ± 6.93 c | 694 ± 2.89 c | 17.02 ± 0.15 ij | 12.98 ± 0.15 ab | 6.29 ± 0.04 c | 188.7 ± 1.07 c | 76.29 ± 1.5 b |
V9 | 1197 ± 1.73 d | 695 ± 2.89 c | 17.42 ± 0.1 hi | 12.58 ± 0.1 bc | 6.15 ± 0.01 d | 184.5 ± 0.27 d | 72.25 ± 0.97 cd |
V10 | 897 ± 5.2 k | 697 ± 4.04 c | 23.78 ± 0.14 a | 6.22 ± 0.14 j | 4.52 ± 0.03 k | 135.5 ± 0.8 k | 26.16 ± 0.73 j |
V11 | 939 ± 3.46 i | 607 ± 5.2 c | 22.28 ± 0.08 b | 7.72 ± 0.08 i | 4.83 ± 0.02 i | 144.8 ± 0.53 i | 34.66 ± 0.51 i |
V12 | 921 ± 6.93 j | 658 ± 2.89 d | 21.44 ± 0.22 c | 8.56 ± 0.22 h | 4.73 ± 0.04 j | 142.0 ± 1.07 j | 39.94 ± 1.45 h |
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Rózsa, S.; Andreica, I.; Poșta, G.; Gocan, T.-M. Sustainability of Agaricus blazei Murrill Mushrooms in Classical and Semi-Mechanized Growing System, through Economic Efficiency, Using Different Culture Substrates. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106166
Rózsa S, Andreica I, Poșta G, Gocan T-M. Sustainability of Agaricus blazei Murrill Mushrooms in Classical and Semi-Mechanized Growing System, through Economic Efficiency, Using Different Culture Substrates. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106166
Chicago/Turabian StyleRózsa, Sándor, Ileana Andreica, Gheorghe Poșta, and Tincuța-Marta Gocan. 2022. "Sustainability of Agaricus blazei Murrill Mushrooms in Classical and Semi-Mechanized Growing System, through Economic Efficiency, Using Different Culture Substrates" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106166