Study on the Influence of Mounting Dimensions of PV Array on Module Temperature in Open-Joint Photovoltaic Ventilated Double-Skin Façades
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of Methodology
2.1. Basic Theory and Equation
2.2. Description of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling
2.3. Experimental Model
2.4. Analysis of Experimental Results
2.4.1. Comparison with Measured Temperature
2.4.2. Comparison of the Temperature Field with Thermography
3. Simulation of Modules Temperature at Different Mounting Dimensions
3.1. Introduction to the Mounting Dimensions (MD) of the Open-Joint
3.2. The Distance between Photovoltaic (PV) Modules and Wall
3.3. The Distance between Two Adjacent PV Modules in the Vertical Direction
3.4. The Distance between Two Adjacent PV Modules in the Horizontal Direction
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The MDs of PV do have a large influence on the temperature of the PV modules. When the ratio between the distance between the module and wall and the length of the module in the vertical direction changes from 0.05 to 0.15, the temperature drop of the PV module is the most obvious, reaching 2.0 K, and with the value of a is further increased, the temperature change of the PV modules is small.
- (2)
- When the ratio of the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the vertical direction and the length of the module in the vertical direction (defined as b value) is changed from 0 to 0.1, the temperature drop of the PV module is most obvious, reaching 1.1 K. When the ratio of the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the horizontal direction and the length of the module in the horizontal direction (defined as c value) is changed from 0 to 0.1, the temperature of the PV module is lowered by 0.8 K, and when c is further increased, the temperature change of the PV array is not significant.
- (3)
- It is recommended to maintain the three-dimension factor a, b, and c of the PV array at 0.1–0.15, 0.1, and 0.1, respectively, thereby improving the energy efficiency of integrated PV buildings.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Abbreviation | Meaning |
---|---|
MD | Mounting dimensions (in this paper, it means the distance between PV modules and walls, and the distance between tow modules adjacent in the vertical or horizontal direction in PV arrays on the surface of the building façade) |
PV | Photovoltaic |
PV-DSF | PV double skin façades |
CFD | Computational fluid dynamics |
OJVF | Open-joint ventilated façade |
OJ-PV-DSF | Open-joint PV ventilated double skin façades |
DO | Discrete Ordinates |
RNG | Renormalization-group |
Symbols | Meaning |
---|---|
a | the ratio of the distance between PV modules and the wall to the vertical length of PV modules |
b | the ratio of the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the vertical direction and the length of PV modules in the vertical direction |
c | the ratio of the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the horizontal direction and the width of PV modules in the horizontal direction |
D | the distance between PV modules and the wall |
Hg | the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the vertical direction |
H | the Length of PV module in vertical direction |
H’ | the height of the wall |
W | the width of the wall |
Lg | the distance between two adjacent PV modules in the horizontal direction |
L | the width of PV modules in the horizontal direction |
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Wind Velocity | Wind Direction | Outdoor Temperature | Atmospheric Pressure | Total Radiation | Diffuse Radiation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.0 m/s | 170 | 33.1 ℃ | 100.3 kPa | 715.4 W/m2 | 172.3 W/m2 |
Name | Type | Accuracy | Temperature Range | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal resistance | Pt100 | A class (±0.15 + 0.002 °C) | −50–200 °C | - |
Thermal imaging equipment | NEC R300SR | ±1.0 °C | −40–500 ℃ | Temperature resolution: 0.03 °C |
Height(m) | Project | Back Surface of PV Module | Outer Surface of Wall | Air Gap |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.80 | measured (K) | 322.10 | 305.10 | 308.50 |
simulated (K) | 322.53 | 308.73 | 307.12 | |
1.45 | measured (K) | 323.30 | 309.30 | 309.40 |
simulated (K) | 323.97 | 309.10 | 307.83 | |
2.10 | measured (K) | 323.90 | 310.10 | 310.30 |
simulated (K) | 324.76 | 311.71 | 308.87 | |
Mean absolute error (K) | 0.65 | 1.81 | 1.46 |
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Zhang, W.; Gong, T.; Ma, S.; Zhou, J.; Zhao, Y. Study on the Influence of Mounting Dimensions of PV Array on Module Temperature in Open-Joint Photovoltaic Ventilated Double-Skin Façades. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095027
Zhang W, Gong T, Ma S, Zhou J, Zhao Y. Study on the Influence of Mounting Dimensions of PV Array on Module Temperature in Open-Joint Photovoltaic Ventilated Double-Skin Façades. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):5027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095027
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Wenjie, Tongdan Gong, Shengbing Ma, Jianwei Zhou, and Yingbo Zhao. 2021. "Study on the Influence of Mounting Dimensions of PV Array on Module Temperature in Open-Joint Photovoltaic Ventilated Double-Skin Façades" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095027