Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis Methodology
3. Social Perception and Governance for the Paradigm Switch
4. Normative and Regulative Background
4.1. The European Umbrella
4.2. The National Framework: From Top to Bottom
4.3. The Regional Governments: An Approach to Mid-Scale Solutions
4.4. The Local Level: Regulations and Direct Legislation
5. Implementation and Technical Performance of SUDS
5.1. Implementation of SUDS in Spain
5.2. Research on SUDS Technical Performance
6. Challenges for the Near Future
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Barrier Dimension | Barrier Classification |
---|---|
| a.1. Low community engagement and participation. a.2. Isolated roles and responsibilities. a.3. Lack of technical information dissemination. |
| b.1. Uncoordinated institutional framework. b.2. Limits of the regulatory framework. b.3. Lack of political and public will. |
| c.1. Insufficient resources. c.2. Lack of monitoring and evaluation. c.3. Reluctance regarding long-term efficiency. |
Level | Factor |
---|---|
National | Collaborative networks involving governance actors. Conferences and workshops to share knowledge. Roadmap at the national scale. |
Regional | Regional working groups to focus on the problem. Creation of supramunicipal alliances to boost replicability. Promotion of technical training. |
Local | Integral management with effective relations between involved services. Development of strategic action plans for stormwater management. Educational activities to improve SUDS knowledge. |
Neighbourhood | Involvement of the community and social actors. Sharing of SUDS pilot performance with citizens. Promotion of SUDS as enhanced solutions for amenity and biodiversity. |
Year | Region | Climate 1 | Type | Scope and SUDS Implications | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | Euskadi | Cf | G | Manual for urban planning with sustainability criteria. SUDS are key elements for a better urban drainage management. | [45] |
2009 | Galicia | Cf Cs | R | Technical guidelines for hydraulic infrastructures. Sets criteria for integrating SUDS and technical details. | [46] |
2010 | Euskadi | Cf | G | Guidelines for the sustainable development of urbanisation projects. Promotes rainwater harvesting and the use of SUDS for infiltration. | [47] |
2011 | Catalunya | BS Cs Cf Df | G | Guidelines for rainwater harvesting. | [48] |
2014 | Comunitat Valenciana | BS Cs | R | Law for territorial planning, urban planning, and landscape. Green infrastructure is promoted in urban and developable areas. | [49] |
2015 | Comunitat Valenciana | BS Cs | R | Territorial action plan on flood risk prevention in the Valencian Region. The regulative documents promote the use of SUDS for urban drainage management. | [50] |
2015 | Canarias | Cs BW | R | Regulation of hydrological planning in “El Hierro”. SUDS are compulsory in new urban developments. | [51] |
2015 | Región de Murcia | BS BW | R | Modification of law for territorial and urban planning (2015). Eco-efficiency criteria for climate effects mitigation and re-naturalisation: use of SUDS. | [52] |
2016 2 | Comunidad de Madrid | BS Cs | R | Regulations for sewer systems. Includes technical recommendations for SUDS implementation. | [53] |
2019 | Región de Murcia | BS BW | R | Law for the adoption of urgent measures for environmental sustainability of the “Mar Menor”. Prioritisation of SUDS for stormwater runoff control into the sea. | [54] |
Year | City | Type | Scope and SUDS Implications | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | Girona | R | Regulations for sewage and drainage systems. Requires rainwater harvesting. Promotes infiltration and retention to control hydrological impact of urbanisation. | [56] |
2006 | Madrid | R | Water management and efficient use ordinance. Sets minimum threshold of permeable pavements in public spaces. | [57] |
2007 | Madrid | G | Guidelines for sustainable green areas. Promotes rainwater harvesting, infiltration, and the use of permeable pavements. | [58] |
2012 | Santander | R | Incorporation of environmental prescriptions into the general urban development plan. New prescriptions include obligation of using SUDS like permeable pavements or infiltration techniques. | [59] |
2015 | Valencia | R | Regulations for sewage and drainage systems. Promotes the use of SUDS in new developments. | [60] |
2015 | Barcelona | R | Technical criteria for the sewage network. Promotes the use of SUDS in new developments. | [61] |
2018 | Madrid | G | Technical manual for SUDS design in green and public spaces. Establishes quantity and quality standards for SUDS design. | [62] |
2019 | Castellón | G | Technical manual for SUDS design. Promotes drainage management through SUDS, both in public and private spaces. Establishes quantity and quality standards for SUDS design. | [63] |
2019 | Sevilla | R | Technical instructions for sewage systems. Regarding drainage management, the document fixes a maximum flowrate to be released downstream. Promotes the use of SUDS to achieve this objective. | [64] |
2020 | Barcelona | G | Technical guidelines for SUDS design | [65] |
Year | Location | SUDS Types | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | Sant Boi (Barcelona) | VS, DB | Industrial area (30 ha) | [68] |
2003 | Parque Gomeznarro (Madrid) | PP | Pedestrian impervious pavement replacement | [69] |
2005 | Sports Centre (Gijón) | PP | 22,000 m2 parking area (new development) | [70] |
2005 | Torre Baró (Barcelona) | PP, FD, DB | First implementation of SUDS in Barcelona at district scale | [71] |
2007 | Parque Cristina Enea (San Sebastián) | FD, IT | Urban park (9.50 ha) | [62] |
2008 | Las Llamas Park (Santander) | PP | 1100 m2 experimental parking area | [70] |
2009 | Parc Joan Reventós (Barcelona) | FD, DB, IT, IB | Urban park (2.80 ha) | [70] |
2011 | Benaguasil and Xàtiva (Valencia) | GR, PP, IB, DB, VS | Pilot showcases developed to gather data under Mediterranean climate | [12,70,72] |
2012 | Fene (A Coruña) | SF | Highway runoff (0.94 ha) | [73] |
2014 | Avenida Gasteiz (Vitoria) | PP, FD | Urban retrofitting | [74] |
2015 | BBVA headquarters (Madrid) | GR, PP, FD, IT | Green area of the building complex. | [62] |
2015 | Parque La Marjal (Alicante) | DB | Flooding prevention in an urban park | [75] |
2016 | Alfonso XIII street (Madrid) | BS, IB, DB, FD | Urban park (0.20 ha) | [62] |
2016 | Valdebebas (Madrid) | PP, IT | New residential development including green areas (1065 ha) | [76] |
2017 | Wanda Metropolitano Stadium (Madrid) | PP | 108,000 m2 parking area (new development) | [77] |
2017 | Parque Logístico Valencia (Ribarroja del Turia) | BS, VS, IB | Private industrial area | [78] |
2018 | Avenida El Greco (Sevilla) | PP, FD, BS | Urban retrofitting | [79] |
2018 | Parque Central (Valencia) | FD, IT | Urban park (8.60 ha) | [80] |
2018 | Torre en Conill and Mas Camarena residentials (Bétera) | FD, IT | Flooding prevention in a residential area | [81] |
2018 | Torre de S. Vicent street (Benicàssim) | PP | Urban retrofitting with reuse of ceramic material | [82] |
2018 | La Atalayuela (Madrid) | PP, FD, BS | Urban park (9.40 ha) | [83] |
Dimension | Barriers | Challenges | Enablers |
---|---|---|---|
Social/Governance | a.1. Low community engagement and participation. | Increasing citizenship public participation. | Community involvement; proactive authorities. |
a.2. Isolated roles and responsibilities. | Need for protocols and coordination between municipal services. | Maintenance of SUDS as an opportunity for municipal services coordination. | |
a.3. Lack of technical information dissemination. | Increasing awareness about multiple benefits of SUDS; promotion of a citizen science approach. | Green sensitivity and SUDS training; RedSUDS network; educational activities. | |
Regulative | b.1. Uncoordinated institutional framework. | Development of the national reference standards. | Municipalities boosting the change. |
b.2. Limits of the regulatory framework. | Development of the national legislative framework. | The international context: Agenda 2030 of UN and EU fitness evaluation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Water Framework Directive, and EU Green Deal. | |
b.3. Lack of political and public will. | Imperviousness fees. | Incentives for private owners. | |
Technical | c.1. Insufficient resources. | Strategic R&D focused on innovation and development of technological services for industry and society. | Innovation boosts by facilitating partnerships among the water utilities, policymakers, and researchers from public and private institutions. Increasing public and private resources for R&D. |
c.2. Lack of monitoring and evaluation. | SUDS long-term monitoring plans. | Funding and definition of a national strategy for combined sewer overflows (CSO) and SUDS monitoring. | |
c.3. Reluctance regarding long-term efficiency and implementation. | Characterisation of the long-term performance of SUDS; urban water system hybrid approach combining grey and green infrastructure. | Research on SUDS long-term performance and end of life. Research on potential cost-effectiveness of SUDS in reducing CSOs. |
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Andrés-Doménech, I.; Anta, J.; Perales-Momparler, S.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052791
Andrés-Doménech I, Anta J, Perales-Momparler S, Rodriguez-Hernandez J. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052791
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrés-Doménech, Ignacio, Jose Anta, Sara Perales-Momparler, and Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez. 2021. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052791
APA StyleAndrés-Doménech, I., Anta, J., Perales-Momparler, S., & Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. (2021). Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis. Sustainability, 13(5), 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052791