A Clustering Framework to Reveal the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Identifying Local Effect Mechanisms Using the GTWR Model
2.2.2. Detecting Structural Effect Mechanisms Using the REDCAP Algorithm
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Local Effect Mechanisms of Associated Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations
3.2. Identification of the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Associated Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Year | Spatial Scale | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Global Annual PM2.5 Grid | 1999–2016 | 10 km | http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ |
Night-time Satellite | 1999–2016 | 1 km | https://earthdata.nasa.gov/ |
Urban Population | 1999–2016 | 334 cites (China) | http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Gross Domestic Product | 1999–2016 | 334 cites (China) | http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Gross Industrial Output | 1999–2016 | 334 cites (China) | http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Urban Electricity Consumption | 1999–2016 | 334 cites (China) | http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Sulphur dioxide emission | 1999–2016 | 334 cites (China) | http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Index | GTWR | OLS | GWR |
---|---|---|---|
AICc | 45,179 | 53,321 | 50,341 |
R2 | 0.81 | 0.24 | 0.64 |
R2adj | 0.81 | 0.23 | 0.63 |
RMSE | 12.47 | 25.81 | 18.75 |
Variable | Descriptive Statistics of Regression Coefficients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Std. | CV | |
Urban population (1 million) | −0.76 | 9.10 | 1.54 | 1.72 | 1.12 |
Gross industrial output (¥10 billion) | −0.59 | 2.41 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 5.60 |
Sulphur dioxide emission (10,000 t) | −0.26 | 1.32 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 2.67 |
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Yang, W.; He, Z.; Huang, H.; Huang, J. A Clustering Framework to Reveal the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations in China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031428
Yang W, He Z, Huang H, Huang J. A Clustering Framework to Reveal the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations in China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(3):1428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031428
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Wentao, Zhanjun He, Huikun Huang, and Jincai Huang. 2021. "A Clustering Framework to Reveal the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on PM2.5 Concentrations in China" Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1428. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031428