The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Industry–University Research Collaboration Efficiency in Chinese Mainland Universities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Indicator Selection and Data Source
2.2. Research Methods
3. Results
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Change
3.1.1. Temporal Change
3.1.2. Spatial Change
3.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.2.1. Standardization of Data and Tests for Sampling Adequacy
3.2.2. Standardization of Data and Tests for Sampling Adequacy
3.2.3. Principal Component Score and Comprehensive Score
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Indicators | Secondary Indicators | Units |
---|---|---|
University composition | Number of universities (X1) | |
Number of students (X2) | ||
Number of teaching and research personnel (X3) | ||
RD full time staff (X4) | Person-year | |
Research investment | Allocation of science and technology funds (X6) | Thousand yuan |
Allocation of RD funds (X7) | Thousand yuan | |
RD expenditure (X8) | Thousand yuan | |
Technology transfer support | RD achievement application and full time technology service personnel (X5) | Person-year |
Allocation of RD outcome application funds (X9) | Thousand yuan | |
RD outcome application expenditure (X10) | Thousand yuan | |
Allocation of science and technology service funds(X11) | Thousand yuan | |
Expenditure on science and technology services (X12) | Thousand yuan | |
Science and technology output | Number of patents authorized (X13) | |
Real income from patent sales (X14) | Thousand yuan |
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) | 0.822 | |
Bartlett’s test of sphericity | Approx.Chi-square | 1005.515 |
Df | 91 | |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Rank | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 10.863 | 77.593 | 77.593 | 10.863 | 77.593 | 77.593 |
2 | 1.458 | 10.418 | 88.011 | 1.458 | 10.418 | 88.011 |
3 | 0.735 | 5.250 | 93.261 | |||
4 | 0.509 | 3.637 | 96.898 | |||
5 | 0.153 | 1.089 | 97.987 | |||
6 | 0.112 | 0.801 | 98.788 | |||
7 | 0.071 | 0.504 | 99.291 | |||
8 | 0.047 | 0.338 | 99.630 | |||
9 | 0.026 | 0.184 | 99.814 | |||
10 | 0.013 | 0.090 | 99.904 | |||
11 | 0.010 | 0.071 | 99.975 | |||
12 | 0.002 | 0.012 | 99.987 | |||
13 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 99.994 | |||
14 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 100.000 |
Province | Y1 | Y2 | Y | Rank 1 (Y) | Rank 2 (GDP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guangdong | 3.57 | 0.22 | 2.79 | 4 | 1 |
Jiangsu | 8.61 | 2.84 | 6.98 | 2 | 2 |
Shandong | 2.04 | 1.47 | 1.74 | 7 | 3 |
Zhejiang | 1.51 | 0.92 | 1.27 | 8 | 4 |
Henan | −0.07 | 1.86 | 0.14 | 13 | 5 |
Sichuan | 1.25 | 0.76 | 1.05 | 9 | 6 |
Hubei | 2.88 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 5 | 7 |
Hunan | 0.8 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 11 | 8 |
Hebei | −0.55 | 1.39 | −0.28 | 14 | 9 |
Fujian | −1.25 | 0.44 | −0.92 | 17 | 10 |
Shanghai | 4.77 | −1.93 | 3.5 | 3 | 11 |
Beijing | 9.53 | −3.79 | 7 | 1 | 12 |
Anhui | −0.68 | 0.67 | −0.46 | 15 | 13 |
Liaoning | 0.56 | −0.96 | 0.34 | 12 | 14 |
Shaanxi | 2.36 | 0.35 | 1.87 | 6 | 15 |
Jiangxi | −1.56 | 0.69 | −1.14 | 19 | 16 |
Chongqing | −1.19 | −0.09 | −0.93 | 18 | 17 |
Guangxi | −1.73 | 0.17 | −1.32 | 21 | 18 |
Tianjin | −0.97 | −0.99 | −0.86 | 16 | 19 |
Yunnan | −2.26 | −0.04 | −1.76 | 23 | 20 |
Inner Mongolia | −2.85 | −0.35 | −2.25 | 26 | 21 |
Shanxi | −2.16 | 0.16 | −1.66 | 22 | 22 |
Heilongjiang | 1.05 | −0.08 | 0.81 | 10 | 23 |
Jilin | −1.49 | −0.24 | −1.19 | 20 | 24 |
Guizhou | −2.77 | −0.29 | −2.18 | 24 | 25 |
Xinjiang | −3.02 | −0.59 | −2.41 | 27 | 26 |
Gansu | −2.77 | −0.49 | −2.2 | 25 | 27 |
Hainan | −3.35 | −0.84 | −2.69 | 29 | 28 |
Ningxia | −3.32 | −0.88 | −2.67 | 28 | 29 |
Qinghai | −3.37 | −0.91 | −2.71 | 30 | 30 |
Tibet | −3.59 | −1.04 | −2.89 | 31 | 31 |
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Zheng, B.; Chen, W.; Zhao, H. The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Industry–University Research Collaboration Efficiency in Chinese Mainland Universities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13180. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313180
Zheng B, Chen W, Zhao H. The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Industry–University Research Collaboration Efficiency in Chinese Mainland Universities. Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):13180. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313180
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Bin, Wenfeng Chen, and Hui Zhao. 2021. "The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Industry–University Research Collaboration Efficiency in Chinese Mainland Universities" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 13180. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313180