Driving Factors and Growth Potential of Provincial Carbon Productivity in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Carbon Productivity Accounting
2.2. LMDI Decomposition Model of Carbon Productivity
2.3. Carbon Productivity Growth Potential Analysis Method
2.4. Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trends of Carbon Productivity
3.2. Driving Factors of Carbon Productivity
3.3. Growth Potential of Carbon Productivity
3.3.1. Clustering Results
3.3.2. Analysis of the Growth Potential of Provincial Carbon Productivity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jnr, B.A. Examining the role of green IT/IS innovation in collaborative enterpriseimplications in an emerging economy. Technol. Soc. 2020, 62, 101301. [Google Scholar]
- Jnr, B.A.; Majid, M.A.; Romli, A. A generic study on Green IT/IS practice development in collaborative enterprise: Insights from a developing country. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 2020, 55, 101555. [Google Scholar]
- Cao, Y.Y.; Chai, L.; Yan, X.L.; Liang, Y. Drivers of the Growing Water, Carbon and Ecological Footprints of the Chinese Diet from 1961 to 2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sarkodie, S.A. Environmental performance, biocapacity, carbon & ecological footprint of nations: Drivers, trends and mitigation options. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 751, 141912. [Google Scholar]
- Kaya, Y.; Yokobori, K. Environment, Energy, and Economy: Strategies for Sustainability; United Nations University Press: Tokyo, Japan, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, L.C.; Fu, J.F.; Cai, Z.C. Evaluate regional low-carbon economy competitiveness in China. In Proceedings of the World Automation Congress 2012, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, 24–28 June 2012. [Google Scholar]
- McKinsey Global Institute. The Carbon Productivity Challenge: Curbing Climate Change and Sustaining Economic Growth. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/the-carbon-productivity-challenge (accessed on 27 January 2021).
- NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China). Gross Regional Product. 2017. Available online: https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 (accessed on 21 August 2021).
- Martin, R.; Muuls, M.; Wagner, U.J. The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on Regulated Firms: What Is the Evidence after Ten Years? Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 2016, 10, 129–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oestreich, A.M.; Tsiakas, I. Carbon Emissions and Stock Returns: Evidence from the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. J. Bank. Financ. 2015, 58, 294–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pietzcker, R.C.; Osorio, S.; Rodrigues, R. Tightening EU ETS targets in line with the European Green Deal: Impacts on the decarbonization of the EU power sector. Appl. Energy 2021, 293, 116914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, H.X.; Chen, Z.R.; Nie, P.Y. Environmental and economic performance of China’s ETS pilots: New evidence from an expanded synthetic control method. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 2999–3010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.W.; Jia, G.S.; He, C.Q.; Mackhaphonh, N. Driving factors of carbon productivity changes in China’s construction industry. Resour. Sci. 2019, 41, 1274–1285. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Hu, X.C.; Liu, C.L. Carbon productivity: A case study in the Australian construction industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 2354–2362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, R.Y.; Shao, T.X.; Chen, H. Spatial econometric analysis of China’s province-level industrial carbon productivity and its influencing factors. Appl. Energy 2016, 166, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Z.N.; Yang, Y.; Wang, J. Factor decomposition of carbon productivity change in china’s main industries: Based on the Laspeyres decomposition method. Energy Procedia 2014, 61, 1893–1896. [Google Scholar]
- Li, S.J.; Wang, S.J. Examining the effects of socioeconomic development on China’s carbon productivity: A panel data analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 659, 681–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, K.R.; Li, J.L. Towards a green world: How do green technology innovations affect total-factor carbon productivity. Energy Policy 2019, 131, 240–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Y.; Sun, Y.X.; Wang, X.J. Research on the impact of global scientific and technological innovation on carbon productivity and countermeasures. China Popul. Resour. Environ. 2019, 29, 31–40. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Long, R.Y.; Gan, X.; Chen, H.; Wang, J.Q.; Li, Q.W. Spatial econometric analysis of foreign direct investment and carbon productivity in China: Two-tier moderating roles of industrialization development. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020, 155, 104677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Wang, J.K.; Shi, W.Y.; Li, Y. Decomposition on the Fluctuation of China’s regional Carbon Productivity Growth. China Popul. Resour. Environ. 2014, 24, 41–47. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ang, B.W.; Zhang, F.Q. A survey of index decomposition analysis in energy and environmental studies. Energy 2000, 25, 1149–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ang, B.W. Decomposition analysis for policymaking in energy: Which is the preferred method? Energy Policy 2004, 32, 1131–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ang, B.W. LMDI decomposition approach: A guide for implementation. Energy Policy 2015, 86, 233–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, C.Y.; Wang, S.G.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Song, D.; Zhang, C.H. Driving forces and clustering analysis of provincial-level CO2 emissions from the power sector in China from 2005 to 2015. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 240, 118026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, L.; Li, Z.K. Provincial-level industrial CO2 emission drivers and emission reduction strategies in China: Combining two-layer LMDI method with spectral clustering. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 700, 134374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, G.J.; Hou, F.J.; Chang, K.L.; Zhai, Y.B.; Du, Y.Q. Driving factors of electric carbon productivity change based on regional and sectoral dimensions in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 205, 477–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Fan, W.; Meng, M. Empirical research on China’s carbon productivity decomposition model based on multi-dimensional factors. Energies 2015, 8, 3093–3117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CNCGCC. The Second National Information Bulletin on Mitigating Global Climate Change of China; CNCGCC: Beijing, China, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, J.J.; Ye, B.; Xie, D.J.; Tang, J. Provincial-level carbon emission drivers and emission reduction strategies in China: Combining multi-layer LMDI decomposition with hierarchical clustering. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 169, 178–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ang, B.W.; Choi, K.H. Decomposition of aggregate energy and gas emission intensities for industry: A refined Divisia index method. Energy J. 1997, 18, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, D. Regional Differences in China’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Potentials. China Ind. Econ. 2006, 49–58. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- China Emission Accounts and Datasets (CEADs). Emission Inventories for 30 Provinces 2001–2017. Available online: http://www.ceads.net.cn (accessed on 5 January 2021).
- Li, S.S.; Luo, L.W. Factor Decomposition and Growth Motive Force of Carbon Productivity in China during “Twelfth Five-Year Plan”:Based on LMDI-PDA Method. Technol. Econ. 2018, 37, 77–86. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Sectors of Energy Balance Sheet | Sectors in This Paper |
---|---|
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery | Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery |
Industry | Industry |
Thermal power (process) | |
Heating supply (process) | |
Construction | Construction |
Transportation, storage, and post | Transportation, storage, and post |
Wholesale and retail trades, hotels, and catering services | Wholesale and retail trades, hotels, and catering services |
Other sectors | Other sectors |
Household consumption |
Fossil Fuels | Calorific Value KJ/(Kg or m3) | Carbon Content Tc/TJ | Carbon Oxidation Rate |
---|---|---|---|
Raw coal | 20,908 | 26.37 | 0.92 |
Cleaned coal | 26,344 | 25.41 | 0.98 |
Other washed coal | 9409 | 25.41 | 0.96 |
Briquette | 17,796 | 33.56 | 0.90 |
Coke | 28,345 | 29.42 | 0.93 |
Coke oven gas | 17,354 | 13.58 | 0.99 |
Blast furnace gas | 3500 | 12.00 | 0.99 |
Converter gas | 8781 | 12.00 | 0.99 |
Other gas | 18,274 | 12.00 | 0.99 |
Other coking products | 28,435 | 29.50 | 0.93 |
Crude oil | 41,816 | 20.08 | 0.98 |
Gasoline | 43,070 | 18.90 | 0.98 |
Kerosene | 43,070 | 19.60 | 0.98 |
Diesel oil | 42,652 | 20.20 | 0.98 |
Fuel oil | 41,816 | 21.10 | 0.98 |
LPG | 50,179 | 17.20 | 0.99 |
Refinery Gas | 45,998 | 18.20 | 0.99 |
Other petroleum products | 41,816 | 20.00 | 0.98 |
Natural gas | 38,931 | 15.32 | 0.99 |
LNG | 54,297 | 15.32 | 0.99 |
Other energy | 29,308 | 12.20 | 0.98 |
Group | Provinces |
---|---|
Group 1 | Beijing; Shanghai; Tianjin |
Group 2 | Chongqing; Fujian; Guangdong; Jiangsu; Shandong; Sichuan; Zhejiang |
Group 3 | Anhui; Heilongjiang; Henan; Hubei; Hunan; Jilin; Liaoning; Shaanxi; Yunnan |
Group 4 | Gansu; Guangxi; Guizhou; Hainan; Hebei; Inner Mongolia; Jiangxi; Ningxia; Qinghai; Shanxi; Xinjiang |
Variables | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ICP | 0.98 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
CE | −0.20 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
ES | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
EI | −0.80 | −0.34 | −0.25 | −0.13 |
PCG | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.39 |
PC | 0.22 | −0.43 | −0.25 | −0.25 |
CP | 1.62 | 1.01 | 0.63 | 0.44 |
RCP | 8.71 | 4.35 | 4.36 | 3.09 |
Group | Province | CPK | RCP | CPPK |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Beijing | 2.16 | 9.29 | 0.00 |
Shanghai | 1.44 | 7.99 | 33.16 | |
Tianjin | 1.26 | 8.84 | 41.51 | |
Group 2 | Guangdong | 1.27 | 4.57 | 0.00 |
Fujian | 1.16 | 3.02 | 8.66 | |
Zhejiang | 1.06 | 4.06 | 16.54 | |
Sichuan | 0.93 | 4.65 | 26.77 | |
Chongqing | 0.91 | 6.58 | 28.35 | |
Shandong | 0.88 | 4.12 | 30.71 | |
Jiangsu | 0.87 | 3.46 | 31.50 | |
Group 3 | Hunan | 0.78 | 2.07 | 0.00 |
Hubei | 0.77 | 7.16 | 1.28 | |
Henan | 0.71 | 4.57 | 8.97 | |
Yunnan | 0.71 | 3.95 | 8.97 | |
Shaanxi | 0.61 | 2.88 | 21.79 | |
Jilin | 0.58 | 5.71 | 25.64 | |
Anhui | 0.56 | 4.6 | 28.21 | |
Heilongjiang | 0.53 | 4.36 | 32.05 | |
Liaoning | 0.45 | 3.84 | 42.31 | |
Group 4 | Hainan | 0.80 | 0.9 | 0.00 |
Guangxi | 0.72 | 2.62 | 10.00 | |
Jiangxi | 0.71 | 3.27 | 11.25 | |
Hebei | 0.42 | 3.57 | 47.50 | |
Gansu | 0.41 | 3.9 | 48.75 | |
Qinghai | 0.37 | 3.57 | 53.75 | |
Guizhou | 0.34 | 5.41 | 57.50 | |
Inner Mongolia | 0.24 | 2.69 | 70.00 | |
Shanxi | 0.24 | 4.21 | 70.00 | |
Xinjiang | 0.20 | −0.88 | 75.00 | |
Ningxia | 0.11 | 0.79 | 86.25 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Niu, M.; Tan, X.; Guo, J.; Li, G.; Huang, C. Driving Factors and Growth Potential of Provincial Carbon Productivity in China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179759
Niu M, Tan X, Guo J, Li G, Huang C. Driving Factors and Growth Potential of Provincial Carbon Productivity in China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179759
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiu, Miaomiao, Xianchun Tan, Jianxin Guo, Guohao Li, and Chen Huang. 2021. "Driving Factors and Growth Potential of Provincial Carbon Productivity in China" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179759