Mask Design for Life in the Midst of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Correlational Research on Masks’ Reduction
2.2. Enhance the Wearing Experience of Masks
3. Methodology
3.1. Quality Function Deployment
3.2. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
3.3. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
4. Research Execution and Analysis
4.1. Mask Design Requirements
4.2. Weight of Each Design Requirement
4.2.1. Step 1: Establishment of a Fuzzy Positive Reciprocal Matrix
4.2.2. Step 2: The α-Cut Method Is Used to Calculate the Fuzzy Weight Vector
4.2.3. Step 3: Adjustment of the Triangular Fuzzy Weight
4.2.4. Step 4: Consistency Test
4.2.5. Step 5: Integration of Fuzzy Weights and Defuzzification
4.3. Technical Measures for Product Development
4.4. Establishment of the Relation Matrix and Priority of Technical Measures
4.5. Designed Product
- To achieve comfort and airtightness, medical-grade silicone pads were designed with consideration to human factors and customized replacement was conducted according to the user’s face shape.
- To solve the problem of a stuffy smell inside the mask, an exhalation valve with a spherical sealing element was used to effectively circulate the air inside the mask. An opening was designed on the side of the outer cover of the exhalation valve to reduce the inhalation of dust from the environment. A replacement filter screen with fragrance from natural ingredients was used at the air-intake point for the user to breathe well.
- The mask had a streamlined design with round guide angles. Moreover, its components were easy to disassemble, clean, and maintain. Polylactic acid was used for environmental protection and to enhance durability. An exhalation valve with a spherical sealing element was used. This valve was convenient to clean and maintain.
- To cope with the requirement to wear masks in the midst of the pandemic, a socially appropriate mask design was developed. A magnetic suction decorative sheet was adopted in the outer ring of the air inlet of the mask. To express themselves aesthetically, users can adopt one of many differently colored styles that they prefer.
- To reduce the waste caused by the use of traditional masks, a small-area filter layer was installed at the air inlet. This layer can be changed according to the use case.
4.6. Design Evaluation
5. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Design Requirements |
---|---|
A1 | Good airtightness |
A2 | Convenient cleaning and portability |
A3 | Reducing discomfort at the contact between the mask and the skin |
A4 | Avoiding foul odor inside the mask |
A5 | Reducing mask waste |
A6 | Suitable aesthetic design for wearing in public and on social occasions |
No. | Years of Experience in Professional Field | Professional Field |
---|---|---|
1 | 12 | visual design, industrial design |
2 | 5 | industrial design |
3 | 30 | art, design education, industrial design |
4 | 6 | medical product design, industrial design |
5 | 3 | design of health care industry |
6 | 8 | industrial design |
7 | 10 | industrial design, mechanism design |
8 | 4 | industrial design, consumer behavior |
9 | 5 | product design |
10 | 12 | visual design, industrial design |
11 | 10 | human factor engineering, product design, chromatics |
12 | 2 | industrial design |
13 | 3 | industrial design |
14 | 3 | industrial design |
15 | 5 | industrial design |
16 | 4 | industrial design |
Saaty Scale | Fuzzy Triangular Scale | Definition |
---|---|---|
1 | (1, 1, 1) | Equally important |
2 | (1, 2, 3) | In between “equally important” and “weakly important” |
3 | (2, 3, 4) | Weakly important |
4 | (3, 4, 5) | In between “weakly important” and “fairly important” |
5 | (4, 5, 6) | Fairly important |
6 | (5, 6, 7) | In between “fairly important” and “strongly important” |
7 | (6, 7, 8) | Strongly important |
8 | (7, 8, 9) | In between “strongly important” and “absolutely important” |
9 | (9, 9, 9) | Absolutely important |
Experts | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) |
A2 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A3 | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A4 | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A5 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A6 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
2 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) |
A2 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (9, 9, 9) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (4, 5, 6) | (9, 9, 9) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A4 | (9, 9, 9) | (2, 3, 4) | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A5 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A6 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
3 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) |
A2 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A3 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A4 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A5 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A6 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
4 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) |
A2 | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A3 | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A5 | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A6 | (4, 5, 6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
5 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) |
A2 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A4 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A5 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A6 | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
6 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) |
A2 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A4 | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A5 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A6 | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
7 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) |
A2 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A5 | (2, 3, 4) | (6, 7, 8) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A6 | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | |
8 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (2, 3, 4) |
A2 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A3 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A5 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A6 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
9 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) |
A2 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (9, 9, 9) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A5 | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A6 | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | |
10 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) |
A2 | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (2, 3, 4) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A3 | (9, 9, 9) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A4 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A5 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A6 | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (6, 7, 8) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
11 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) |
A2 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (9, 9, 9) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A3 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A4 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
A5 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A6 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
12 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) |
A2 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A3 | (9, 9, 9) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (9, 9, 9) | |
A4 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (9, 9, 9) | |
A5 | (9, 9, 9) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A6 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
13 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (4, 5, 6) | (2, 3, 4) |
A2 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A3 | (2, 3, 4) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A4 | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A5 | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A6 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | |
14 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) |
A2 | (9, 9, 9) | (1, 1, 1) | (9, 9, 9) | (1/5, 1/4, 1/3) | (1, 2, 3) | (9, 9, 9) | |
A3 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A4 | (9, 9, 9) | (3, 4, 5) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | (7, 8, 9) | |
A5 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | (6, 7, 8) | |
A6 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/9, 1/9, 1/9) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/9, 1/8, 1/7) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1, 1, 1) | |
15 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (2, 3, 4) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 2, 3) |
A2 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/7, 1/6, 1/5) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A3 | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A4 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | |
A5 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (5, 6, 7) | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A6 | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (2, 3, 4) | (6, 7, 8) | (6, 7, 8) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | |
16 | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (1, 2, 3) | (1/8, 1/7, 1/6) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) |
A2 | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A3 | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (4, 5, 6) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A4 | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | |
A5 | (6, 7, 8) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | |
A6 | (4, 5, 6) | (4, 5, 6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (4, 5, 6) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) |
Experts | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | (0.072, 0.060, 0.395, 0.352, 0.040, 0.081) | (0.071, 0.062, 0.389, 0.357, 0.041, 0.081) | (0.069, 0.066, 0.381, 0.356, 0.044, 0.083) |
2 | (0.058, 0.324, 0.052, 0.459, 0.076, 0.030) | (0.057, 0.321, 0.047, 0.470, 0.075, 0.030) | (0.055, 0.324, 0.043, 0.472, 0.075, 0.031) |
3 | (0.196, 0.098, 0.065, 0.068, 0.277, 0.296) | (0.197, 0.095, 0.063, 0.067, 0.281, 0.297) | (0.195, 0.097, 0.064, 0.069, 0.281, 0.294) |
4 | (0.047, 0.184, 0.232, 0.104, 0.140, 0.293) | (0.045, 0.184, 0.221, 0.097, 0.135, 0.318) | (0.045, 0.185, 0.207, 0.097, 0.137, 0.329) |
5 | (0.296, 0.148, 0.355, 0.105, 0.026, 0.071) | (0.307, 0.148, 0.354, 0.098, 0.025, 0.069) | (0.309, 0.155, 0.347, 0.096, 0.025, 0.069) |
6 | (0.338, 0.117, 0.379, 0.077, 0.037, 0.052) | (0.333, 0.129, 0.363, 0.082, 0.037, 0.054) | (0.323, 0.141, 0.346, 0.089, 0.042, 0.059) |
7 | (0.167, 0.028, 0.283, 0.098, 0.236, 0.187) | (0.152, 0.026, 0.275, 0.100, 0.264, 0.183) | (0.143, 0.025, 0.259, 0.108, 0.285, 0.180) |
8 | (0.324, 0.035, 0.093, 0.363, 0.050, 0.135) | (0.327, 0.036, 0.094, 0.356, 0.052, 0.136) | (0.322, 0.039, 0.095, 0.345, 0.056, 0.143) |
9 | (0.230, 0.201, 0.391, 0.094, 0.042, 0.041) | (0.219, 0.207, 0.390, 0.102, 0.043, 0.041) | (0.207, 0.212, 0.384, 0.109, 0.045, 0.042) |
10 | (0.052, 0.140, 0.531, 0.038, 0.046, 0.193) | (0.053, 0.151, 0.524, 0.038, 0.044, 0.190) | (0.054, 0.159, 0.515, 0.041, 0.044, 0.187) |
11 | (0.043, 0.336, 0.233, 0.233, 0.036, 0.120) | (0.041, 0.334, 0.232, 0.232, 0.038, 0.123) | (0.039, 0.332, 0.230, 0.230, 0.041, 0.127) |
12 | (0.030, 0.265, 0.241, 0.270, 0.159, 0.035) | (0.027, 0.292, 0.243, 0.243, 0.162, 0.034) | (0.024, 0.305, 0.247, 0.220, 0.171, 0.034) |
13 | (0.121, 0.071, 0.367, 0.311, 0.044, 0.086) | (0.118, 0.069, 0.355, 0.322, 0.045, 0.090) | (0.118, 0.070, 0.341, 0.319, 0.053, 0.099) |
14 | (0.068, 0.289, 0.110, 0.407, 0.100, 0.025) | (0.065, 0.303, 0.103, 0.403, 0.101, 0.026) | (0.062, 0.309, 0.096, 0.397, 0.108, 0.027) |
15 | (0.203, 0.088, 0.114, 0.042, 0.319, 0.233) | (0.232, 0.083, 0.109, 0.039, 0.309, 0.228) | (0.251, 0.080, 0.100, 0.039, 0.295, 0.235) |
16 | (0.054, 0.196, 0.247, 0.080, 0.110, 0.312) | (0.055, 0.176, 0.274, 0.084, 0.102, 0.309) | (0.059, 0.159, 0.275, 0.100, 0.100, 0.308) |
Experts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.981 | (0.071, 0.059, 0.388, 0.345, 0.040, 0.079) | 1.019 | (0.071, 0.067, 0.389, 0.363, 0.045, 0.085) |
2 | 0.909 | (0.053, 0.295, 0.047, 0.417, 0.070, 0.027) | 1.092 | (0.060, 0.354, 0.047, 0.515, 0.082, 0.033) |
3 | 0.969 | (0.190, 0.095, 0.063, 0.066, 0.268, 0.287) | 1.014 | (0.197, 0.099, 0.065, 0.070, 0.285, 0.299) |
4 | 0.941 | (0.045, 0.174, 0.219, 0.097, 0.131, 0.275) | 1.064 | (0.048, 0.197, 0.221, 0.103, 0.146, 0.350) |
5 | 0.938 | (0.277, 0.139, 0.333, 0.098, 0.024, 0.067) | 1.026 | (0.317, 0.159, 0.356, 0.098, 0.025, 0.071) |
6 | 0.958 | (0.323, 0.112, 0.363, 0.074, 0.035, 0.050) | 1.049 | (0.339, 0.148, 0.363, 0.093, 0.044, 0.062) |
7 | 0.912 | (0.152, 0.026, 0.259, 0.090, 0.215, 0.171) | 1.067 | (0.152, 0.027, 0.277, 0.115, 0.304, 0.192) |
8 | 0.979 | (0.317, 0.035, 0.091, 0.356, 0.049, 0.132) | 1.032 | (0.332, 0.041, 0.098, 0.356, 0.058, 0.148) |
9 | 0.948 | (0.219, 0.191, 0.371, 0.089, 0.040, 0.039) | 1.053 | (0.219, 0.223, 0.405, 0.115, 0.048, 0.045) |
10 | 0.957 | (0.050, 0.134, 0.508, 0.036, 0.044, 0.185) | 1.017 | (0.055, 0.162, 0.524, 0.042, 0.045, 0.190) |
11 | 0.960 | (0.041, 0.322, 0.223, 0.223, 0.035, 0.115) | 1.038 | (0.041, 0.345, 0.239, 0.239, 0.043, 0.132) |
12 | 0.899 | (0.027, 0.238, 0.216, 0.243, 0.143, 0.032) | 1.106 | (0.027, 0.337, 0.273, 0.243, 0.189, 0.037) |
13 | 0.968 | (0.117, 0.069, 0.355, 0.301, 0.043, 0.083) | 1.040 | (0.123, 0.072, 0.355, 0.332, 0.055, 0.102) |
14 | 0.932 | (0.063, 0.270, 0.103, 0.380, 0.093, 0.024) | 1.066 | (0.067, 0.330, 0.103, 0.423, 0.115, 0.029) |
15 | 0.928 | (0.189, 0.082, 0.106, 0.039, 0.296, 0.216) | 1.090 | (0.274, 0.087, 0.109, 0.042, 0.322, 0.256) |
16 | 0.895 | (0.048, 0.176, 0.222, 0.072, 0.099, 0.279) | 1.109 | (0.065, 0.176, 0.305, 0.111, 0.111, 0.342) |
N | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R.I. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.49 | 1.51 | 1.58 |
Experts’ Number | λmax | CI | CR |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.458 | 0.092 | 0.074 |
2 | 6.586 | 0.117 | 0.094 |
3 | 6.229 | 0.046 | 0.037 |
4 | 6.601 | 0.120 | 0.097 |
5 | 6.553 | 0.111 | 0.089 |
6 | 6.438 | 0.088 | 0.071 |
7 | 6.563 | 0.113 | 0.091 |
8 | 6.591 | 0.118 | 0.095 |
9 | 6.583 | 0.117 | 0.094 |
10 | 6.566 | 0.113 | 0.091 |
11 | 6.591 | 0.118 | 0.095 |
12 | 6.598 | 0.120 | 0.096 |
13 | 7.065 | 0.213 | 0.172 * |
14 | 7.226 | 0.245 | 0.198 * |
15 | 7.563 | 0.313 | 0.252 * |
16 | 7.857 | 0.371 | 0.299 * |
Design Requirements | Defuzzification Weight Value | Normalized Fuzzy Weight Value | Weight Ranking | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | (0.147, 0.152, 0.155) | 0.151 | 0.152 | 4 |
A2 | (0.152, 0.165, 0.180) | 0.166 | 0.166 | 3 |
A3 | (0.257, 0.266, 0.271) | 0.265 | 0.265 | 1 |
A4 | (0.178, 0.187, 0.196) | 0.187 | 0.187 | 2 |
A5 | (0.091, 0.100, 0.109) | 0.100 | 0.100 | 6 |
A6 | (0.122, 0.130, 0.137) | 0.129 | 0.130 | 5 |
No. | Technical Measures |
---|---|
B1 | Ergonomic contact surface for the mask |
B2 | No dead-ends and easy cleaning |
B3 | Contact surface made of cloth material |
B4 | Contact surface made of silicone material |
B5 | Exhalation valve with a spheroidal sealing element |
B6 | Exhalation valve with a round-slice sealing element |
B7 | Replaceable cotton sheet with natural plant aroma |
B8 | Drop in natural aromatic essential oil |
B9 | Repeated use, with only the local filter layer having to be replaced |
B10 | Use of a small-area filter layer |
B11 | Washable mask body |
B12 | Streamline body modeling |
B13 | Customized replaceable mask shell |
T | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | B8 | B9 | B10 | B11 | B12 | B13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 0 |
A3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
A6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 |
No | Technical Measures | Weighted Scores | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|
B1 | Ergonomic contact surface for the mask | 2.163 | 7 |
B2 | No dead-ends and easy cleaning | 2.155 | 8 |
B3 | Contact surface made of cloth material | 2.637 | 4 |
B4 | Contact surface made of silicone material | 4.239 | 1 |
B5 | Exhalation valve with a spheroidal sealing element | 3.549 | 2 |
B6 | Exhalation valve with a round-slice sealing element | 3.051 | 3 |
B7 | Replaceable cotton sheet with natural plant aroma | 2.181 | 6 |
B8 | Drop in natural aromatic essential oil | 1.683 | 10 |
B9 | Repeated use, with only the local filter layer having to be replaced | 1.398 | 11 |
B10 | Use of a small-area filter layer | 1.959 | 9 |
B11 | Washable mask body | 2.394 | 5 |
B12 | Streamline body modeling | 0.888 | 13 |
B13 | Customized replaceable mask shell | 1.170 | 12 |
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.22 |
A2 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.14 |
A3 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.19 |
A4 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.28 |
A5 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.33 |
A6 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
FCE Vector | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.19 |
Standardization | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.21 |
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Liu, S.-F.; Chang, J.-F.; Wang, M.-H. Mask Design for Life in the Midst of COVID-19. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148011
Liu S-F, Chang J-F, Wang M-H. Mask Design for Life in the Midst of COVID-19. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):8011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148011
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Shuo-Fang, Jui-Feng Chang, and Ming-Hong Wang. 2021. "Mask Design for Life in the Midst of COVID-19" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 8011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148011