Study of the Tourism Competitiveness Model of the World Economic Forum Using Rasch’s Mathematical Model: The Case of Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Competitiveness Models Developed by Researchers
2.2. Models of Competitiveness by Institutions: The Model of the World Economic Forum
2.3. Limitations and Criticisms of the World Economic Forum Model
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Data Collection, Variables and Sample Profile
3.2. Data Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Statistical Significance of the Model (Objective 1)
4.1.1. Unidimensionality
4.1.2. Summary Statistics
4.1.3. Rating Scale (Summary of Category Structure)
4.2. Competitive Position of the Countries (Objective 2)
4.3. Competitive Position of Portugal (Objective 3)
5. Implications
5.1. Methodological Implications
5.2. Theoretical Implications
5.3. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI): 4 Sub-Indexes, 14 Pillars | |||
---|---|---|---|
Enabling Environment (Captures the general conditions necessary for operating in a country) 25% Weight | T and T Policy and Enabling Conditions (Captures specific policies or strategic aspects that impact the T and T industry more directly) 25% Weight | Infrastructure (Captures the availability and quality of physical infrastructure of each economy) 25% Weight | Natural and Cultural Resources (Captures the principal “reasons to travel” 25% Weight) |
Pillar 1: Business Environment 12 indicators 5% Weight | Pillar 6: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism 6 indicators 6.25% Weight | Pillar 10: Air Transport Infrastructure 6 indicators 8.33% Weight | Pillar 13: Natural Resources 5 indicators 12.5% Weight |
Pillar 2: Safety and Security 5 indicators 5% Weight | Pillar 7: International Openness 3 indicators 6.25% Weight | Pillar 11: Ground and Port Infrastructure 7 indicators 8.33% Weight | Pillar 14: Cultural Resources and Business Travel 5 indicators 12.5% Weight |
Pillar 3: Health and Hygiene 6 indicators 5% Weight | Pillar 8: Price Competitiveness 4 indicators 6.25% Weight | Pillar 12: Tourist Service Infrastructure 4 indicators 8.33% Weight | |
Pillar 4: Human Resources and Labor Market 9 indicators 5% Weight | Pillar 9: Environmental Sustainability 10 indicators 6.25% Weight | ||
Pillar 5: ICT Readiness 8 indicators 5% Weight |
Content | Eigenvalue | Observed |
---|---|---|
Total raw variance in observations | 48.55 | 100% |
Raw variance explained by measures | 33.55 | 69.10% |
Raw Variance explained by items | 22.49 | 46.30% |
Unexplained variance in 1st contrast | 3.20 | 5.10% |
Total Score | Count | Measure | Model S.E. | INFIT | OUTFIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MNSQ | ZSTD | MNSQ | ZSTD | |||||
MEAN | 570.1 | 140.0 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 1.00 | −0.94 | 1.01 | −0.88 |
MAX. | 757.0 | 140.0 | 3.06 | 0.13 | 2.41 | 8.33 | 2.70 | 9.19 |
MIN. | 307.0 | 140.0 | −2.31 | 0.10 | 0.15 | −9.90 | 0.15 | −9.90 |
REAL RMSE = 0.12 | TRUE SD = 1.42 | SEPARATION = 11.45 | PERSON RELIABILITY = 0.99 | |||||
MODEL RMSE = 0.11 | TRUE SD = 1.42 | SEPARATION = 12.95 | PERSON RELIABILITY = 0.99 | |||||
PILLAR RAW SCORE-TO-MEASURE CORRELATION = −1.00 |
Total Score | Count | Measure | Model S.E. | INFIT | OUTFIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MNSQ | ZSTD | MNSQ | ZSTD | |||||
MEAN | 61.1 | 15.0 | −0.11 | 0.33 | 0.98 | −0.20 | 1.01 | −0.12 |
MAX. | 82.0 | 15.0 | 2.42 | 0.39 | 3.06 | 3.64 | 3.44 | 4.06 |
MIN. | 38.0 | 15.0 | −2.62 | 0.32 | 0.20 | −3.34 | 0.22 | −3.23 |
REAL RMSE = 0.37 | TRUE SD = 1.07 | SEPARATION = 2.90 | PERSON RELIABILITY = 0.90 | |||||
MODEL RMSE = 0.33 | TRUE SD = 1.08 | SEPARATION = 3.23 | PERSON RELIABILITY = 0.91 | |||||
PERSON RAW SCORE-TO-MEASURE CORRELATION = 1.00 | ||||||||
CRONBACH ALPHA (KR-20) PERSON RAW SCORE “TEST” RELIABILITY = 0.91 SEM = 3.11 |
Pillars and TTCI | WEF Sub-Index | RM Total Score | RM Measure (Logits) | RM Correlation with LV | Importance for Competitiveness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillar 14: Cultural Res. and Business Travel | 4 | 307 | 3.06 | 0.66 | Low |
Pillar 13: Natural Resources | 4 | 432 | 1.53 | 0.41 | |
Pillar 10: Air Transport Infrastructure | 3 | 438 | 1.46 | 0.87 | |
Pillar 7: International Openness | 2 | 460 | 1.23 | 0.67 | Medium |
Pillar 11: Ground and Port Infrastructure | 3 | 481 | 1.00 | 0.83 | |
Pillar 12: Tourist Service Infrastructure | 3 | 564 | 0.12 | 0.88 | |
Pillar 9: Environmental Sustainability | 2 | 595 | −0.22 | 0.56 | High |
Pillar 1: Business Environment | 1 | 622 | −0.53 | 0.66 | |
Pillar 4: Human Res. and Labor Market | 1 | 636 | −0.69 | 0.80 | |
Pillar 5: ICT Readiness | 1 | 637 | −0.70 | 0.88 | |
Pillar 6: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism | 2 | 639 | −0.72 | 0.68 | Very high |
Pillar 3: Health and Hygiene | 1 | 699 | −1.47 | 0.75 | |
Pillar 2: Safety and Security | 1 | 749 | −2.18 | 0.57 | |
Pillar 8: Price Competitiveness | 2 | 757 | −2.31 | 0.45 | |
- | TTCI | 535 | 0.43 | 0.91 | |
Mean | - | 570 | 0.00 | - |
Category | Frequency (Count.) | Frequency (%) | Observed Average | OUTFIT MNSQ | Andrich Threshold | Category Measure | Coherence | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M→C | C→M | |||||||
1 | 55 | 3 | −3.97 | 0.68 | NONE | (−5.67) | 83% | 18% |
2 | 273 | 13 | −2.30 | 0.93 | −4.51 | −3.38 | 58% | 47% |
3 | 332 | 16 | −1.37 | 0.80 | −2.00 | −1.72 | 47% | 59% |
4 | 615 | 29 | −0.17 | 1.11 | −1.36 | −0.33 | 60% | 61% |
5 | 475 | 23 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.59 | 1.26 | 49% | 61% |
6 | 331 | 16 | 1.93 | 1.14 | 1.82 | 3.69 | 61% | 42% |
7 | 19 | 1 | 1.98 | 1.73 | 5.46 | (6.58) | 0% | 0% |
Importancia Para La Competitividad | TTCI | Tot. Score | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muy Alta | Alta | Media | Baja | |||||||||||||
Pillars RM Rank | P8 | P2 | P3 | P6 | P5 | P4 | P1 | P9 | P12 | P11 | P7 | P10 | P13 | P14 | - | - |
Sub-index number | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | - | - |
1 United S. | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 82 |
2 Germany | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 81 |
3 Spain | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 81 |
4. France | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 80 |
5. Canada | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 79 |
6. Japan | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 79 |
7 Switzerland | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 79 |
8 United K. | 3 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 78 |
9 Australia | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 77 |
10 Austria | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 77 |
……….. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. |
14 Portugal | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 76 |
……….. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. |
139 Chad | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 41 |
140 Yemen | 6 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 38 |
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Martínez-González, J.A.; Díaz-Padilla, V.T.; Parra-López, E. Study of the Tourism Competitiveness Model of the World Economic Forum Using Rasch’s Mathematical Model: The Case of Portugal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7169. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137169
Martínez-González JA, Díaz-Padilla VT, Parra-López E. Study of the Tourism Competitiveness Model of the World Economic Forum Using Rasch’s Mathematical Model: The Case of Portugal. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7169. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137169
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-González, José Alberto, Vidina Tais Díaz-Padilla, and Eduardo Parra-López. 2021. "Study of the Tourism Competitiveness Model of the World Economic Forum Using Rasch’s Mathematical Model: The Case of Portugal" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7169. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137169
APA StyleMartínez-González, J. A., Díaz-Padilla, V. T., & Parra-López, E. (2021). Study of the Tourism Competitiveness Model of the World Economic Forum Using Rasch’s Mathematical Model: The Case of Portugal. Sustainability, 13(13), 7169. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137169