Digital Innovation in Times of Crisis: How Mashups Improve Quality of Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.1.1. Innovation in Times of Crisis
1.1.2. Mashup and Their Advantages
1.1.3. Learning about Mashups through Modeling
1.1.4. Technological Acceptance Model
2. Study 1—The Case of Running a Virtual Hackathon
2.1. Context
- (1)
- Zoom: A “freemium” video conferencing tool that allows users to host and join video chats (via invitation link) using their browsers, a designated P.C. application, or a mobile application [82]. It allows for screen sharing capabilities, private rooms, and live polling options. Due to its ease-of-use and low network bandwidth requirements, it has become one of the most popular video-conferencing tools throughout the COVID-19 pandemic [83]. As for the relaying of instructions to all participants, the Zoom video-conferencing software was used as a virtual location for the general assembly, in stages (1), (3), (5), and (8).
- (2)
- Google Meet: A free video-conferencing platform provided by Google [84]. Like Zoom, it allows users to invite and join meetings using a designated link and offers screen sharing capabilities. It can be used on a web browser or via a dedicated mobile application. The most important aspect of the hackathon—the face-to-face virtual team communication (for ideation and designing the presentation)—was executed using the Google Meet video-conferencing software. Each team was required to create their unique conference room for their and their mentors’ use during stages (2), (4), and (6).
- (3)
- Airtable: A “freemium” (most basic functions are free, while advanced functions require paid subscriptions) cloud-based online platform for creating and sharing relational databases. It allows for the insertion, collection, and organization of numeric, image, and string data in the form of spreadsheet hybrids [85]. Building up to the hackathon (stage 0), Airtable was used as the primary database for all the relevant information, including participant and mentor lists, descriptions of the COVID-19 related challenges, and the hackathon schedule and timeline. Airtable remained the primary database used by the hackathon organizers, mentors, judges, and participants, which they used to upload presentations, download resources, view the schedule, and display Google Meet conferencing links for each team.
- (4)
- Linktree: A “freemium” social media reference web platform that allows its users to build a landing page for their product/service [86]. This landing page (accessed via a link) contains an easy-to-navigate menu of additional links relevant to the user’s product/service. For example, an Instagram influencer looking to give their audience all their relevant links (e.g., Facebook page, merchandise shop, etc.) would represent those links in a single Linktree landing page. Finally, all-important links to the various resources in Airtable—the schedule, the presentation format, team information, mentor information, participant information, description of the three COVID-19 challenges, and submission boxes—were all available on the designated hackathon Linktree landing page.
- (5)
- Whatsapp Messenger: The most popular free-to-use mobile text messaging program in Israel, used by many to communicate with their family, friends, peers, and co-workers. It allows for the instant transfer of text messages and photos, videos, and voice messages, for not only one-on-one conversations, but also group chats [87]. The participants were split up into groups of four, where each group had one mentor, and each mentor had multiple groups. Each mentor was provided with a Whatsapp group that included himself and his mentees to facilitate communication, transfer relevant files and links, and build up ideas before and during the hackathon. Likewise, the hackathon organizers had a designated Whatsapp group with the mentors to relay crucial information before and throughout the hackathon.
2.2. Sample and Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Results and Discussion
3. Study 2
3.1. Sample and Procedure
- (1)
- Use a designated software solution: Buy, rent, or create a single “virtual hackathon” software program that would allow their organization to run the hackathon.
- (2)
- Use a “mashup” solution: Use a combination of pre-existing software solutions, which are usually used for other non-hackathon-related purposes, to fulfill each of the hackathon steps and adequately run a virtual hackathon.
3.2. Results and Discussion
4. General Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Measurement Items
- (1)
- I enjoyed the hackathon event.
- (2)
- All in all, I’m not satisfied with the hackathon event.
- (3)
- All in all, I feel that I’ve learned a lot throughout the hackathon event.
- (4)
- I do not think the hackathon was executed in a proper fashion.
- (5)
- I thoroughly enjoyed the use of the mashup approach throughout the event.
- (6)
- All in all, I’m not satisfied with the use of the mashup approach throughout the event.
- (7)
- All in all, I feel that I’ve learned a lot by using the mashup approach throughout the event.
- (8)
- I do not think the mashup was executed in a proper fashion.
- (1)
- PU1: Using the mashup methodology can help me complete my project more quickly.
- (2)
- PU2: Using the mashup methodology CAN NOT improve my ability to complete my project.
- (3)
- PU3: Using the mashup methodology can raise my productivity when completing my project.
- (4)
- PU4: Using the mashup methodology CAN NOT improve my efficiency when completing my project.
- (5)
- PU5: Using the mashup methodology can make the completion of my project easier.
- (6)
- PU6: Using the mashup methodology IS NOT useful for the completion of my project.
- (1)
- PEOU1: Learning how to use the mashup will NOT be easy for me.
- (2)
- PEOU2: It is easy to use the mashup for the completion of my project.
- (3)
- PEOU3: My interaction with the software programs comprising the mashup will be clear and understandable.
- (4)
- PEOU4: I find the mashup INFLEXIBLE to interact with.
- (5)
- PEOU5: It is NOT easy for me to become skillful in using the mashup methodology.
- (6)
- PEOU6: I would find the mashup methodology easy to use.
- (1)
- ATT1: Using the mashup methodology to complete my project is a good idea.
- (2)
- ATT2: Using the mashup methodology to complete my project is UNPLEASANT.
- (3)
- ATT3: Using the mashup methodology is beneficial to the completion of my project.
- (1)
- ITU1: I intend to use the mashup methodology in order to complete my project as soon as I can.
- (2)
- ITU2: I intend to use the mashup methodology in order to complete my projects as often as needed.
- (3)
- ITU3: I intend NOT to use the mashup methodology in order to complete my projects routinely.
- (4)
- ITU4: Whenever possible, I intend NOT to use the mashup methodology in order to complete my projects.
- (5)
- ITU5: To the extent possible, I would use the mashup methodology to do things differently in my project.
- (6)
- ITU6: To the extent possible, I would use the mashup methodology frequently in order to complete my projects.
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Factor | Mean | S.D | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction | |||
Hackathon | 5.59 | 1.24 | 0.85 |
Mashup | 5.26 | 1.23 | 0.80 |
TAM | |||
Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 5.64 | 0.99 | 0.84 |
Perceived ease-of-use (PEOU) | 5.26 | 0.96 | 0.74 |
Attitude (ATT) | 5.50 | 0.98 | 0.71 |
Intention to use (ITU) | 5.17 | 1.13 | 0.87 |
TAM Factor | Designated Solution Mean (S.D) [Cronbach’s α] | Mashup Solution Mean (S.D) [Cronbach’s α] | t-Test |
---|---|---|---|
Perceived Usefulness (PU) | 5.62 (0.95) [0.88] | 4.25 (1.18) [0.87] | 6.33 * |
Perceived ease-of-use (PEOU) | 5.07 (1.08) [0.85] | 4.37 (1.18) [0.89] | 3.04 * |
Attitude (ATT) | 5.68 (0.99) [0.85] | 4.19 (1.21) [0.80] | 6.66 * |
Intention to use (ITU) | 5.14 (1.07) [0.90] | 3.86 (1.42) [0.95] | 5.03 * |
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Maaravi, Y.; Heller, B. Digital Innovation in Times of Crisis: How Mashups Improve Quality of Education. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137082
Maaravi Y, Heller B. Digital Innovation in Times of Crisis: How Mashups Improve Quality of Education. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137082
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaaravi, Yossi, and Ben Heller. 2021. "Digital Innovation in Times of Crisis: How Mashups Improve Quality of Education" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137082