A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Arshaly District, Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Ancillary Data
2.4. Methods for Classifying and Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Overall LULC Changes
3.2. Classification Accuracy
4. Discussion
4.1. Urban Sprawl and Population Growth
4.2. Peri-Urban Area
4.3. Accessibility
4.4. Economic and Legal Factors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Satellite | Sensor | Year/Month/Day | No. of Bands | Spectral Composition | Wavelength (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat 5 | TM | 1998/09/17 1998/09/17 | 1 | Visible Blue | 0.45–0.52 |
2 | Visible Green | 0.52–0.60 | |||
3 | Visible Red | 0.63–0.69 | |||
4 | NIR | 0.76–0.90 | |||
Landsat 5 | TM | 2008/07/26 2008/07/26 | 1 | Visible Blue | 0.45–0.52 |
2 | Visible Green | 0.52–0.60 | |||
3 | Visible Red | 0.63–0.69 | |||
4 | NIR | 0.76–0.90 | |||
Landsat 8 | OLI | 2018/05/19 2018/05/19 | 2 | Blue | 0.45–0.51 |
3 | Green | 0.53–0.59 | |||
4 | Red | 0.63–0.67 | |||
5 | NIR | 0.85–0.88 |
Level 1 | Level 2 |
---|---|
Arable land | Wheat, barley, sunflower, alfalfa, different types of fallows |
Pasture | Pastures, meadows, deposits |
Forest | Deciduous, coniferous, mixed, forest nurseries, shrubs |
Built-up area | Settlements, industrial zone |
847+39 | Area | Area of Difference (km2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 2008 | 2018 | 1998–2008 | 2008–2018 | 1998–2018 | ||||
km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | ||||
Arable land | 2747.0 | 47.9 | 2775.9 | 48.4 | 2797.2 | 48.7 | 28.9 | 1.0 | 21.3 |
Pasture | 2698.8 | 47.0 | 2663.6 | 46.4 | 2634.4 | 45.9 | –35.2 | –1.3 | –29.2 |
Water | 220.8 | 3.8 | 220.5 | 3.8 | 220.8 | 3.6 | –0.3 | –0.1 | 0.3 |
Forest | 42.8 | 0.8 | 47.3 | 0.8 | 52.3 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 10.5 | 5.0 |
Built-up area | 30.1 | 0.5 | 32.2 | 0.6 | 34.8 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 7.0 | 2.6 |
Total | 5739.5 | 100 | 5739.5 | 100 | 5739.5 | 100 | |||
Overall accuracy (%) | 93.7 | 92.1 | 98.3 | ||||||
Kappa | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.97 |
*LULC Classes | 1998 | 2008 | 2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Producer’s | User’s | Producer’s | User’s | Producer’s | User’s | |
1 | 95.3 | 92.0 | 93.9 | 95.1 | 95.9 | 95.3 |
2 | 91.7 | 95.0 | 94.8 | 93.5 | 95.1 | 95.7 |
3 | 98.9 | 96.7 | 99.2 | 99.7 | 99.5 | 99.7 |
4 | 94.8 | 96.1 | 98.8 | 97.6 | 98.8 | 96.4 |
5 | 89.5 | 96.2 | 98.2 | 96.4 | 96.4 | 98.2 |
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Alipbeki, O.; Alipbekova, C.; Sterenharz, A.; Toleubekova, Z.; Aliyev, M.; Mineyev, N.; Amangaliyev, K. A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Arshaly District, Kazakhstan. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041556
Alipbeki O, Alipbekova C, Sterenharz A, Toleubekova Z, Aliyev M, Mineyev N, Amangaliyev K. A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Arshaly District, Kazakhstan. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041556
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlipbeki, Onggarbek, Chaimgul Alipbekova, Arnold Sterenharz, Zhanat Toleubekova, Meirzhan Aliyev, Nursultan Mineyev, and Kaiyrbek Amangaliyev. 2020. "A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Arshaly District, Kazakhstan" Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041556